Psycholinguistics for english language teaching - mental grammar

May 1, 2023Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 1

By :Mahin Ridlo RonasNIM : F221141030


The Assignment for Psycholinguistics for English Language Teaching Subject(The Lecturer : 1. Drs. Sudarsono, M.A.,PhD)

(Dr. Regina, M.Pd)

Master of Education in Teaching English as a Foreign LanguageFaculty of Teaching Training and Education

Tanjungpura University PontianakMarch 2015

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

MENTAL GRAMMAR


PSYCHOLINGUISTICS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

“MENTAL GRAMMAR”


May 1, 2023

Question?

Slide5Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"


Mental •Cerebral•Mind/Psychological•Rational/Intellectual

Grammar

•Syntax•Sentence structure•Language rules

1. What is Mental Grammar ?


Mental Grammar is The Grammar we have in our mindsWhat is Mental Grammar?


"Psycholinguistics is the study of the cognitive process that supports the acquisition and use of language" Schmitt, N.

"Psycholinguistics is the study of how the mind equips human beings to handle language" Simpson, J

2. Why is Mental Grammar important for psycholinguistics?

What is psycholinguistics?


What is Psycholinguistics?



MENTAL GRAMMAR1.

Grammar and

Psycholinguistics

1. How do speakers

produce

and

understand

sentence

s?

2. Linguistics as psychology

2. Chomsky’s competence

and performance

distinction

3. Chomsky’s grammatical conceptions

4. Linguistic challenges to

Chomsky’s Grammar



1. The Standard Theory

Phrase Structure, Lexicon and

Deep Structure

Transformational rules and surface Structure

Phonological rules and

Phonetic Interpretation

Semantic rules and semantic Interpretation

2. The Government/Binding

(GB) theory of grammar

Cont. Sub topic 3


MENTAL GRAMMAR

4. Linguistic challenges to Chomsky’s Grammar

Meaning – based grammars

Cont. Sub topic 4



MENTAL GRAMMAR

1. Grammar and Psycholinguistics

1. How do speakers produce

and understand sentences?

2. Linguistics

as psychology


1. Grammar and Psycholinguistics1.1. What role of Mental Grammar to

Speakers to produce and Understand sentences?

The Goals of Psycholinguistics?

To Describe Languag

e

How We Speak?

How We Understa

nd?


ISSUES on Psycholing

uistics(1st Half

20th Century)

Bloomefield(Psychological

validity on writing)

Twaddell(Rejected such

a goal for linguistics)

Chosmky (1960) conjoined bothPsychological

linguistics

1.2. Linguistics as psychology

It means what they wrote not

only a description of language but it

was also a description of

what people had learned

They Considered the description of language not the

psychological aspects of people His Thesis:

linguistics is a branch of cognitive

psychology


MENTAL GRAMMAR

2. Chomsky’s competence and

performance distinction


2. The distinction between competence and performance (Chomsky’s )

Competence

(Mental Grammar)

•Is the knowledge that people have of the grammar of their languagePerfor

manceProcess

•The activities involved in producing and understanding sentences are performance process


Two Major Goals of

Psycholinguistics

To specify how people use the

sentence

To specify how people acquire competence (grammatical knowledge)

Chomsky’s view of Psycholinguistics (Based on the distiction between

competence and performance)


1. •Should explain sentence production•(i.e. how speakers take ideas and make them into sentences which are rendered into speech sounds)

2. •Also should explain sentence comprehension •i.e. how speakers. On receiving speech sound, recover ideas from those sounds.

A theory of performance





Deep Structure







Cont. Sub topic 3



The Book “The syntactic

Structure”in 1957

Revolutionized linguistics

Influenced social sciences

(Psychology and Anthropology

May 1, 2023Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"

Cont. Sub topic 3

24





Deep Structure







Cont. Sub topic 3


1. The Standard Theory (1965)

Aspects of The Theory of Syntax


Set of Rules of ST (Standard Theory) Grammar

ST Set of

Rules

Meaning

grammar

Phonetic


ST (Standard Theory) Grammar

ST Grammar

Two Syntacic Levels

Deep Structure

Surface Structure

Two types of Syntactic Rules (ST)

Phrase Structure Rules

(Base rule)Transformational Rules

Cont. Sub topic 3.1


Chomsky’s Standard Theory GrammarSenten ce

Phrase Structure Rules Lexicon

Deep Structure

TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES

Surfa ce Struc ture

Phonological Rules Semantic Rules





Deep Structure







Cont. Sub topic 3


Phrase Structure, Lexicon and Deep

Structure

Cont. Sub topic 3.1

PS (Phrase Structure) • Provide :• Basic Constituent/components structure

Lexicon • Provide :• Words, word parts, idioms (stored in Lexicon)

Deep Structure • Vocabularies will be analyzed in :• SURFACE AND DEEP STRUCTURE


DERIVATION PROCESS

S = NP + VP

Intermediate Structure

Final Deep Structure

The History of a sentence from the S element to Final Deep Structure is

named DERIVATION


Rule From

S NP VPNP D NVP V NPNP N

NP

Prep P

Prep P Prep

Noun Phrase

Verb Phrase

Determiners Noun

Preposition Phrase


Phrase Structure,Lexicon and deep Structure

Example : “The boy bought candy at the store”

Sentenc e

Noun Phrase Verb Phrase

D N V N Prep P

N Prep NP

D N

the boy bought Candy at the store





Deep Structure







Cont. Sub topic 3

36

May 1, 2023Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"


Cont. Sub topic 3.2

Senten ce

Phrase Structure Rules Lexicon

Deep Structure

TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES

Surfa ce Struc ture

Phonological Rules Semantic Rules

Tran

sfor

mat

iona

l rul

es

and

surfa

ce S

truct

ure


Transformational rules and Surface Structure

Example = “Open the door” Sen tence

Verb Phrase

V NP

D N

open the door

Surface Structure


Transformational rules and Surface Structure

Example = “Open the door” Sentenc e


N V NP

D N

You open the door

Deep Structure





Deep Structure







Cont. Sub topic 3


Phonological rules &Phonological Interpretation

Surface StructurePhonological Components

INTERPRETATION

Sequence of Sound Symbol

Sentence ExampleMares eat oats

/merz/ /it/ ots/

INTERPRETATION

Phonetic symbols (represent the pronunciation)





Deep Structure







Cont. Sub topic 3


Semantic rules &Semantic Interpretation

Surface Structure

Semantic Components

INTERPRETATION

Meaning Elements

Sentence ExampleThe shoe hurts

Shoe (predicate) – hurts(argumentative)

INTERPRETATION

(cause-effect)What we

understand Something about

the shoe is causing pain to

someone

Logical relation


Semantic rulesExample = “The Shoe hurts”

Sentenc e


N

V

VPD

Shoe hurtsthe

Deep & Surface Structure


Semantic InterpretationExample = “The Shoe hurts”

Proposition

Predicate Argument x Argument Y

PropositionCause

Shoe

Semantic Interpretation

Predicate Argument

Condition(unspecified)

Proposition

Condition(unspecified)

Predicate Argument

pain





Deep Structure







Cont. Sub topic 3


THE GOVERNMENT/BINDING (GB) THEORY OF GRAMMAR

THE TERMS MODIFICATION

• Deep Structure, to• D-Structure

D-Structure

GB Theory was 1st synthesized in chomsky ‘s ecture on Government and Binding in 1981


D-structure

S-structure

PF (Phonoogical

Form)LF Lexicon

Form)

Overview of Government and Binding theory


MENTAL GRAMMAR

4. Linguistic challenges to Chomsky’s Grammar

Meaning – based grammars

Cont. Sub topic 4


1. • Disagreement with the

organization of his grammar where syntax is given a role over semantics

• (By : Generative Semantic Grammar etc. Scholars : George Lakoff, Ross and McCawley)

2.• Disagreement with the adequacy

of his structural characterization of such basic syntactic relations and constituents, particularly Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object and Verb Phrase)

• (By: Relational Grammar scholars etc : Perlumenter, Postal and Johnson)

Linguistic challenges to Chomsky’s Grammar


Attack on Chomsky’s Theory (Meaning-Based Grammar)

Chomsky’s Grammar;

He Begins neither with the meaning of the sentences

nor with its sound pattern

Rather, he begins with the specification of

syntax which function independently

By : Generative Grammar Linguists:

Meaning or semantic as the basis for

grammatical theorizing.

It was a logical semantic

representation of a sentence that was to

serve as the conceptual starting

point for their Grammars


MENTAL GRAMMAR1.

Grammar and

Psycholinguistics

1. How do speakers

produce

and

understand

sentence

s?

2. Linguistics as psychology

2. Chomsky’s competence

and performance

distinction


4. Linguistic challenges to

Chomsky’s Grammar






Some Terms related to GB

GOVERNMENT AND BINDING

Subcategorization

X-bar theory

and binding theory.

case theory

semanticroles

movement


GB assumes a derivational model consisting of four levels of representation, as diagrammed in (1).

The lexicon lists the idiosyncratic properties of lexical items which constitute the atomic units of the syntax. These properties include what arguments the item subcategorizes for, etc. Lexical items are combined together at D-structure (underlying structure).

D-structure is mapped into S-structure, which is the syntactic representation that most closely reflects the surface order of the sentence.

S-structure is not directly interpreted itself, but is factored into Phonological Form (PF) and Logical Form (LF).

PF is the interface with the Phonology where shapes, sounds, and groupings of items are directly represented.

LF is the interface with the Semantics. Predication relationships and the scope of quantifiers and operators of various kinds are explicitly represented in the phrase structure at LF.

What is GB Theory of Grammar?


Sementic interpretation Proposition is (in

Logic perpective) a statement in which something is affirmed or denied, so that it can therefore be significantly characterized as either true or false

Proposition is (Rhetoric perpective). a statement of the subject of an argument or a discourse, or of the course of action or essential idea to be advocated

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