PowerPoint Presentation

by Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)LEARNING

Trial-and-Error LearningA kind of learning in which one response after another is tried (e.g. trials) and rejected as ineffective (e.g. errors), until eventually a successful response is made.An organism slowly eliminates responses that do not achieve the desired outcome, and continues to respond in different ways until they determine the response that leads to the desired reward.By Edward L. Thorndike

Trial-and-Error Learning

Thorndikes puzzle-box experiment*

Problem to be solved

Tries Solutions

Solution worksSolution fails

Practice solution

Sylvesters Goal: To escape the cage and capture Tweety Bird.

Law of effectBehaviour that is followed by a pleasant consequence is strengthenedmore likely to occur again

Behaviour that is followed by an unpleasant consequence is weakened. less likely to occur again

which means that learning is developed from the organism doing something.

Previously Sylvester experienced failures and success in trying to solve the problem.

Unpleasant (cage)Pleasant (released!)5

OPERANT CONDITIONING

By Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990)

OPERANT CONDITIONINGPressing the lever (operant behavior)

Food (reinforcer)

The behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the future.The operant behavior is simply called the operant.Any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences.OPERANT CONDITIONINGBy Burrhus Frederic Skinner

4. Learning occurs as the result of consequences. The components of learning expand to include key characteristics:- Reinforcement- Punishment

OPERANT CONDITIONINGBehavior

Consequences

Reinforcement(increase in behavior)Punishment(decrease in behavior)

Behavior is acquired and shaped by experience

Effects shape the behaviour frequency (inc,dec)9

ReinforcementPositive Reinforcement adds pleasant stimulus (+R)Negative Reinforcement removes unpleasant stimulus (-R)

PunishmentPositive Punishment adds unpleasant stimulus (+P)Negative Punishment removes pleasant stimulus (-P) *Operant Conditioning

ReinforcementPunishment

(+)(-)(+)(-)

The positive and negative here refers to the adding and removing of stimulus (whether pleasant or unpleasant.

10

Examples.Reinforcement(increase in Behavior)Punishment(decrease in Behavior)Positive (+R)(adds pleasant stimulus)Negative (-R)(removes unpleasant stimulus)Positive (+P)(adds unpleasant stimulus)Negative (-P)(removes pleasant stimulus)After answering the question correctly, your instructor would say Great job!. You decide to clean up the mess in your boarding house to avoid getting a fight with your roommate.You wear your favourite havaianas/sandals to school, but are reprimanded by the guard for violating the dress code.After having failed in Math 17 because of too much texting with your crush, your mother takes your cellphone away.For your subject, you watched Ipags SugaTula and wrote a paper about what you learned. Your instructor gave you a perfect credit for your work.For your 7:30am classes in CASS, you leave the house early to avoid getting stuck in traffic or being late for class.Your cell phone rings in the middle of your class subject in History 1, and you are scolded by your teacher for not turning off your phone.

In order to learn something, the organism needs to be active

EXTINCTION

Takes place when the frequency of a category of operant responses declines or eventually diminish to nearly zero.

The organism has learned to give up a given operant because it no longer brings the reinforce.

It suggests that it is a better way to break bad habits than is punishment.

Punishment is simply temporary and tends to make the organism more aggressive.

12

Observational Learningby Albert Bandura

13

Observational LearningLearning new behaviour without first hand learning, but by observation.Learning takes place when an individual acquires behavior by watching the behavior of a second individual.

By Albert Bandura

Observational Learning

Four-step PatternBandura formulated his findings in a four-step pattern which combines a cognitive view and an operant view of learning.

References:http://www.trialerror.org/https://pheonad.wordpress.com/