Learning,

Memory and

Forgetting

1.Define learning;2. Discuss different theories of learning;3. Explain the basic process of classical conditioning;4. Understand the principles of reinforcement;5. Determine the basic social learning concepts;6. Understand the modeling process of learning;7. Explain the factors that facilitates learning;8.Define memory;9. Explain the stage model of memory;10.Discuss the four basic ways of long-term memory;11.Define forgetting;12.Explain the reasons of forgetting; and 13.Understand the ways to improve memory.

Learning Objectives

Learning

1.Define learning;

As a complex process which brings about an enduring change in behavior as a result of practices.

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Four elements of learning

1.Learning is a complex process.2.The presence of learning can be deduced

(work out) often by a change in behavior.3.The change of behavior has to be more or

less permanent and enduring.4.Practice or exercise (experience) brings

about the change in behavior.

http://www.britannica.com/science/learning-theory

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Learning theory, any of the proposals put forth to explain changes in behaviour produced by practice, as opposed to other factors, e.g., physiological development.

According to britannica.com

For more info:

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

2. Discuss different theories of learning;

This is the form of learning studied by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936).

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Photograph by Granger

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

3. Explain the basic process of classical conditioning;

Summary rules can help make the relationships between stimuli and responses easier to understand and remember:

1. An unconditioned stimulus leads to unconditioned responses.2. Unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response pairings are

unlearned.3. During conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus is transformed

into conditional stimulus.4. A conditioned stimulus leads to a conditional response, and a

conditioned response pairing is a consequence of learning and training.

5. An unconditioned response and a conditioned response are similar but the conditioned response is learned, where as the unconditioned response occurs naturally.

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

4. Understand the principles of reinforcement;

Edward Thorndike’s Laws of Learning

1.The Law of Readiness

2.Law of Exercise

3.Law of Effect4.Law of

Primacy5.Law of

Intensity

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

5. Determine the basic social learning concepts;

1.People can learn through observation (Observational Learning).

2.Mental states are important to learning.

3.Learning does not necessarily lead to a change in behavior.

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

6. Understand the modeling process of learning;

Observational Learning and Modeling process:

1.Attention 2.Retention3.Reproduction4.Motivation

Learning, Memory and Forgetting

7. Explain the factors that facilitates learning;

1. Individual Variables a. Motivation b. Intellectual Activity c. Attention Spans d. Prior Knowledge e. Maturation

2. Task Variables a. Meaningfulness of Subject b. Difficulty of Material c. Serial Position Effect d. Type of material to be learned

(difficult vs. easy task) e. Length of material (long vs.

short task)

3. Method Variables a. Distributed Effort b. Over learning c. Whole vs. Part

learning d. Recitation