�PTE 8��� ������

5----------------------------------------------------------------------RA 5----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Augustus 5--------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Blue ! 5------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. The Ford Company ! 5------------------------------------------------------

4. Microbes ! 5------------------------------------------------------------------

RS: 5---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DI 6--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.Climate of Beijing ! 6---------------------------------------------------------

2. Lamp 7-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Happiness ! 8----------------------------------------------------------------

5. The typing hands ! 8---------------------------------------------------------

6. Circuit ! 9---------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Government expenditures 10------------------------------------------------------8. Eclipse 10----------------------------------------------------------------------------9. Planets 11---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Reasons of deforestation ! 12---------------------------------------------

RL: 13--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Soot emission ! 13-----------------------------------------------------------

2. Rice ! 13----------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Linguists ! 14-----------------------------------------------------------------

4. Superman 15------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Hadron collider ! 15----------------------------------------------------------

6. Einstein 16---------------------------------------------------------------------------7. Hearing loss 16----------------------------------------------------------------------8. New instrument 17------------------------------------------------------------------9. Paris’ renovation 18-----------------------------------------------------------------

ASQ 19----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20--------------------------------------------------------------------SWT: 20------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Overqualified employees ! 20-----------------------------------------------

2. Coffee house in London ! 20-----------------------------------------------

3. Voting 21-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Charging cars ! 21-----------------------------------------------------------

5. Malaysia ! 22-----------------------------------------------------------------

6. Beauty contests in Australia 23----------------------------------------------------

7. Armed police ! 23------------------------------------------------------------

WE 24-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

24--------------------------------------------------------------------Reading MCS 24---------------------------------------------------------------

Reading MCM: 24-----------------------------------------------------------------

RO 24-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

An underperforming company 24----------------------------------------------------

Reading FIB 25-------------------------------------------------------------------------DOG 25---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Reading FIB_RW 25----------------------------------------------------------------------Herbal 25-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25--------------------------------------------------------------------SST: 26------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Adam Smith 26----------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Universities’ competition ! 26-----------------------------------------------

3. Indian peasants debt 27------------------------------------------------------------

4. Genes ! 28--------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Housing price in Australia ! 29----------------------------------------------

6. Memory ! 29------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Benefits of laugh 30----------------------------------------------------------------8. Political words 31-------------------------------------------------------------------9. Free human rights 31---------------------------------------------------------------10. Faults and earthquakes 32-------------------------------------------------------11.Female novelist 32-----------------------------------------------------------------

12. Talent war 33-----------------------------------------------------------------------13. Food and income 34--------------------------------------------------------------14. Description 35---------------------------------------------------------------------15. Water purification 35--------------------------------------------------------------

Listening MCM: 36----------------------------------------------------------------

Listening FIB 36----------------------------------------------------------------

HCS 36--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Listening MCS 36---------------------------------------------------------------

SMW 36-------------------------------------------------------------------------

WFD: 36-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RA 1. Augustus Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the preserver of republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with great respect, and was made ConsulŧčÚ§Ũyear after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the army by retiring many soldiers, but giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.

2. Blue ! While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizingŧå&�Ď�Ũ. Blue food is rare in nature. Food researchers say that when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black, or purple. When food dyedŧ9Ĥ(Ũ blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.

3. The Ford Company ! The Ford Company provides plenty of opportunities for its employees. It guarantees not only comfortable and appropriate working conditions, but also many other advantages. Therefore, becoming a part of the Ford Motor company is always profitable and beneficial. Moreover, it is important to mention that Ford Motors provides its employees with effective and useful services and takes care of their well-being.

4. Microbes ! Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gore studies the same sort of mutualism in microbes. He and his team demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective relationship in drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-resistant E.coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the other to chloramphenicol.

RS: 1. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selective clash on my timetable. 2. Our log books make up of five percent of total marks. 3. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union.ŧ! Ũ

DI 1.Climate of Beijing !

ŀì ,ŪThis line chart gives information about air temperature in Beijing, China. The temperature is given in both centigrade and Fahrenheit. Daily High rises from January to July, reaching the highest point of 30 degrees centigrade. Then it falls from August to December, reaching the lowest point of 0 degree centigrade. Daily Low rises from January to July, reaching the highest point of 20 degrees centigrade. Then it falls from August to December, reaching the lowest point of minus 10 degrees centigrade. Throughout the year, Daily High has always been higher than Daily Low.

2. Lamp

ŀì ,ŪThis graph gives information about how a solar yard light works. The first layer is glass cover, which is transparent(ï>�Ũand on the top of the light. The second layer is solar cells, which is square and collect solar engery. The third layer includes photoresistor, which is very tiny, battery, which is a yellow cylinderŧŕûxŨ, controller board and LED. In the third layer solar energy is convertedŧv�Ũ to electrical energy, which powers the LED up. The fourth layer is lamp cover, which is transparent and like a bowl. The lamp is mountedŧ\�Ũ in the lawn.

4. Happiness !

ŀì ,: The pie chart gives information about what determines happiness. Genetic set point accounts for the largest part, about fifty percent, and it is yellow. Intentional activities account for the second largest part, about forty percent, and it is red. Life circumstances account for the smallest part, about ten percent, and it is brown.

5. The typing hands !

ŀì ,: The following graph gives information about positions of typing hands on the keyboard. On the left side there are right positions, in which the right hand and the left hand are parallel. And both the hands are horizontal. The keyboard is elevated slightly forward. On the right side there are wrong positions, in which the right hand and the left hand are nonparallel. And the wrists are placed either too low or too high compared with the keyboard. The keyboard is elevated slightly backward.

6. Circuit !

ŀì ,: The following graph gives information about a simple circuit. The anode(°ÃŨ of the battery is gold-colored, and the cathodeŧĚÃŨis black. The wire is black. The bulb is white. The current runs anti-clockwise, out of the cathode of the battery and into the bulb. Finally the current runs out of the bulb and into the anode of the battery.

7. Government expenditures

ŀì ,: The following graph gives information about government expenditures in educationũwhich is a triangle in shape. The top layer is 1.8 billion dollars of higher education, which is purple. The second layer is 2 billion dollars of vocational educational training, which is blue. The third layer is three to four billion dollars of schools, which is red. The bottom layer is zero point eight to one point four billion dollars of early childhood, which is yellow. Finally there is an orange rectangle on the right side, which means 11 billion dollars in education investment fund.

8. Eclipse

!

ŀì ,: The Earth orbits the Sun; the Moon orbits (verb, ÑĻ ...ĿvŨ the Earth. The Moon casts umbra on the Earth, where the total eclipse is observed. The Moon casts penumbra on the Earth, where the partial eclipse is observed. 9. Planets

ŀì ,: The following graph gives information about the planets in the solar system.

The largest planet is Jupiterŧ´lŨ, which is on the left half of the graph and has two maroon(ÿ�j�Ũ stripes on it .

The second largest planet is SaturnŧÖlŨ, which is mud-coloredŧÖÌj�Ũ on the right half of the graph.

The third largest planet is Uranusŧ�ÒlŨ, which is azure(�áj�Ũ.

The forth largest planet is NeptuneŧoÒlŨ, which is dark blue, and slightly smaller than Uranus.

Earth ranks the fifth in size, followed by four other planets.

The smallest planet is PlutoŧŚÒlŨ.

10. Reasons of deforestation !

ŀì ,: The following pie chart gives information about the reasons of deforestation.

Cattle ranching(NªŨ accounts for the largest part, which is about sixty-five percent to seventy percent.

Small-scale agriculture accounts for the second largest part, which is about twenty percent to twenty-five percent.

Large-scale agriculture accounts for the third largest part, which is about five percent to ten percent.

Logging accounts for the forth largest part, which is about two percent to three percent.

The smallest part is other, which is about one percent to two percent.

RL: 1. Soot emission ! ,ŪSoot is also called black carbon. Soot emission contributes to climate warming. Soot does not accumulate in the atmosphere like CO2(carbon dioxide). Reduction in soot has immediate but not long-term effects on global warming. If we want to stabilize the climate system, we need to focus on greenhouse gases such as CO2. ,uĥŪ

2. Rice ! p@ŪIn 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when Mexico, unable to feed its growing population, shouted for help. Within a few years, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations founded the International Rice Research Institute in Asia, and by 1962, a new strainŧW5Ũ of rice called IR8 was feeding people all over the world. IR8 was the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger. In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the genes of plants, and so IR8 was created by carefully crossing existing varieties: selecting the best from each generation, further modifying them, and finally finding the best. Here is the power of modified crops: IR8, with no fertilizer, straight out of the box, produced five times the yieldŧ­sŨ of traditional rice varieties. In optimal conditions with nitrogenŧŢŨ, it produced ten times the yield of traditional varieties. By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow two crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. And by 1990, using more advanced

genetic manipulation techniques, IR72 was outperformingŧð�Ũ even IR36. The Green Revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000. ,uĥŪ

3. Linguists ! ,ŪLinguists are often seen as experts in the language. But expertise is actually different from authority. Communities have always been holding the authority of their languages. Languages are dying out, which is generally due to the dominance of communities. For languages’ revival, communities should not always hold the dominance. ,uĥŪ

4. Superman ,ŪSome heroic tales are from real facts and anecdotal. Superman has the following powers and limitations: super strength, such as lifting cars, trains and ships; super speed, such as running faster than an express train. In a moment of danger or fear, human can temporarily have super human strength influenced by adrenaline(Ņ�ŒàŨ to do things. But after that they can not do the same thing again. ,uĥŪ

5. Hadron collider ! ,ŪThe collider has a 27-kilometer-long tunnel, buried 100 meters underground. The collider can accelerate protons to the speed of light and create 1.4 million times of collisions per second. Each collision generates 7 tev( tera electron volt řřB ņ�)ũthe largest energy in man-made particle collisions. The main magnets operate at a temperature of 1.9 degrees Kelvin above the absolute zero, colder than that of outer space, 2.7 degrees Kelvin. By observing the collisions, scientists may find new particles and have a better understanding of early universe.

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6. Einstein ,ŪIn the lecture, the speaker talks about Einstein. In the past people believed that universe was absolutely fixed and unchanged. This has been transformed by Einstein's concept of transformation (the theory of relativity) Einstein said the universe is continuous dynamical change, is changing all the time. However, Einstein is not the first person who proposed this theory.

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7. Hearing loss ,ŪHearing loss is the high frequency loss.

!scopeţhope'soap=ăæīũ���!^ro��ũV^�rp��Ť In fact, hearing and listening are not the same. Some pronunciations and consonants can not be heard but can be seen through lip reading. Most people think they have a good hearing and only the elders may suffer hearing loss. But everyone should take hearing tests regularly under audiologists’ instructions. ,uĥŪ

8. New instrument p@ŪThe Skoog is a new university accessible musical instrument. It is designed to use by children or adults with special needs or in fact be used by anyone. It’s soft, it’s easy to play, it’s robust and it can be customized to suit anyone’s abilities. The Skoog helps students with special needs by allowing them to get involved in making music themselves. It’s an instrument that they can play it and they can take ownership of and start creating their own sounds and music. Traditional instruments are the shape and size and made of the materials they are because of the sound that they need to make. If you want to make a sound like a plucked string, you need a string and it needs to be under tension, whereas with a Skoog, because it’s a mixture of software and a sensor, then thus the computer can handle making the sound. And so we can design an object that’s designed to be touched and designed to be played with. In developing the screen and working with kids in the schools and in the classrooms, it’s really helped us make the Skoog something that’s usable by the children themselves. They’ve informed us massively on how it needs to work and they’ve given their opinions on colors and designs. And just the feedback they’ve given to us has been just marvelous. It’s just so enriching and it’s really inspiring to actually work with these kids, particularly when you can provide them with an ability to start to playing their own music as opposed to just taking part through listening and listening to other musicians and really learning from. ,uĥŪ

9. Paris’ renovation Haussmann’s renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissionedŧďĨŨ by Emperor Napoleon Ill and directed by his prefectŧ%8H§Ũ of the Seine, Georges-Eugene Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy medieval neighborhoods, the building of wide avenues, parks and squares, the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris, and the construction of new sewersŧ�A0Ũ, fountains and aqueductsŧAőŨ. Haussmann’s work met with fierce opposition, and he was finally dismissed by Napoleon Ill in 1870. but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussmannls renovation. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. In 1845 the French social reformer Victor Considerate wrote" Paris is an immense workshop of putrefaction(ģēŨ, where misery, pestilenceŧŒĴŌŨ and sickness work in concert, where sunlight and air rarely penetrateŧgdŨ. Paris is a terrible place where plants shrivelŧŐŞŨ and perishŧIĭŨ, and where, of seven small infants, four die during the course of the year. " The street plan on the Tie de Ia Cite and in the neighborhood called the "quartier des Arcis", between the Louvre and the "Hotel de Ville "(City Hall), had changed little since the Middle Ages. The population density in these neighborhoods was extremely high, compared with the rest of Parisū in the neighborhood of the Champs Elysees,

there was one resident for every 186 square metersūin the neighborhoods of Arcis and Saint- Avoye, in the present Third Arrondissementŧ¶Ũ, there was one inhabitant for every three square meters. In 1840, a doctor described one building in the tie de Ia Cite where a single room five meters squares on the fourth floor was occupied by twenty-three people, both adults and children. In these conditions, disease spread very quickly. CholeraŧŗÎŨ epidemics ravagedŧœĂŨ the city in 1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848, five percent of the inhabitants of these two neighborhoods died. Traffic circulation was another major problem. The widest streets in these two neighborhoods were only five meters wide. the narrowest were only one or two meters wide. Wagons, carriages and carts could barely move through the streets. The center of the city was also a cradle of discontent and revolution. between 1830 and 1848, seven armed uprisings and revolts had broken out in the centre of Paris, particularly along the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, around the Hotel de Vi Ile, and around Montagne Sainte-Genevive on the left bank. The residents of these neighborhoods had narrow streets with barricadesŧkľŨ, and had to be dislodged(ĸØŨ by the army.

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ASQ 1. Which kind of mountain can erupt? Volcano 2. What do we call the “Times New Roman” in word? Typeface 3. What is the verb form of the noun “Abstention”? Abstain

SWT: 1. Overqualified employees ! p@ŪIf your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience—a near certainty in this weak labor market—you should consider a response that runs counter to most hiring managers’ MO: Don’t reject those applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that overqualified workers tend to perform better than other employees, and they don’t quit any sooner. Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic—empowermentŧĶôŨ—can mitigateŧÔ�Ũ any dissatisfaction they may feel. The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasiveŧ/����Ũ. Companies tend to prefer an applicant who is a “perfect fit” over someone who brings more intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On the surface, this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, over-qualification correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center repsŧ|½�[Ũ by Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified workers is perfectly legal. But even before the economic downturn, a surplusŧÏĝŨ of overqualified candidates was a global problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving workers more skills than are needed to supply the growing service sectors. If managers can get beyond the conventional wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N. Bauer of Portland State University in Oregon found that overqualified workers’ feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipatedŧ�ØŨ by giving them autonomy in decision making. At stores where employees didn’t feel empowered, “overeducated” workers expressed greater dissatisfaction than their colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention to quit. But that difference vanished where self-reported autonomy was high.

2. Coffee house in London ! p@ŪWho would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder members of what would become the world’s mighty money capital? Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720, and the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London

surpassing New York, Frankfurt, and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in the size of the funds managed including offshore business they hold 70 of the global secondary bond market and the City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out 9 billion in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private equity ‘locusts’ and their hedge fund pals now hang out. For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan, and there’s an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.

3. Voting ,Ū}æ�¨�y��compulsory�ũV��mz�"$�{�U��¨ũ��¨�Ł¥Ť{��¨�u7�����Î}(quickest and easiest choice)ũZ6���Q}��last nameÛfŤ���9Ċı�ÊÜ�4#�}Å  �Mć�ũ�¤)�20Ŧ��]�ÚõČÇĄú+�¨}#�u7�Z:z���*Î}�ŤJ!yP1ĬU�Né�¨�ô�Ťłė�{��¨�"$ũV�-"'ħĔğ=���{��¨"$Ť

4. Charging cars ! p@ŪHere's a term you’re going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym(�£ßĺĀŨ PEV. It’s what you and many other people will drive to work in, ten years and more from now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car - your plugin vehicle. Its big on-boardŧÍh�Ũ batteries will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100 kilometers through city traffic. When you arrive at work you’ll plug in your car once again, this time into a socketŧĩEŨ that allows power to flow form your car’s batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when you bought your car was to sign a contract with your favorite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of power from your car’s batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a blackoutŧºBŨ, or very high wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your car would not only be most attractive to you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive power form peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas, even bio-fuel, would automatically cut in, driving a generator that supplied the batteries so you could complete your journey.

Concerns over ‘peak oil’, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood that by the middle of this century there could be five times as many motor vehicles registered worldwide as there are now, mean that the world’s almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is, in every sense of the word, unsustainableŧ�����Ũ.

5. Malaysia ! p@ŪMalaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-freeŧ/ĒĜ�Ũ countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the region. Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lureŧëåŨ 20 million visitors here this year. Any tourist itineraryŧ<¿Ũ would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the worlds tallest buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141 -foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deityŧ�Ũ. To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to be confused with Indonesias Borneo you’ll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world. Sipadan is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyssŧ�şŨ in the Celebes Sea. You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water raftingŧîŜŨ and catch a glimpse of the bizarreŧÄĈ�Ũ Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulousŧňŊ�Ũ nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honkingŧĠ�Ũ sounds. While you’re in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heydayŧŎě�wŨ, this southern state was a powerful Malay sultanateŧĖIJ"Ũ and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguingŧÓ��Ũ Chinese streets, antiqueŧ@xŨ shops, old temples and reminders of European colonial powers. Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritageŧĆ­Ũ, good food and beautiful beaches.

6. Beauty contests in Australia p@ŪSince Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss Teen International respectively(�S%Ũ, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageantsŧ}-Ũ in this country. These wins had also sparked a debate as to whether beauty pageants are just harmless reminders of old-fashioned values or a throwbackŧÂĉŨ to the days when women were respected for how good they looked. Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether its Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are demeaning to women and out of syncŧ�D¡Ũ with the times. They say they are nothing more than symbols of decline. In the past few decades, Australia has taken more than a few falteringŧšŠ�Ũ steps toward treating women with dignity and respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that they can do anything, as shown by inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003 Australian of the Year Professor Fiona Stanley. In the 1960s and 70s, one of the first acts of the feminist movement was to picketŧýêŨ beauty pageants on the premiseŧG�Ũ that the industry promoted the view that it was acceptable to judge women on their appearance. Today many young Australian women are still profoundly uncomfortable with their body image, feeling under all kinds of pressures because they are judged by how they look. Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer ŧą�öŨthin, reinforcing the message that thin equals beautiful. This ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a country where up to 60% of young women are on a diet at any one time, and 70% of school girls say they want to lose weight, despite the fact that most have a normal BMI, such messages are profoundly hazardous to the mental health of young Australians.

7. Armed police ! Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate students. The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been allocated to public and private high schools across the state. Organizers say the officers, who began work last week, will build positive relationships between police and students. But parent groups warned of potential dangers of armed police working at schools in communities where police relations were already under strain. Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to students about issues including shopliftingŧŘŝŨ, offensive behavior, graffitiŧĪśŨ and drugs, and alcohol. They can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at Alexandria Park Community Schools senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at The Rocks, he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross. Constable Purvis said the full-time position would see him working on the broader issues of crime prevention. I am not a security guard, he said. I am not there to patrol

the school. We want to improve relationships between police and schoolchildren, to have a positive interaction. We are coming to the school and giving them the knowledge to improve their own safety. " The use of fake ID among older students is among the issues he has already discussed with principals. Parents’ groups responded to the program positively but said it might spark a range of community reactions. "It is a good thing, and an innovative idea and there could be some positive benefits, Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer Danielle Cronin said. Different communities will respond to this kind of presence in different ways.

WE 1. Whether design of buildings will have a positive or negative impact on people’s

life and work?ŧ! Ũ 2. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has

become obsolete. Universities should only procure digital materials rather than constantly textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.

3. Should government build more roads to allow more vehicle owner or improve the network of public transport?ŧ! Ũ

4. Medical technology can increase life expectancy. Is it a blessing or curse?ŧ! Ũ

Reading MCS

Reading MCM:

RO An underperforming company 1) Take an underperforming company. 2) Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all the fat. 3) Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits. 4) That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.

Reading FIB DOG A DOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog’s. Over the centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canineŧō�Ũ body shape to produce what is often a grotesqueŧÄâ�Ũ distortionŧńÞţ`�Ũ of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologiesŧ¾®ţ±�Ũ. Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree ŧ¸ÆŨpoochesŧù�»Ũ is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.

Reading FIB_RW Herbal A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may be used for preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is recorded on fragments of papyrusŧċŏÙŨ and clay tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions far older still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC. Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic. Known as 'De materia medical, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and Islamic worlds until the late 1 7th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed herbals date from the dawn of European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable information for apothecariesŧñʼn�Ũ, whose job was to make the pills and potionsŧñʼnŨ prescribed by physicians. In the next century, landmark herbals were produced in England by William Turner, considered to be the father of British botany, and John Gerard, whose illustrations would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper and tile designs of William Morris four centuries later.

SST: 1. Adam Smith ,Ū&¬"$�c�¼¹��;���ũV�industrial revolutionµ(�ā_ŃĤũaffect¯�×�ũJ!living expectancy and standard declinedŤ Therefore some legislations about working conditions and environmental conditions were introduced to rectify our behaviors. Some damages have been reversed and we have more benefits compared to those 100 years ago. ·�J���!Đ~�;ũUnlike other people,Adam Smith also included manufacturing industry in his theory, exactly handmade manufacturing. development�output, national income'output�equal�Ť

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2. Universities’ competition ! p@ŪToday a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in competition for the best students, all of whom have choices they can exercise, and many of them choices which run across national and continental borders. We are in competition, too, for staff. The academic job market is one of the most global there is. And in the 21st century English is the new Latin, so universities in English speaking countries are exposed to more intensive competition than those elsewhere. We are in

competition for government funding, through the assessment of research quality. We are in competition for research contracts, from public and private sector sources, and indeed we are in competition for the philanthropic pound. Many of our own donors were at more than one university, and indeed think of the LSEs requests alongside those of other charities to which they are committed. That is a competitive environment which is particularly visible to a Vice-Chancellor. ,uĥŪ

3. Indian peasants debt p@ŪThe debt today is so high, it's two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand rupees of peasant who have no capital. They who know within a year or two, when they accumulate that kind of debt. Where is the debt coming from? It's coming from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per kilogram, depending on what you got. Seed that used to be free, used to be theirs. Pesticides each time, they more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just the last five years in the land areas of India has showed up by 2000 percent. That's what the free market and globalization have brought and since we are talking about peasants, who have no money, who have no capital, they can only buy expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by borrowing. And who lend that money? The seed companies that sell the pesticides, which are the same companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.

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4. Genes ! ,ŪMapping(�íŨ of genes was completed in 1920. Recent research has shown that genes can determine not only humans' physical features, such as height and hair, but also psychological features, such as our behavior. Our research on genes can contribute to biology, psychology, sociology and neuroscience, and provides some integrating information. ,uĥŪ

5. Housing price in Australia ! ,ŪThe economy of Australia has been in uninterrupted increase for 15 years. Over the period, housing has been getting more unaffordable for ordinary Australian households as a byproduct of economy. The typical price has increase by 90% and additional expenses have increased to 1.5 million (�tŬŨcompared with those in 2003. The rates of mortgageŧóĵ�üŨ have halved, so the mortgage trade has increased, which means people can borrow more money. More people immigrate to Australia, which means that needs of accommodation increase. There is no additional supply in housing market. All the purchase powers push up the housing price in Australia. ,uĥŪ

6. Memory ! ,ŪThere are two different systems of memory, implicit(ę©�Ũ memory and explicitŧЩ�Ũ memory. Implicit memory is also called proceduralŧ¿©�Ũ memory, which can not be consciously recalled. It is an experimental or functional form of memory. With implicit memory, people have automatic behavior, unaware of using it.

Examples of implicit memory include using languages naturally, driving and reading. When people try to describe the behavior of driving, they may even mislead themselves. Explicit memory is also called declarativeŧĘì�Ũ memory, consisting of a great deal of highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is totally different from implicit memory. Examples of explicit memory include remembering people's birthdays and answering multiple questions on the test.

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7. Benefits of laugh p@ŪLaughter is one of the greatest therapiesŧĞqŨ in combatting adversityŧķÜŨ; and whole communities and nations have frequently relied on humor to get them through their bleakestŧİÁ�Ũ times. On august 13,1961 , the barbed wireŧòÀOŨ was rolled outŧþ²Ũ of Berlin to create the Berlin wallŧŔãĢŨ. For nearly 30 years, until it was dismantledŧĸØŨ, wall jokes proliferatedŧÉ?Ũ -especially among those living in the east. Laughing was all that was left. Jokes about those who rule you - and sometimes those who tyranniseŧĕ÷ÆõŨ you - are a form of folkloreŧ�įŨ that has existed in societies as seemingly different as communist eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12-century Persia, and modern day Iran. Humor can also be wonderfully subversiveŧŇijY�Ũ. It can protect self-respect and identity.

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8. Political words ,ŪSocialism started in 1880s, while communism started in 1840s. But both of them were not worded until the French Revolution. The political words “left”and “right” originated from the national assembly during the French Revolution. Political left referred to the left side of the speaker podium, while political right referred to the right side. Political left means being progressive while political right means being conservative to the old regimeŧÚbŨ. ,uĥŪ

9. Free human rights ,ŪDuring the second world war, UK was the first country that mentioned free rights among other countries. It set up the baseline and minimum standards.

The positive aspects of human rights include rights to marry and free religion, and the negative aspects include sex. Other aspects that UK government mentioned include voting, election, tourism and trading. Lawyers drove the human rights after the second world war. ,uĥŪ

10. Faults and earthquakes ,ŪThe center of earthquake is called the focus, also the hypocenter, which is vertically beneath the crust inside the earth’s interior. FaultsŧÕèŨ are fractures in the earth’s crustŧ%ļŨ. Earthquakes will happen when faults move. The epicenterŧđ�Ũis located on the surface of the earth. The position of epicenters can be identified by using fault maps and looking down from the surface of the earth. ,uĥŪ

11.Female novelist p@ŪI have been writing non-fiction for years actually, but secretly wanting to be a novelist. When I first started writing at the age of 30, it was with the intention of

writing fiction, but I took a little detourŧĹkŨ for 10 or 12 years, and write non-fiction which I absolutely have no regret about at all. I think it's exactly the right thing for me to do. But there's this dream tucked away ŧäCŨ inside of me to do this. Now I was remembering reading something that xxxŧ�KŨwrote, who is a great novelist from Mississippi who had a big influence on me actually. She said, "no art ever came out of not risking your neck." And I think she's absolutely right about that. It felt that way to me at the time; it actually feels that way every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do that. And one of the very first things that I wrote was, what I thought was going to be the first chapter of a novel, called "The Secret Life of Bees." I wrote it in 1992, and it is actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is now. ,uĥŪ

12. Talent war p@ŪThe war for talent refers to an increasingly competitive landscape for recruiting and retaining talented employees. In the book, Michaels et al., describe not a set of superior Human Resources processes, but a mindset that emphasizes the importance of talent to the success of organizations. The war for talent is intensified by demographic shifts (primarily in the United States and Europe). This is characterized by increasing demand along with decreasing supply (demographically). There are simply fewer post-baby-boom workers to replace the baby boom retirement in the US and Europe (though this is not the case in most of East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Central America, South America, or the Middle East Eastern Europe also tends to have similar demographics, namely an aging and shrinking labor force). While talent is vague or ill-defined, the underlying assumption is that for knowledge-intensive industries, the knowledge worker is the key competitive resource. Knowledge-based theories of organizations consistently place knowledge workers as a primary, competitive resource. Talent is never explicitly defined in the book, though the Preface notes, "A certain part of talent elude description: You simply know it

when you see it. "After several further caveatsŧ.¢�>Ũ, the authors go on: "We can say, however, that managerial talent is some combination of a sharp strategic mind, leadership ability, emotional maturity, communications skills, the ability to attract and inspire other talented people, entrepreneurial instincts, functional skills, and the ability to deliver results." The authors offer no outside support for this assertion. A 2006 article in The Economist, which mentions the book, notes that "companies do not even know how to define "talent," let alone how to manage it. Some use it to mean people like Aldous Huxleyls alphas in Brave New World those at the top of the bell curve. Others employ it as a synonym for the entire workforce, a definition so broad as to be meaningless." The War for talent is seen by various sources as becoming irrelevant during economic downturns. However, there have been highly visible talent poachingŧĽ�Ũ by solventŧ/øŋ�Ũ firms of others who have economic hardship. ,uĥŪ

13. Food and income ,ŪMost residents in Africa suffer from poverty and wildlife is important for people’s livelihood. Billions of people in the world rely on fish as their major source of food and animal protein. Fish is also the major source of their income since fishing industry can attract tourists around the world, which can effectively facilitate the economic development.

Fish will become the top one source of income in Africa, even the income for foreign economies. Therefore, in Africa, their income is closely associated with food. ,uĥŪ

14. Description ,ŪThere are two methods of description: symbolic language and body language. The abstraction is an important layer of computers. Computers use symbolic systems. The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to communicate with each other. Sign language was developed, which means hand words in language. Sign language and movements could help people ask for help when they encountered rhinocerosŧŖªŨ. Hands were language. Oral languages developed while people’s hands were busy in hunting. ,uĥŪ

15. Water purification ,ŪWe all want to learn science to deal with global problems. A huge global problem we are all facing is how to purify water.

CBAM is a foundation working on this problem and focusing on human health. In developed countries, people are lucky to have bottled water and water from the tap to drink, but water purification is still a major global problem that needs to be solved. Nanotechnology(Ħ«ÝçŨ would be used to find correspondingŧXy�Ũ solutions, and it is promising that the problem can be solved. ,uĥŪ

Listening MCM:

Listening FIB

HCS

Listening MCS

SMW

WFD: 1. The same issue featured both explanations of the problem. 2. The placement test of mathematics and science is open to every semester. �The placement test of mathematics and science is offered every semester. 3. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental factors in the economics.ŧ! Ũ 4. The business plan seminar includes an internship with a local firm. �The business development seminar includes an internship with a local firm.

�The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm. 5. Participants initially select from a range of foundation. �Participants are initially selected from a range of foundation. 6. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill. �All people must evacuate the premises from the fire drill.

7. Tribes worked with each other to make monolithic statues.ŧ! Ũ

8. She used to be an editor of the student newspaper.ŧ! Ũ �She used to be the editor of students’ newspaper. �She used to be the editor of the student newspaper. 9. Native speakers are examined by their language tests in their own languages.

10. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.

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