Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor

COUNSELORS Master’s degree (MSW or MC) Works with less severe mental

health problems Family, relationship, substance

abuse, anxiety

PSYCHOLOGISTSMasters (2 years)Doctoral (3-5 years) [PhD or PsyD (clinical)]Cannot prescribe drugs Types:PractitionersAcademicResearchers

PSYCHIATRISTSMedical Doctor M.D.Medical school with internship in PsychiatryCan prescribe drugs

Types of Psychologists Clinical Counseling Social Experimental Physiological/Neurological Cognitive Developmental Psychometrics Industrial/Organizational Education/school Forensic

Applied Perspectives Clinical Psychology-provide counseling to clients with

psychological disorders

Counseling Psychology-provide counseling to clients with more day to day problems

Educational and School Psychology-work to improve the delivery of education to students

Industrial and Organizational Psychology-work to improve work conditions, productivity and morale in business and industry

Sports Psychology-work to train athletes in mental preparation for performance

Forensic Psychology-as an example, work to provide profiles of criminal behavior, to advise on the psychology of courtroom proceedings

Major Research Areas pie chart

Careers in Psychology: Percentage of Psychology Degrees by Specialty

1909- Clark University Psychology Convention

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Woman and Minorities

Few woman and minorities in early 1900’s

Women Margaret Floy Washburn - first PhD 1894

- Mary Calkins - first president of APA

- Currently woman get about 70% of PhD’s

African Americans Francis Sumner - first PhD in 1920

- Kenneth B. Clark- first PhD from Colombia in 1940 - brown vs. white doll study - helped with desegregation of public schools

Defining Psychology

Definition • The study of behavior and mental processes

Goals of Psychology• To fulfill a genuine curiosity about behavior• To understand the contributions of genetics and

environment (social and cultural) in behavior and mental process

• To study behavior using methods that deem the study scientific

Roots of Psychology in Philosophy

Psyche (life/self) logos (logic)

Plato (400BC): Rationalism, deductive reasoning

Aristotle: Associations

Descartes: Dualism- Mind and Body, Nativism

John Locke: Empiricism, tabula rasa

The Roots of Psychology & Science

In the late 1800’s both physiologists and philosophers were investigating the mind

Philosophy- “Why?”

Physiology- “How?”

Psychology - A scientific discipline

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)• Worked to have Psychology become an

independent science• Founded the 1st psychology laboratory in

Germany (1879)

Structuralism• Wundt and Titchener• Structuralism focused on the structure of

consciousness• Premise: The content of conscious experience

can be analyzed into its basic elements

Competing Schools of Thought That Shape Psychology

Psychology Comes to America

G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924)• A student of Wundt• Establishes 1st American laboratory at Johns

Hopkins (1883) • Founded 1st American Psych. journal (1887)• Founded American Psychological Association-

APA (1892)

Competing Schools of Thought That Shape Psychology Functionalism

• William James and G. Stanley Hall were the primary proponents

• Interested in studying the functions of consciousness

• Premise: The function of a conscious experience in providing adaptation of the organism is more important than the structure of that conscious experience

William James

Current Perspectives

Psychoanalytic Behavioral Cognitive Biological Humanistic Others Evolutionary, Sociocultural, etc.

Psychoanalytic Early 1900sFreud- Interpretations of Dreams (1900) Behavior influenced by unconscious processes Stressed early childhood experiences determine

later behavior Negative view of humanity (aggression, sex)

Early Behaviorists

Pavlov (1913)- Dog Salvation Watson (1925)- Little Albert

B. F. Skinner (1930s)- Skinner Box, rewards & punishments

Behaviorists (Skinner, Watson, Pavlov)

Environment determines behavior (clean slate)

Stimulus Response

Reinforcements and punishment

Studies observable (overt) behavior and stimuli, not concerned with internal states

Humanistic Carl Rogers founder

(Maslow also important)

Emerged as a revolt against behaviorism & psychoanalytic approaches

Inherent Goodness of Human Beings

FREE WILL

Unconditional Positive Regard

Rogers believed for a person to grow they need an environment that provides ‘genuineness’ (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to & understood).

Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should – much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water.

Cognitive

We are prone to adopting irrational beliefs & behaviors that stand in the way of achieving goals and purposes

The presence of extreme philosophies can make the difference between healthy negative emotions (such as sadness/regret/ concern) and unhealthy negative emotions (such as depression/guilt/anxiety).

Thoughts and mental processes

Stimulus Mental process Behavior

Rational Emotive Therapy

Biological

Observable behavior given physiological explanations

Genetics, biochemical, neurological

Current Perspectives in Psychology

Seven Themes of Psychology1. Psychology is Empirical

2. Psychology is theoretically diverse

3. Psychology evolves in a sociohistoric

4. Behavior has multiple causes

5. Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage

6. Behavior is influenced by heredity and environment

7. Our experience of the world is highly subjective

In Such a Diverse Science, What Holds It All Together?

The desire to: Describe Explain Predict Change/Control Behavior