9 781292 022093

ISBN 978-1-29202-209-3

PsychologySaundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White

Third Edition

Psychology Ciccarelli White Third Edition

Pearson Education LimitedEdinburgh GateHarlowEssex CM20 2JEEngland and Associated Companies throughout the world

Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk

© Pearson Education Limited 2014

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.

All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affi liation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN 10: 1-292-02209-4ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02209-3

ISBN 10: 1-292-02209-4ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02209-3

consciousness: sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and drugs

answer keyPractice Quiz Section 21. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. bPractice Quiz Section 41. c 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. d 6. bPractice Quiz Section 51. b 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. bPractice Quiz Section 61. a 2. c 3. c 4. b

Practice Quiz Section 91. c 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. a 11. d 12. aTest Yourself1. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. b 8. d 9. b 10. d 11. a 12. c 13. d 14.a 15. c 16. a 17. d 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. c 23. a 24. b 25. b

referencesAbadinsky, H. (1989). Drug abuse: An introduction. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Series in

Law, Crime, and Justice.Abbott, L., Nadler, J., & Rude, R. K. (1994). Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism:

Possible contribution to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in alcoholics.Alcoholism, Clinical & Experimental Research, 18(5), 1076–1082.

Abe, K., Amatomi, M., & Oda, N. (1984). Sleepwalking and recurrent sleep talkingin children of childhood sleepwalkers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141,800–801.

Adam, K. (1980). Sleep as a restorative process and a theory to explain why.Progressive Brain Research, 53, 289–305.

Aghajanian, G. K., & Marek, G. J. (1999). Serotonin and hallucinogens.Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 16S–23S.

Allen, F. (1994). Secret formula. New York: HarperCollins.Alm, H., & Nilsson, L. (1995). The effects of a mobile telephone conversation on

driver behaviour in a car following situation. Accident Analysis and Prevention,27(5), 707–715.

Armstrong, R. (1997). When drugs are used for rape. Journal of Emergency Nursing,23(4), 378–381.

Aserinsky, E., & Kleitman, N. (1953). Regularly occurring periods of eye motility,and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science, 118, 273–274.

Baehr, E. K., Revelle, W., & Eastman, C. I. (2000). Individual difference in thephase amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: With anemphasis on morningness-eveningness. Journal of Sleep Research, 9, 117–127.

Bastien, C. H., Morin, C. M., Ouellet, M., Blais, F. C., Bouchard, S. (2004).Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: Comparison of individual therapy,group therapy, and telephone consultations. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology, 72(4), 653–659.

Benowitz, N. L. (1988). Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotineaddiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 1318–1330.

Blackmon, L. R., Batton, D. G., Bell, E. F., Engle, W. A., Kanto, W. P., Martin, G.I., Rosenfeld, W. N., Stark, A. R., & Lemons, J. A. (Committee on Fetus andNewborn). (2003). Apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, and home monitoring.Pediatrics, 111(4), 914–917.

Block, N. (2005). Two neural correlates of consciousness. Trends in CognitiveSciences, 9, 41–89.

Bondarenko, L. A. (2004). Role of methionine in nocturnal melatonin peak in thepineal gland. Bulletin of Experimental Biological Medicine, 137(5), 431–432.

Bowers, K. S., & Woody, E. Z. (1996). Hypnotic amnesia and the paradox of inten-tional forgetting. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 381–390.

Braun, S. R. (1996). Buzz: the science and lore of alcohol and caffeine, pp. 137-169.New York: Oxford University Press.

Brecher, M., Wang, B. W., Wong, H., & Morgan, J. P. (1988). Phencyclidine andviolence: Clinical and legal issues. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8,397–401.

Brick, J. (2003). The characteristics of alcohol: Chemistry, use and abuse. In J. Brick(Ed.), Handbook of the medical consequences of alcohol and drug abuse (pp. 1–11).New York: Haworth Medical Press.

Briem, V., & Hedman, L. R. (1995). Behavioural effects of mobile telephone useduring simulated driving. Ergonomics, 38, 2536–2562.

Browne, D. (2004). Do dolphins know their own minds? Biology & Philosophy, 19,633–653.

Cami, J., Farre, M., Mas, M., Roset, P. N., Poudevida, S., Mas, A., San, L., & de laTorre, R. (2000). Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethampheta-mine (“ecstasy”): Psychomotor performance and subjective effects. Journal ofClinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 455–466.

Carskadon, M. A., & Dement, W. C. (2005). Normal human sleep overview. In M.H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleepmedicine (4th ed., pp. 13–23). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1992). Smoking and health inthe Americas: The Surgeon General’s report. National Center for ChronicDisease Prevention and Health Promotion. Atlanta, Georgia.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008). Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs—UnitedStates, 2000–2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(45), 1226–1228.

Chee, M. W. L., & Choo, W. C. (2004, April 24–May 1). Functional imaging ofworking memory following 24 hours of total sleep deprivation. Program andabstracts of the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology. SanFrancisco.

Cheyne, J. A. (2003). Sleep paralysis and the structure of waking-nightmare halluci-nations. Dreaming, 13(3), 163–179.

Cone-Wesson, B. (2005). Prenatal alcohol and cocaine exposure: Influences on cog-nition, speech, language, and hearing. Journal of Communication Disorders,38(4), 279–302.

Coolidge, F. L. (2006). Dream interpretation as a psychotherapeutic technique. London:Radcliffe.

Crick, F. & Koch, C. (2003). A framework for consciousness. Nature Neuroscience, 6,119–127.

Crick, F., & Koch, C. (1990). Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness.Seminars in the Neurosciences, 2, 263–275.

Czeisler, C. A. (1995). The effect of light on the human circadian pacemaker. In D.J. Chadwick & K. Ackrill (Eds.), Circadian clocks and their adjustment (pp.254–302). West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons.

Czeisler, C. A., Moore-Ede, M. C., & Coleman, R. M. (1982). Rotating shift workschedules that disrupt sleep are improved by applying circadian principles.Science, 217, 460–463.

Czeisler, C. A., Weitzman, E. D., Moore-Ede, M. C., Zimmerman, J. C., &Knauer, R. S. (1980). Human sleep: Its duration and organization depend onits circadian phase. Science, 210, 1264–1267.

Davis, K. F., Parker, K. P., & Montgomery, G. (2004). Sleep in infants and youngchildren: Part 1: Normal sleep. Journal of Pediatric Healthcare, 18(2), 65–71.

Delagrange, P., & Guardiola-Lemaitre, B. (1997). Melatonin, its receptors, andrelationships with biological rhythm disorders. Clinincal Neuropharmacology,20, 482–510.

Dement, W. C. (1960). The effect of dream deprivation. Science, 131, 1705–1707.Dement, W. C. (1974). Some must watch while some must sleep. New York: W. H.

Freeman & Co. Ltd.Dement, W. C., Henry, P., Cohen, H., & Ferguson, J. (1969). Studies on the effect

of REM deprivation in humans and animals. In K. H. Pribram (Ed.), Mood,states, and mind. Baltimore: Penguin.

Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. New York: Little, Brown.Denno, D. W. (2002). Crime and consciousness: Science and involuntary acts.

Minnesota Law Review, 87, 269–399.

226

consciousness: sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and drugs

Dinges, D. F. (1995). An overview of sleepiness and accidents. Journal of SleepResearch, 4(2), 4–14.

Domhoff, G. W. (1996). Finding meaning in dreams: A quantitative approach. NewYork: Plenum Publishing.

Domhoff, G. W. (2005). The content of dreams: Methodologic and theoreticalimplications. In M. Kryger, T. Roth, & W. Dement (Eds.), Principles andpractices of sleep medicine (4th ed., pp. 522–534). Philadelphia: Saunders.

Druckman, D., & Bjork, R. A. (Eds.). (1994). Learning, remembering, believing:Enhancing human performance. (Study conducted by the National ResearchCouncil). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Eastern Virginia Medical School (2009, May 5). Texting while driving can bedeadly, study shows. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090504094434.htm

Eiden, R. D., McAuliffe, S., Kachadourian, L., Coles, C., Colder, C., & Schuetze,P. (2009). Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on infant reactivity and regula-tion. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 31, 60–68.

Ellenbogen, J. M., Payne, J. D., & Stickgold, R. (2006). The role of sleep in declara-tive memory consolidation: Passive, permissive, active or none? CurrentOpinions in Neurobiology, 16, 716–722.

Epping-Jordan, M., Waltkins, S. S., Koob, G. F., & Markou, A. (1998). Dramaticdecreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal. Nature, 393,76–79.

Espiard, M. L., Lecardeur, L., Abadie, P., Halbecq, I., & Dollfus, S. (2005). HPPDafter psilocybin consumption: A case study. European Psychiatry, 20(5–6),458–460.

Farthing, W. (1992). The psychology of consciousness. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice-Hall.

Feroah, T. R., Sleeper, T., Brozoski, D., Forder, J., Rice, T. B., & Forster, H. V.(2004). Circadian slow wave sleep and movement behavior are under genetic con-trol in inbred strains of rat. Paper presented at the American PhysiologicalSociety Annual Conference, April 17–21, 2004, Washington, DC.

Fiore, M. C., Jaén, C. R., Baker, T. B., Bailey, W. C., Benowitz, N. L., Curry, S. J.,et al. (2008). Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. RetrievedJanuary 6, 2009, fromwww.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/treating_tobacco_use08.pdf

Fleming, M. F., & Barry, K. L. (1992). Clinical overview of alcohol and drug disor-ders. In M. F. Fleming & K. L. Barry (Eds.), Addictive disorders. St. Louis:Mosby Year Book.

Flemons, W. W. (2002). Obstructive sleep apnea. New England Journal of Medicine,347, 498–504.

Folkard, S., & Tucker, P. (2003). Shift work, safety, and productivity. Medicine, 53,95–101.

Folkard, S., Arendt, J., & Clark, M. (1993). Can melatonin improve shift workers’ tol-erance of the night shift? Some preliminary findings. Chronobiology International:The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research, 10(5), 315–320.

Folkard, S., Lombardi, D. A., & Spencer, M. B. (2006). Estimating the circadianrhythm in the risk of occupational injuries and accidents. ChronobiologyInternational: The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research, 23(6),1181–1192.

Folkard, S., Lombardi, D. A., & Tucker, P. (2005). Shiftwork: Safety, sleepiness, andsleep. Industrial Health, 43(1), 20–23.

Foulkes, D. (1982). Children’s dreams. New York: Wiley.Foulkes, D., & Schmidt, M. (1983). Temporal sequence and unit comparison com-

position in dream reports from different stages of sleep. Sleep, 6, 265–280.Franklin, D. (1990). Hooked: Why isn’t everyone an addict? In Health, 4(6), 38–52.Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. S.E., 4–5. (cf. J. Crick, Trans.,

1999). London: Oxford University Press.Gable, R. S. (2004). Acute toxic effects of club drugs. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs.

36(1), 303–313.Garland, E. J., & Smith, D. H. (1991). Simultaneous prepubertal onset of panic

disorder, night terrors, and somnambulism. Journal of American Academic Childand Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(4), 553–555.

Gilmour, J., & Skuse, D. (1999). A case-comparison study of the characteristics ofchildren with a short stature syndrome induced by stress (hyperphagic shortstature) and a consecutive series of unaffected “stressed” children. Journal ofChild Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40(6), 969–978.

Goleman, D. (1982). Staying up: The rebellion against sleep’s gentle tyranny.Psychology Today, 3, 24–35.

Gosselin, R. E., Smith, R. P., Hodge, H. C., & Braddock, J. E. (1984). Clinical toxi-cology of commercial products (5th ed.). Sydney, Australia: Williams & Wilkins.

Greeley, A. (1987). Mysticism goes mainstream. American Health, 1, 47–49.Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006). Psilocybin can

occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personalmeaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology, 187(3), 1432–2072.

Hall, C. (1966). Studies of dreams collected in the laboratory and at home. Instituteof Dream Research Monograph Series (No. 1). Santa Cruz, CA: Privatelyprinted.

Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. (2009). Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabisuse. Lancet, 374, 1383–1391.

Henningfield, J. E., Cohen, C., Slade, J. D. (1991). Is nicotine more addictive thancocaine? British Journal of Addiction, 86, 565–569.

Henningfield., J. E., Clayton, R., & Pollin, W. (1990). Involvement of tobacco inalcoholism and illicit drug use. British Journal of Addition, 85, 279–292.

Herxheimer, A., & Petrie, K. J. (2001). Melatonin for preventing and treating jetlag. Cocharane Database of Systematic Reviews (1), CD 001520.

Heslegrave, R. J., & Rhodes. W. (1997). Impact of varying shift schedules on theperformance and sleep in air traffic controllers. Sleep Research, 26, 198.

Hilgard, E. R. (1991). A neodissociation interpretation of hypnosis. In S. J. Lynn &J. W. Rhue (Eds.), Theories of hypnosis (pp. 83–104). New York: GuilfordPress.

Hilgard, E. R., & Hilgard, J. R. (1994). Hypnosis in the relief of pain (Rev. ed.). NewYork: Brunner/Mazel.

Hilts, P. J. (August 2, 1998). Is nicotine addictive? It depends on whose criteria youuse. New York Times, p. C3.

Hobson, J. (1988). The dreaming brain. New York: Basic Books.Hobson, J. A., & McCarley, R. (1977). The brain as a dream state generator: An

activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal ofPsychiatry, 134, 1335–1348.

Hobson, J., Pace-Schott, E., & Stickgold, R. (2000). Dreaming and the brain:Towards a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Behavioral and BrainSciences, 23(6), 793–1121.

Hodgson, B. (2001). In the arms of Morpheus: The tragic history of laudanum, mor-phine, and patent medicines. New York: Firefly Books.

Holroyd, J. (1996). Hypnosis treatment of clinical pain: Understanding why hypno-sis is useful. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 44,33–51.

Horne, J. A., & Staff, C. H. (1983). Exercise and sleep: Body heating effects. Sleep,6, 36–46.

Hurley, S., & Nudds, M. (Eds.). (2006). Rational animals? Oxford, UK: OxfordUniversity Press.

Iber, C., Ancoli-Israel, S., Chesson Jr., A. L., & Quan, S. F. (2007). The AASMManual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: Rules, terminology andtechnical specifications. Westchester, IL: American Academy of SleepMedicine

Irwin, M., Cole, J., & Nicassio, P. (2006). Comparative meta-analysis of behavioralintervention for insomnia and their efficacy in middle aged adults and inolder adults 55+ years of age. Health Psychology, 25, 3–14.

Iwamoto, E. T., & Martin, W. (1988). A critique of drug self-administration as amethod for predicting abuse potential of drugs. National Institute on DrugAbuse Research Monograph, 1046, 81457–81465.

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E. (2007).Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2006: Vol. 1.Secondary school students 2006. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on DrugAbuse; September 2007.

Joiner, W. J., Crocker, A., White, B. H,. & Sehgal, A. (2006). Sleep in Drosophila isregulated by adult mushroom bodies. Nature, 441, 757–760.

Kable, J. A., Coles, C. D., Lynch, M. E., & Platzman, K. (2008). Physiologicalresponses to social and cognitive challenges in 8-year olds with a history ofprenatal cocaine exposure. Developmental Psychobiology, 50(3), 251–265.

Kahan, M., & Sutton, N. (1998). Overview: Methadone treatment for the opioid-dependent patient. In B. Brands & J. Brands (Eds.), Methadone maintenance: Aphysician’s guide to treatment (pp. 1–15). Toronto, ON: Addiction ResearchFoundation.

227

consciousness: sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and drugs

Kakko, J., Svanborg, K. D., Kreek, M. J., & Heilig, M. (2003). 1-year retention andsocial function after buprenorphine-associated relapse prevention treatmentfor heroin dependence in Sweden: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet, 361, 662–668.

Kales, A., Soldatos, C., Bixler, E., Ladda, R. L., Charney, D. S., Weber, G., &Schweitzer, P. K. (1980). Hereditary factors in sleepwalking and night terrors.British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 111–118.

Kihlstrom, J. F. (1985). Hypnosis. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 385–418.Kirsch, I. (2000). The response set theory of hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical

Hypnosis, 42 (3/42), 4, 274–292.Kirsch, I., & Lynn, S. J. (1995). The altered state of hypnosis: Changes in the theo-

retical landscape. American Psychologist, 50, 846–858.Koch C. & Mormann F. (2010). The neurobiology of consciousness. In G.

Mashour (Ed.), Consciousness, awareness, and anesthesia (pp. 24–46). NewYork: Cambridge University Press.

Konowal, N. M., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Powell, J. W., Mallis, M. M., & Dinges, D.F. (1999). Determinants of microsleeps during experimental sleep deprivation.Sleep, 22 (Suppl. 1), 328.

Kratofil, P. H., Baberg, H. T., & Dimsdale, J. E. (1996). Self-mutilation and severeself-injurious behavior associated with amphetamine psychosis. GeneralHospital Psychiatry, 18, 117–120.

Kryger, M., Lavie, P., & Rosen, R. (1999). Recognition and diagnosis of insomnia.Sleep, 22, S421–S426.

Kupfer, D. J., & Reynolds, C. F., III. (1997). Management of insomnia. NewEngland Journal of Medicine, 336(5), 341–346.

Lacayo, A. (1995). Neurologic and psychiatric complications of cocaine abuse.Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 8(1), 53–60.

Leccese, A. P., Pennings, E. J. M., & De Wolff, F. A. (2000). Combined use of alcoholand psychotropic drugs. A review of the literature. Leiden, The Netherlands:Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden (AZL).

Lee, M., & Shlain, B. (1986). Acid dreams: The complete social history of LSD: TheCIA, the sixties, and beyond. New York: Grove Press.

Lim, J., Choo, W. C., & Chee, M. W. L. (2007). Reproducibility of changes inbehavior and fMRI activation associated with sleep deprivation in a workingmemory task. Sleep, 30, 61–70.

Lyvers, M. (2003). The neurochemistry of psychedelic experiences. Science &Consciousness Review, 1, 1–5.

Lyznicki, J. M., Doege, T. C., Davis, R. M., & Williams, M. A. (Council onScientific Affairs, American Medical Association). (1998). Sleepiness, driving,and motor-vehicle crashes. Journal of the American Medical Association,279(23), 1908–1913.

Macquet, P., & Franck, G. (1996). Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid eyemovement sleep and dreaming. Nature, 383, 163–166.

Mahowald, M. W., & Schenck, C. H. (1996). NREM sleep parasomnias. NeurologicClinics, 14, 675–696.

Manzo, L., Locatelli, C., Candura, S. M., & Costa, L. G. (1994). Nutrition andalcohol neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology, 15(3), 555–565.

Maquet, P., Schwartz, S., Passingham, R., & Frith, C. (2003). Sleep-related consoli-dation of a visuomotor skill: Brain mechanisms as assessed by functional mag-netic resonance imaging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(4), 1432.

Martin, L. (2004). Can sleepwalking be a murder defense? Retrieved October 19,2004, from http://www.lakesidepress.com/pulmonary/Sleep/sleep-murder.htm

Mavromatis, A. (1987). Hypnagogia: The unique state of consciousness between wake-fulness and sleep. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Mavromatis, A., & Richardson, J. T. E. (1984). Hypnagogic imagery. InternationalReview of Mental Imagery, 1, 159–189.

McCann, S. J. H., & Stewin, L. L. (1988). Worry, anxiety, and preferred length ofsleep. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 149, 413–418.

Miller, M. E., & Bowers, K. S. (1993). Hypnotic analgesia: Dissociated experienceor dissociated control? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 29–38.

Miyatake, A., Morimoto Y., Oishi, T., Hanasaki, N., Sugita, Y., Iijima, S., Teshima.Y., Hishikawa, Y., & Yamamura, Y. (1980). Circadian rhythm of serumtestosterone and its relation to sleep: Comparison with the variation in serumluteinizing hormone, prolactin, and cortisol in normal men. Journal of ClinicalEndocrinology and Metabolism, 51(6), 1365–1371.

Moldofsky, H. (1995). Sleep and the immune system. International Journal ofImmunopharmacology, 17(8), 649–654.

Moody, R., & Perry, P. (1993). Reunions: Visionary encounters with departed lovedones. London: Little, Brown.

Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B.,Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic oraffective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet, 370,293–294, 319–328.

Moore-Ede, M. C., Sulzman, F. M., & Fuller, C. A. (1982). The clocks that time us.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Morin, C. M., Bootzin, R. R., Buysse, D. J., Edinger, J. D., Espie, C. A., &Lichstein, K. L. (2006). Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia:Update of the recent evidence (1998–2004). Sleep, 29(11), 1398–1414.

Morris, S. (2009, November 20). Devoted husband who strangled wife in his sleepwalks free from court. Retrieved April 9, 2010, fromhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/nov/20/brian-thomas-dream-strangler-tragedy

Morrow, C. E., Culbertson, J. L., Accornero, V. H., Xue, L., Anthony, J. C., &Bandstra, E. S. (2006). Learning disabilities and intellectual functioning inschool-aged children with prenatal cocaine exposure. DevelopmentalNeuropsychology, 30(3), 905–931.

Muhlberger, A., Herrmann, M. J., Wiedemann, G. C., Ellgring. H., & Pauli, P.(2001). Repeated exposure of flight phobics to flights in virtual reality.Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(9), 1033–1050.

Naitoh, P., Kelly, T. L., & Englund, C. E. (1989). Health effects of sleep deprivation(Naval Health Research Centre, Rep. No. 89-46), San Diego, CA: NHRC.

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (2007). Alcohol use. Retrieved July25, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/alcohol.htm

National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) (2007).Data/Statistical Tables. Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/default.htm

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2006, May). NIDA InfoFacts: MDMA(Ecstasy). Retrieved May 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/ecstasy.html

National Sleep Foundation (2009). Can’t sleep? What to know about insomnia.Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-related-problems/insomnia-and-sleep

Ohayon, M. M., Priest, R. G., Caulet, M., & Guilleminault, C. (1996). Hypnagogicand hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena? British Journal ofPsychiatry,169, 459–67.

Oswald, I. (1959). Sudden bodily jerks on falling asleep. Brain, 82, 92–103.Overeem, S., Mignot, E., Gert van Dijk, J., & Lammers, G. J. (2001). Narcolepsy:

Clinical features, new pathophysiological insights, and future perspectives.Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 18(2), 78–105.

Perrine, D. M. (1997). The chemistry of mind-altering drugs. Washington, DC:American Chemical Society.

Pormerleau, C. S., & Pormerleau, O. F. (1994). Euphoriant effects of nicotine.Tobacco Control, 3, 374.

Pratt, J. A. (1991). Psychotropic drug tolerance and dependence: Common underly-ing mechanisms? In E. Pratt (Ed.), The biological bases of drug tolerance anddependence (pp. 2–28). London: Academic Press/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Quintero, J. E., Kuhlman, S. J., & McMahon, D. G. (2003). The biological clocknucleus: A multiphasic oscillator network regulated by light. Journal ofNeuroscience, 23, 8070–8076.

Rezvani, A. H., & Levin, E. D. (2001). Cognitive effects of nicotine. BiologicalPsychiatry, 49, 258–267.

Roffman, R. A., Stephens, R. S., Simpson, E. E., & Whitaker, D. L. (1988).Treatment of marijuana dependence: Preliminary results. Journal ofPsychoactive Drugs, 20(1), 129–137.

Roffwarg, H. P., Muzio, J. N., & Dement, W. C. (1966). Ontogenetic developmentof the human sleep-dream cycle. Science, 152(3722), 604–619.

Sagan, C. (1977). The dragons of Eden: Speculations on the evolution of human intelli-gence. New York: Random House.

Saper, C. B., Chou, T. C., & Scammell, T. E. (2001). The sleep switch:Hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends in Neurosciences, 24,726–731.

228

consciousness: sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and drugs

Sarbin, T. R., & Coe, W. C. (1972). Hypnosis: A social psychological analysis of influ-ence communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

Shafton, A. (1995). Dream reader: Contemporary approaches to the understanding ofdreams (SUNY series in dream studies) (pp. 40–46). New York: State Universityof New York Press.

Shekelle, P. G., Hardy, M. L., Morton, S. C., Maglione, M., Mojica, W. A.,Suttorp, M. J., Rhodes, S. L., Jungvig, L., & Gagné, J. (2003). Efficacy andsafety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: Ametaanalysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(12), 1537–1545.

Sheldon, S. H. (2002). Sleep in infants and children. In T. L. Lee-Chiong, M. J.Sateia, & M. A. Carskadon (Eds.), Sleep medicine (pp. 99–103). Philadelphia:Hanley & Belfus.

Shuglin, A. (1986). The background chemistry of MDMA. Journal of PsychoactiveDrugs, 18(4), 291–304.

Siegel, J. M. (2001). The REM sleep-memory consolidation hypothesis. Science,294, 1058–1063.

Siegel, R. K., & West, L. J., Eds. (1975). Hallucinations: Behavior, experience, andtheory (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

Silva, C. E., & Kirsch, I. (1992). Interpretive sets, expectancy, fantasy proneness,and dissociation as predictors of hypnotic response. Journal of Personality &Social Psychology, 63, 847–856.

Stickgold, R., Hobson, J. A., Fosse, R., & Fosse, M. (2001). Sleep, learning anddreams: Off-line memory reprocessing. Science, 294, 1052–1057.

Strayer, D. L., & Drews, F. A. (2007). Cell-phone-induced driver distraction.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 128–131.

Strayer, D. L., & Johnston, W. A. (2001). Driven to distraction: Dual-task studiesof simulated driving and conversing on a cellular phone. Psychological Science,12, 462–466.

Strayer, D. L., Drews, F. A., & Crouch, D. J. (2006). A comparison of the cellphone driver and the drunk driver. Human Factors, 48, 381–391.

Swanson, H. (1994). Index of suspicion. Case 3. Diagnosis: Failure to thrive due topsychosocial dwarfism. Pediatric Review, 15(1), 39, 41.

Szalavitz, M. (2009). Popping smart pills: the case for cognitive enhancement.Time in partnership with CNN. Retrieved May 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1869435,00.html

Takeuchi, T., Ogilvie, R. D., Murphy, T. I., & Ferrelli, A. V. (2003). EEG activi-ties during elicited sleep onset. REM and NREM periods reflect differencemechanisms of dream generation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114(2),210–220.

Thiedke, C. C. (2001). Sleep disorders and sleep problems in childhood. AmericanFamily Physician, 63, 277–284.

Thomas, M., Thorne, D., Sing, H., Redmond, D., Balkin, T., Wesensten, N., Russo,M., Welsh, A., Rowland, L., Johnson, D., Aladdin, R., Cephus, R., Hall, S.,& Belenky, G. (1998). The relationship between driving accidents andmicrosleep during cumulative partial sleep

Tresniowski, A. (1999, July 12). Troubled sleep. People Weekly, 56–59.

Tucker, E. W., & Potocky-Tripodi, M. (2006). Changing heterosexuals’ attitudestoward homosexuals: A systematic review of the empirical literature. Researchon Social Work Practice, 16(2), 176–190.

Tusel, D. J., Piotrowski, N. A., Sees, K., Reilly, P. M., Banys, P., Meek, P., & Hall, S.M. (1994). Contingency contracting for illicit drug use with opioid addicts inmethadone treatment. In L. S., Harris (Ed.), Problems of drug dependence:Proceedings of the 56th Annual Scientific Meeting. (National Institute on DrugAbuse Research Monograph No. 153, pp. 155–160). Washington, DC: U.S.Goverment Printing Office.

Van de Castle, R. (1994). Our dreaming mind. New York: Ballantine Books.Van Dongen, H. P. A., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2003). The

cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: Dose-response effects on neurobe-havioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction andtotal sleep deprivation. Sleep, 26, 117–126.

Veasey, S. C. (2003). Serotonin agonists and antagonists in obstructive sleep apnea:Therapeutic potential. American Journal of Respiratory Medicine, 2(1), 21–29.

Vogel, G. W. (1975). A review of REM sleep deprivation. Archives of GeneralPsychiatry, 32, 749–761.

Vogel, G. W. (1993). Selective deprivation, REM sleep. In M. A. Carskadon (Ed.),The encyclopedia of sleep and dreaming. New York: Macmillan.

Walker, M. P. (2005). A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory for-mation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 51–64.

Ward, A. S., Li, D. H., Luedtke, R. R., & Emmett-Oglesby, M. W. (1996).Variations in cocaine self-administration by inbred rat strains under a progres-sive-ratio schedule. Psychopharmacology, 127(3), 204–212.

Ward, C., & Rana-Deuba, A. (1999). Acculturation and adaptation revisited.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 422–442.

Webb, W. B. (1992). Sleep: The gentle tyrant (2nd ed.). Bolton, MA: Ander.Yamaguchi, S., Isejima, H., Matsuo, T., Okura, R., Yagita, K., Kobayashi, M., &

Okamura, H. (2003). Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachias-matic nucleus. Science, 302, 1408–1412.

Young, S. N. (Ed.) (1996). Melatonin, sleep, aging, and the health protectionbranch. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 21(3), 161–164.

Yuan, Q., Lin, F., Zheng, X., & Sehgal, A. (2005). Serotonin modulates circadianentrainment in Drosophila. Neuron, 47, 115–127.

Zimbardo, P. G. (1970). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versusdeindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In N. J. Arnold & D. Levine (Eds.),Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1969. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress.

Zimbardo, P., Maslach, C., & Haney, C. (2000). Reflections on the Stanford PrisonExperiment: Genesis, transformations, consequences. In T. Blass (Ed.),Obedience to authority: Current perspectives on the Milgram paradigm (pp.193–237). London: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Zisapel, N. (2001). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Pathophysiology and poten-tial approaches to management. CNS Drugs, 15(4), 311–328.

229

230