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Psychology Responses to Injury & Illness
Psychology Responses to Injury & Illness
The Biopsychosocial Crisis thoery
The intrusiveness of the condition= the intrusiveness of the psychological symptoms and overall health.
Does it disrupt their roles and hence their sense of self?
Cognitive Behavioral The Triad – cognitive, affective and behavioral
Stress process models and coping theory
Lazarus & Folkman thory of coping and adaptation Illness or injury can be perceived as stressors leading to a
DYNAMIC and temporarily ONGOING process of cognitive appraisals, affecting emotional responses and leading to behavioral choices.
Primary perceptions affect secondary or subsequent appraisals of the resources avialable for the demands.
e.g. back pain
This leads to coping strategies IN order to adapt or adjust - recreate homeostasis The professional can make a difference (e.g. chronic fatigue
patient doing less to conserve energy) E.g. physical therapist (paul and rich)
Stress process models and coping theory
Immediate- unconscious, subconscious, instinct
Response – involves a cognitive appraisal, longer times
Adjustment
THE FOLLOWING PAGES IS IN YOUR TEXTBOOK.
Stress and Coping
Coping depends on the physical & mental resources, culture and personality.By successfully coping with something a
patient is able to better manage and have a more favorable response.
Lazarus’s model – transactional modelEmphasizes the appraisal process
Stress and Coping
Primary appraisal = perception of an event as being either mainly harmful or harmless.
Secondary appraisal = individual’s perception of their self efficacy in dealing with the potential stressor. Therefore, if a person views something
stressful and not having self efficacy in being able to handle it = full blown stress.
Stress and Coping
Eight identified coping strategies Escape avoidance
Avoid the problem by day dreaming, drinking, or workaholic Distancing
Humour, metaphors Positive reappraisal
Finding good in bad, reframing Self controlling
Keep feelings and controlled internally Seeking social support
Sharing problems instead of bottling. A problem shared is a problem halved.
Stress and Coping
Planful problem solvingStrategically find a way to plan their way out of a
problemAccepting responsibilty
When one is responsible or the case reduces a sense of victim mentality
ConfrontingDealing with the cause of the problem head on.
People tend to use more than one style
Stress and Coping
Certain strategies may make someone effective in dealing with certain stressors. However, those same strategies may much less
effective with other stressors. Certain strategies that are “higher order”
maybe comprised of a number of the previously mentioned.
For example, Intellectualisation Distanicng, positive reappraisal, confronting
Stress and Coping
Emotion focused Centered on the
emotional reaction Self control Escape avoidance Accepting
responsibility Distancing Seeking support
Ruminators
Problem focused Centered on dealing with
the problem Confronting Planful problem
solving Seeking support
Nonruminators
THE FOLLOWING PAGE IS IN YOUR TEXTBOOK.
Social Support & Family
Appraisal supportAppraisal support Enabled or encouraged to evaluate their own state
Emotional supportEmotional support Being loved, cared for, listened to, etc
Esteem supportEsteem support Feeling that your valued
Information supportInformation support Advice or information that can facilitate coping
Instrumental supportInstrumental support Practical behavioral or resource based assistance.
Stress and Coping
Berkman & Syme (1979)Classic study –followed thousands of peopleThose that had the most social support were
least likely to die during the nine years.Social support becomes like an opportunity to
charge the system of the person with more energy.
Self perception and grievingMalingering