Search Share Start Devices Settings By Tanveer Altaf (Intellectual Property) Engineering for Developers Embedded Systems
Transcript
1. Search Share Start Devices Settings By Tanveer Altaf
(Intellectual Property) Engineering for Developers Embedded
Systems
2. Search Share Start Devices Settings By Tanveer Altaf
(Intellectual Property) Topics to Explore 1. The Science of
Psychology 2. Major Perspectives in Psychology 3. Psychologists
& Their Specialties
3. Search Share Start Devices Settings By Tanveer Altaf
(Intellectual Property) Part 1 The Science of Psychology
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(Intellectual Property) What is Psychology? Psychology - Psyche:
Mind - Logos: Knowledge or study Definition: The science of
behavior and mental processes - Science: Theories tested with
research using scientific method - Behavior: Overt; i.e., can be
directly observed (crying) - Mental Processes: Covert; i.e., cannot
be directly observed (remembering)
5. Search Share Start Devices Settings By Tanveer Altaf
(Intellectual Property) Scientific Theory Scientific Theory: A
system of ideas that interrelates facts and concepts, summarizes
existing data, and predicts future observations A good theory must
be falsifiable; i.e., operationally defined so that it can be
disconfirmed
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(Intellectual Property) To measure and describe behaviors To gather
empirical evidence: information gained from direct observation and
measurement To gather data: observed facts Empiricism
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(Intellectual Property) Study by Kenrick & MacFarlane (1986)
blocking intersec- tion with a stalled car. Recorded daily
temperature and number of times other drivers honked at the stalled
car. Example of Empirical Study
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(Intellectual Property) Part 2 Major Perspectives in
Psychology
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(Intellectual Property) Key Idea: Behavior is directed by forces
within ones personality; forces that are often hidden or
unconscious Emphasizes internal impulses, desires, and conflicts
(especially in the unconscious) Views behavior as the result of
clashing forces within personality Has a somewhat negative,
pessimistic view of human nature Major contributor: Sigmund Freud
We will explore Freuds theory later in the semester A Look Back in
History: The Psychodynamic View
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(Intellectual Property) Key Idea: Behavior is the result of
internal physical, chemical, and biological processes. Seeks to
explain behavior through the activity of the brain and nervous
system, physiology, genetics, the endocrine system, biochemistry,
and evolution Has a neutral, reductionistic, mechanistic view of
human nature Some research methods - Uses brain scans to gather
data (CT, MRI, PET) - Looks at neurotransmitters - Treats
psychological problems with medications Perspective 1: The
Biological View
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(Intellectual Property) Key Idea: Much human behavior can be
understood in terms of the mental processing of information
Concerned with thinking, knowing, perception, understanding,
memory, decision making and judgment Explains behavior in terms of
information processing Has a neutral, somewhat computer-like view
of human nature. Perspective 2: The Cognitive View
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(Intellectual Property) Key Idea: Behavior is shaped and controlled
by the environment. Emphasizes the study of observable behavior and
the effects of learning Stresses the influence of external rewards
and punishments Has a neutral, scientific, mechanistic view of
human nature Major contributors to Behaviorism: Watson and Skinner
- Events in environment Behavior - Watson studied Little Albert;
Skinner studied animals almost exclusively Perspective 3: The
Behavioral View
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(Intellectual Property) Ivan Pavlov
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(Intellectual Property) B. F. Skinner
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(Intellectual Property) Many thoughts and behaviors are influenced
by our culture. Psychologists need to be aware of the impact
cultural diversity may have on our behaviors. What is acceptable in
one culture might be unacceptable in another. Cultural Relativity:
Behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in
which it occurs. Norms: Rules that define acceptable and expected
behavior for members of various groups. Perspective 4:
Sociocultural Approach
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(Intellectual Property) Relative Prominence of Major Schools of
Thought
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(Intellectual Property) Part 3 Psychologists and Their
Specialties
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(Intellectual Property) Psychologists: Usually have masters or
doctorate. Trained in methods, knowledge, and theories of
psychology. Psychiatrists: MD; usually use medications to treat
problems. Generally do not have extensive training in providing
talk therapy. Psychoanalysts: Receive additional training
post-Ph.D. or M.D. at an institute. Psychiatric Social Workers:
Many have masters degrees and perform psychotherapy. Presently a
very popular profession. Not all psychologists perform therapy!
Many Flavors of Therapists
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(Intellectual Property) Specialties in Psychology
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(Intellectual Property) Where Psychologists Work
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(Intellectual Property) What Psychologists Do (Primary
Activity)
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