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PSYCHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

►Human being are unique

►Each individual has its own uniqueness.

►The individual self will become as a ‘whole’ when combines with the knowledge of ‘psychology’.

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PSYCHOLOGY

study of the behavior of people and animals

Behavior – is the product of both nature and

nurture, that is the product of our biological make up and our environmental conditioning.

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Definition

►From the word Psyche and Logos.Psyche-soul and the ‘root’ of life.Logos - research which refers to

science and knowledge.►Definition - an empirical study of

behavior and experience (Kalat, 1999).►Psychology deals with the mind and

personality of individuals.

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The Main Field of Psychology

►It has two (2) components:i. Basic component ii. Technical or implementation component. particularly in the aspect of work, life, health, social and community etc.

►The usages were more towards the technical or implementation component.

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Field Of Psychology (Technical/Implementation Component)

i. Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

ii. Clinical and Counseling Psychology.

iii. School and Education Psychology.iv. Health Psychology.►Any other field of psychology…

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Method of Doing Psychological Research

►All scientific criteria which were embedded in the psychological field must use empirical method.

►Some of the methods being used:Surveying methodObservational methodExperimental method

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The Relationship Between Psychology And The Self

►There are several areas in psychology which have interrelated and in depth relationship with the self:

The development of human being.MotivationEmotionPersonality Intelligence

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Human Development

►To see and analyze how the individual or self changes during the course of his/her life.

►Most important issues focused on:The process of physical development

and maturity.The process of mental development

which touches on the issue of cognition, perception, social development etc.

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►Most important related theory of human development to remember:

The Cognitive Development Theory of Piaget.

The Personality Theory of Erik Erikson.

The Moral Development Theory of Kohlberg.

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Motivation

► refers to the Theory of Human Needs of Abraham Maslow.

► Five (5) stages: (Can be shown by using the shape of pyramid which started from bottom and moved up).

5.Need to have self perfection. 4.Need to have self recognition/self-worth. 3.Social and to be able to love and be loved

need. 2.Safety need. 1.Physiology need.

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Emotion

Definition: Emotion- is a subjective respond

mediated through feelings followed by changes in physical/physiological responds.

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►is a complex psychological and physiological phenomenon involving an individual's state of mind and how it interacts between that individual and their environment.

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In humans, emotion fundamentally involves;

- physiological arousal - expressive behaviors

- conscious experience

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Emotion - is associated with:

- mood- temperament- personality- disposition

dispositionmotivation.

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►The typical human emotions include: love grief

fear anger

joy►

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►Each indicates a state of some kind of arousal, a state that can prompt some activities and interfere with others.

►These states are associated with characteristic feelings, and they have characteristic bodily expressions.

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►Unlike moods they have objects: one grieves over some particular thing, or is angry at something.

►Different philosophical theories have tended to highlight one or other of these aspects of emotion.

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►The characteristic expression of emotion was studied extensively by Darwin, resulting in the classic The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).

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►In 1884 James published what became known as the James-Lange theory of emotion whose main contention is that we feel as we do in virtue of the bodily expressions and behaviour that we are prompted towards, rather than the other way round: ‘our feeling of the changes as they occur is the emotion’.

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►Pure arousal theory imagines a visceral reaction triggered by some event, which stands ready to be converted into one emotion or another by contextual factors.

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►Theories based on the feel or qualia of an emotion were put forward by writers such as Hume and Kant, but the approach meets difficulty when we consider that an emotion is not a raw feel, but is identified by its motivational powers, and their function in prompting action.

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►The English word 'emotion' is derived from the French word émouvoir. This is based on the Latin emovere, where e- (variant of ex-) means 'out' and movere means 'move'.[2] The related term "motivation" is also derived from the word movere.

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Emotions can be divided into two (2) components:

Physiological component -changes in physical

Cognitive component -the mental reaction

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►Emotion - is central to human life and intimately connected with consciousness.

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►The European-American tradition often values reason over emotion, except in specifically defined events such as funerals, weddings, or births.

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►Buddhism, on the other hand, rejects both self-denial and self-indulgence in a quest to extinguish the craving for physical or material pleasures. Religious emotion is often balanced through paired rituals; Catholic cultures often have a festival period preceding the asceticism of Lent.

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►Emotion frequently plays an important role in religious ritual. Many Christian sects revere emotional ecstasy as a direct encounter with the Holy Spirit and an expression of our oneness with God.

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Personality

► From the word ‘Persona’.► ‘Persona’- means ‘Mask’ which was being

used by an actor.► It is a way of referring to our various

characters which were shown in every day life.

►Psychologists have divided into three (3) categories which were interrelated to personality:

Id Ego Superego 29

Id

►It comes naturally from birth.►Comes from the energy of psyche and

instinct.►To fulfill the self needs’.►The principles of fun and fulfilling

ones’ own need.►The first to create personality of the

self.

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Ego

►Based on the principle of reality.►Function is to give satisfaction to Id by

considering the Reality (Facts of Life).►The development is in line with human

experience in life.►To control and educate the Id and

Superego to be able to interact with the ‘outside world’ or reality/facts of life.

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Superego

►The trait of morality, social and judgment in the individual personality.

►To show perfection and ideal, but not the reality.

►Developed by aggressiveness and parenting style as well as self authority.

►Function as a moral and ‘Social Gatekeeper’.

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Intelligence

►Intelligence - is the capability and the ability of the individual to use the knowledge acquired.

►An ability to adapt one self towards surrounding.

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Psychology & Knowledge Management

►There are many fields of social sciences which use psychology to expand, develop and give explanation to other areas of studies.

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Conclusion

In this chapter, we briefly discussed the important aspects of psychology which gives us the ground knowledge of understanding human being as a unique individual and how to understand the self through the personality traits.

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►We also looked at the human/individual behavior and the relationship towards other people.

►It is a very important field in order to understand ourselves and other people why they act as they are.

►To learn the field of psychology can enhance the use of knowledge itself, to improve ourselves and to better understand other peoples’ behavior

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