Environmental and Social Assessment and Environmental and Social Management Framework for the National Agricultural Innovation Project Final Report -Volume II: Annexures

December 2005

www.erm.com

Indian Council for Agricultural Research

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Annex A

Select Examples of Proposals

1

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND RISK ASSESSMENT

forThe Biotechnology priority

areas identified in NAIP

In NAIP, the emphasis will be on integrated crop management as a systems approach which would address use of stress tolerant plant material, reducing biotic stresses, enhancement in quality, use of bio-pesticides and bio-agents for the management of insect pests and plant diseases for enhancing environmental quality and sustainability.

Given the limited scope for area expansion, enhanced productivity, profitability and competitiveness would be the main source of the agricultural growth in future and this should be triggered by advances, innovations and applications of science in agriculture.

1. Gene discovery, genetic enhancement and allele mining: a) Plants (coarse cereals, oilseeds and pulses, mango,

cucurbits, medicinal and aromatic plants. b) Farm animals (buffalo, cattle, goats, swine and poultry)

and fishes (marine and inland).

2. Targeted integration of genes and organelle transformation.

3. Proteomics/ transcriptomics for response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants and animals.

4. QTL identification, cloning and/or use in MAS of plants and animals.

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5. Bio-prospecting the marine biota for novel genes, bioactive molecules and products.

6. Stem cell research in fishes and animals.

7. Molecular diagnostics for plant pathogens.

8. Molecular diagnostics and vaccines for farm animals.

9. Farmer friendly diagnostic tools for testing purity of transgenics and agricultural biologicals.

• Plant scientists have been exploiting the existing variability for various traits and bringing in desirable traits into plants.

• The vehicle for delivering these innovations and technologies to farmers has always been through seeds and will continue to be so.

What is new?

Modern molecular biology tools and techniques allow us to identify the GENES controlling various traits. (A genes is chemically a piece of nucleic acid)Our ability to transfer the genes at will to any organism.

The projects on molecular diagnostics for detecting innocuous (especially viruses) infections in plants and animals, and developing vaccines for immunizing farm animals against diseases are aimed at checking diseases at the earliest stage. This is also based on time-tested methods. Already, a number of molecular diagnostic kits are commercially available for human diseases and similar efforts in agriculture sector are likely to yield rich dividends.

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Projects on gene discovery, allele mining and MAS will not only help in identifying new genes but would also augment the genetic conservation efforts and will indirectly boost conservation programmes.

The project would also lead to identification of useful genes beyond the conventional species boundaries. Thus candidate genes from microbes, plants and animals may become available for developing improved varieties of crops and farm animals. Thus, there is absolutely no adverse

environmental consequence if the above projects are pursued.

Gene/allele mining will help in identifying new variant forms of known genes. Immediate benefits of this exercise are expected in breeding for disease resistance. Such an effort will help in reducing disease incidence, curb use of chemicals for disease control and strengthen IPM.

Transgenic Plants(Some Concerns)

Insertion of the transgene might have switched off a useful gene or might switch on a harmful gene.

Unintended modification of other species in the neighboring fields due to cross pollination.

Evolution of super pests that are resistant to all types of herbicides or insecticides.

Disturbing the balance of ecosystems by creating species that normally do not exist.

Transgenes get inserted at random locations on host chromosome. Therefore, performance of different transgenics bearing the same transgene, created at different time and place is variable and may be associated with unintended adverse effects.

A lot of efforts, time and resources are invested in testing the performance of independent transgenicsand to identify the few with acceptable level of transgene expression but without any adverse effect.

Individual transgenic events, carrying the same transgene thus require separate biosafety clearance

Current methods of transgenic production do not allow precise integration of transgene into

the recipient host chromosome

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Hence the research areas being proposed are conceived to address some of the important and sensitive issues concerning transgenic crops.

The insertion of transgene in the maternally inherited chloroplast genome is likely to prevent gene flow via pollens. Chloroplast transformation has also been reported to result in enhanced expression of transgene.

Easy identification of transgenics in the field, likewise, is most sought for various purposes such as testing the purity of planting material, transgeneflow in nature, food certification against contamination (food labeling) etc.

However, while pursuing these projects, recombinant DNA products/ transgenicsmight be utilized or generated.

For all such eventualities the regulatory and monitoring framework already exists and the workers have to follow the DBT guidelines

• http://dbtindia.nic.in/thanks/biosafetymain.html

Format for Applications

For Submitting Information to IBSC/ RCGM for Import/ Exchange of GMOs and Products Thereof for Research Purpose For Submitting Information to IBSC/ RCGM to Carry Out Research for Development of r-DNA Products For Submitting Information to IBSC/ RCGM to Carry out Research for Development of Transgenic Plants Application For Environmental Approval Of Clinical, Veterinary Ard Food Products Based On Hazardous Micro- Organisms/GMOs

Looking Ahead…. … .. .• Some of the useful genes identified in the

proposed projects might be deployed using traditional plant breeding approach, others in the later phase would need transgenic approach.

• Some transgenic crops/ animals may raise new ethical issues besides usual Bio-safety concerns.

• Those have to be dealt on case to case basis(Bhat and Chopra, 2005)

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Exploitation of genes identified may help the plant to extract water and nutrients from soil in a more efficient manner,

Crop cultivation may extend to new areas with various environmental/ecological consequences.

It may also lead to further degradation of soil and ground water.

However, it should be recognized that no agricultural activity (including inactivity) is free from environmental consequences. The aim should be minimize adverse consequences.

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Socio-Economic Issues relating to Gender in India

Dr Premlata Singh

IARI

Gender disparities are among the deepest and most pervasive of inequalities. They are revealed brutally in India. In India the mortality rate among children age 1-5 is 50% higher for girls than for boys. These “missing girls” are deprived of life because they are born with 2 X chromosomes. Pointing to structural inequalities in nutrition, healthcare, status. Income inequality reinforces unequal health outcomes for women (H.D Report 2005)

Present Status of Women In India1981 - 330.0 (million)2001 - 495.7 (million)Sex Ratio (1981-2001)1981 - 9341991 - 9272001 – 933(Sex Ratio: Females per 1000 males)Mean Age at Marriage Years Females Males1981 18.3 23.31991 19.5 23.91997 19.5

State wise distribution of Male -Female population and sex ratios (Census, 2001)

State Sex ratio (Female/1000males)Kerala 1058Pondicherry 1001Chhatisgarh 990Tamil Nadu 986Andhra Pradesh 978Uttar Pradesh 898Sikkim 875Punjab 874Haryana 861

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Literacy Rates

Census Females Males Persons Male-female gap in literacy rate

1981 29.76 56.38 43.57 26.62

1991 39.29 64.13 52.21 24.84

2001 54.16 75.85 65.38 21.69

State Wise Literacy Rates In India

State Person Male FemaleIndia 65.38 75.96 54.28Kerala 90.92 94.2 87.86Mizoram 88.49 90.69 86.13Himachal Pradesh 77.13 86.02 68.08Maharasthra 77.27 86.27 67.08Rajasthan 61.03 76.46 44.34Uttar Pradesh 57.36 70.23 42,98Jammu & Kashmir 54.46 65.75 41.82Jharkhand 54.13 67.94 39.38Bihar 47.53 60.32 33.57

Women Are Unskilled

• Women have unequal access to resources.

• Extension services tend to reach only men, which perpetuates the existing division of labour in the agricultural sector, withwomen continuing to perform unskilled tasks

• The male dominated extension system tends to overlook women’s role in agriculture and proves ineffective in providing technical information to women farmers

• A number of factors perpetuate women’s limited job skills: if training women for economic activities requires them to leave their village, this is usually a problem for them. Unequal access to education restricts women’s abilities to learn skills that require even functional levels of literacy

Women Are in Poor Health• Surviving through a normal life cycle is a resource-poor woman’s greatest

challenge

• The practice of breast-feeding female children for shorter periods of time reflects the strong desire for sons

• A primary way that parents discriminate against their girl children is through neglect during illness. When sick, little girls are not taken to the doctor as frequently as are their brothers. A study in Punjab shows that medical expenditures for boys are 2.3 times higher than for girls

• Studies on attendance at rural primary health centers reveal that more males than females are treated in almost all parts of the country, with differences greater in northern hospitals than southern ones, pointing to regional differences in the value placed on women. Women’s socialization to tolerate suffering and their reluctance to be examined by male personnel are additional constraints in their getting adequate health care.

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Women Are Malnourished• Gender disparities in nutrition are evident from infancy to

adulthood• Adult women consume approximately 1,000 fewer calories per

day than men according to one estimate from Punjab. Comparison of household dietary intake studies in different parts of the country shows that nutritional equity between malesand females is lower in northern than in southern states

• One study found anaemia in over 95 percent of girls ages 6-14 in Calcutta, around 67 percent in the Hyderabad area, 73 percentin the New Delhi area, and about 18 percent in the Madras area

Maternal Mortality• India’s maternal mortality rates in rural areas are among the

highest in the world• One village-level study of rural women in Maharashtra

determined on the basis of physical examinations that some 92 percent suffered from one or more gynecological disorder

Job impact on Maternal Health• Working conditions result in premature and stillbirths• A study in a rice-growing belt of coastal Maharashtra found

that 40 percent of all infant deaths occurred in the months of July to October. The study also found that a majority of births were either premature or stillbirths. The study attributed this to the squatting position that had to be assumed during July and August, the rice transplanting months

Women and Health

% of women with anaemiaIndia 51.8Assam 69.7Meghalaya 63.3Arunachal Pradesh 62.5Bihar 63.4West Bengal 62.7Kerala 22.7Nagaland 28.9Manipur 38.4Punjab 41.4

Impact of Pollution on Women

• Venkateswaran asserts that the high incidence of malnutrition present amongst women and their low metabolism and other health problems affect their capacity to deal with chemical stress.

• With an increasing population, diseases caused by waste disposal, such as hookworm, are rampant. People who work barefooted are particularly susceptible, and it has been found that hookworm isdirectly responsible for the high percentage of anaemia among rural women.

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Health Hazards

• Agricultural labors face several occupational health problems that very according to the season, equipment and the inputs used. As per the findings of a workshop organized jointly by SEWA and National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH) it was found that all the women agricultural labors complained of skin infections and nausea due to the use of pesticides.

• This is mainly because the agricultural labors lack awareness about the toxicity of pesticides and chemicals. Working long hours in a certain position during sowing, weeding and harvesting season results in back problems.

Health Hazards in Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Agriculture• Fatigue • Backache - low back pain• Pain in limbs• Headache• Cuts and injuries.• Skin allergies

Animal Husbandry• Fatigue• Backache• Zoonotic infections• Injuries/infections in hands or palms• Infections in legs• Body aches• Skin problems

Women Are Mistreated

• Violence against women and girls is the most pervasive human

rights violation in the world today.

• Fear of violence is a cause of women’s lack of participation in

activities beyond the home, as well as inside it. Within the home,

women and girls may be subjected to physical and sexual abuse as

punishment or as culturally justified assaults. These acts shape their

attitude to life, and their expectations of themselves

• Leads to low self-esteem and lack of self-confidence – crucial

factors for empowerment.

Gender Discrimination in Agriculture

• Women are overworked

• Women are expected to do more drudgery prone activities

• Women's work is rarely recognized

• The shift from subsistence to a market economy has a dramatic negative impact on women.

• Women have unequal access to resources (land, capital, input, credit)

• Inadequate technical competency

• Poor existing research and extension system

• Wage discrimination between male and female workers

• Women face food insecurity and malnutrition

• Untapped women potential

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Facts and Figures• Rural Indian women are extensively involved in agricultural

activities. However the nature and extent of their involvement differs with the variations in agro-production systems

• The mode of female participation in agricultural production varies with the land owning status of farm households.

• Their roles range from managers to landless labourers• In overall farm production women’s average contribution is

estimated at 55% to 66% of the total labour with percentage muchhigher in certain regions (Venkateswaran, 1992).

• In the Indian Himalayas, a pair of bullocks works 1064 hours, aman 1212 hours and a woman 3485 hours in a year on a one-hectare farm (Singh and Shiva, 1988).

• Depending on the region and crops, women’s contributions vary but they provide pivotal labours from planting to harvesting and post-harvest operations.

Women Are Overworked• Rice transplantation, the most arduous and labour intensive task in rice

cultivation, is carried out entirely by women without the help of any tools• Girls learn to assist their mothers in almost all tasks, and from the age of 10

years participate fully in the agricultural work done by women. Mies cites the case of Laxmi, a three-year-old infant who, along with her mother, pulled seedlings for transplanting

• Not only do women perform more tasks, their work is also more arduous than that undertaken by men. Both transplantation and weeding require women to spend the whole day and work in muddy soil with their hands. Moreover, they work the entire day under the intensely hot sun while men’s work, such as ploughing and watering the fields, is invariably carried out early in themorning before the sun gets too hot

• Mies argues that because women’s work, unlike men’s, does not involve implements and is based largely on human energy, it is considered unskilled and hence less productive. On this basis, women are invariably paid lower wages, despite the fact that they work harder and for longer hours than do men

Livestock• In animal husbandry women have a multiple role. With

regional difference, women take care of animal production. Their activities vary widely ranging from care of animals, grazing, fodder collection, cleaning of animal sheds to processing milk and livestock products.

Fisheries• Nature and extent of women's participation in fishery varies

across the states. • Fish drying/curing, marketing, and hand braiding and net-

mending are the main areas of women's involvement in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.

• Deforestation has increased time and distance involved in grazing and collection of fuel and food.

• Distance to forests or other sources of fuel, type of farming system, etc. have explained increases ranging from 45 minutes to 5 hours in women's work time (World Bank, 1991).

• Moreover, it has also threatened income generating opportunitiesfor women by affecting livestock rearing and collection of NTFP.Reduced or non-availability of NTFP has shifted women from self-employment to wage employment.

• In areas where traditionally men also collected fuelwood, deforestation resulted in decrease in men's participation, as it was no longer possible to collect fuelwood in bulk (CPSW, 1992).

• Women play a key role in both land use and management

Environment

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State wise comparison of participation of women in farming activities (AICRIP H.Sc, 2003)

Maximum participationStates

Nursery Raising, SowingUttranchalWeedingMaharashtra, Rajasthan and Karnataka

HarvestingAndhra Pradesh, Haryana, PunjabTransplantingAssam and HP

NATP – MM Project on Empowerment of Women In Agriculture

Perceived drudgery prone activities in Animal Husbandry

• Getting fodder

• Churning of milk

• Cleaning of cattle sheds.

• Milking

• Chaffing of fodder

Perceived drudgery prone activities in Agriculture

• Weeding

• Harvesting/cutting

• Transplanting

• Carrying loads on head

Impact of WTO on Women in Agriculture• The agreement on agriculture impacts women’s livelihood and

income security, and also has secondary impacts in terms of

increased violence against women.

• As globalization shifts agriculture to capital intensive, chemical

intensive system, women bear disproportionate costs of both

displacement and health hazards.

Impact of ICTs on Women

•They have the potential to bring the information & education to women and men increasing their individual and organizational capacities and enhancing networking, participation and advocacy.

Feminization of Agriculture and Poverty

• In the changing scenario the participation of women workforce in agriculture is going to increase to 50% by 2020. This will happen because male workers will migrate to towns and cities for other jobs leaving the agricultural jobs to be attended by women workers. To face this situation it is necessary to consider.

• Working and living conditions of agricultural workers especially women & children

• Highest number of schedule caste, schedule tribe and backward caste women work as agricultural labourers and are less paid compared to male labourer.

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Feminisation

• Figures from the census also show that, amongst rural women,

the percentage of “marginal workers” (defined as working for

less than 183 days per year) has increased.

• Significantly from 8.1 per cent in 1991 to 14.2 per cent in 2002.

• During the same period, there was a sharp fall in the percentage

of “main workers” (more than 183 days a year), especially male

workers, coming from rural areas.

Female labour in Agriculture

• The economic condition of agricultural workers approximates to virtual slavery in some parts of Bihar and Orissa.

• Incidence of indebtedness in rural households is 35.10% and in majority cases the source is moneylenders, the maximum cases it is for productive purpose followed by marriage and other ceremonies (Rural labour Reports).

• A large proportion of the most vulnerable section of women agricultural laborers come from the landless and socially deprived communities.

Female labour in Agriculture

• There are wide ranging interstate disparities in the proportion of female agricultural labour.

• In AP it is as high as 52.16% and in H.P. its stands as low as 1.25%.

• The proportion of female agricultural labour to total agricultural labour also shows wider regional variation.

• The figure for the country as a whole is 38.62 percent, but it is as high as 52.52 percent for Manipur, and as low as 6.15% for Punjab.

• A.P., Kerala & TN have more agricultural labours than cultivators in the working population (Susheela A. Thirumaran(2005).

Key Questions• Which policies, programs and socio-cultural norms could affect the

degree of women's participation in the project? • To what extent do women own or have access to land, capital,

equipment and other factors of agricultural production? • Will the project introduce new technologies to assists women's

agricultural roles?• Consider providing women equal access to extension services, skills

training, marketing, equipment's and agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers.

• Which cultural norms constrain women's participation in the project?• Do women derive support from informal networks of other women in

the area? • How can the project make property rights more equitable for women

and men?• Are project performance indicators disaggregated according to gender?

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Technology and Women

• The existence and uses of new technologies are changing how different women and men experience the world, the choices they make, and the work they do.

• Women are predominantly involved in planting, weeding, harvesting and processing; currently these are the agricultural areas most affected by agricultural biotechnology.

• Rather than easing burdens, some evidence has shown the introduction of new seed technologies has tended to increase labour burdens for women and has decreased their control over their work.

• As more men migrate to urban areas, family labor becomes scarce, soil fertility declines and more poor rural women become farm managers, women need labour- saving and knowledge based technologies to improve the productivity of both land and labour.

• Where technology has been introduced in areas where women worked, women labourers have often been displaced by men. Threshing of grain was almost exclusively a female task, and with the introduction of automatic grain threshers — which are only operated by men — women have lost an important source of income

• Combine harvesters leave virtually no residue. This means that this source of fodder is no longer available to women, which has a dramatic impact on women’s workload. So too, as cattle dung is being used as fertilizer, there is less available for fuel for cooking

• Commercialization and the consequent focus on cash crops has led to a situation where food is lifted straight from the farm to the market. The income accrued is controlled by men. Earlier, most of the produce was brought home and stored, and the women exchanged it for other commodities. Such a system vested more control with the women

• Where women are responsible for feeding families and are

principally subsistence farmers, GM agriculture will have a

disproportionate effect on them compared to men.

• The impact may alter a woman’s ability to fulfill her social

role of feeding her family, her health and that of her family,

and her livelihood.

• Neither appropriate technologies for this work nor the

specifically gendered impacts have been adequately

considered.

Women: Pesticide Exposure

• Ways in which women are exposed to pesticides in agricultural production as well as differential patterns of pesticide use between women and men.

• Unique health impacts of pesticides on women

• Extent of information to woman about pesticides increases understanding of impacts of use and increases agricultural practices and consumer habits, which reduce exposure.

• Relatively few studies have analyzed specific farm activities to pin point the extent of exposure by gender

• Women are exposed to pesticides not only through agricultural activities but also from exposure in the homes and work place eg. washing pesticide soaked clothes, disposing of empty containers.

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• Many pesticides products are not labeled, but even if they are, many women in rural areas and illiterate would not be able to read the information.

• Studies have documented increased incidence of miscarriages, still-births and delayed pregnancy among women agricultural workers and wives of men employed in pesticides making and spraying. Also evidence of increased risk of birth defects.

• Other recorded health effects from research with woman in the field include acute effects such as dizziness, muscular pains, sneezing, itching, sun burn, blisters, difficulty in breathing, nausea, nail changing color and sore eyes.

• Most users do not use protective clothing because it is

unsuitable for the climate, unavailable or too expensive. Many

are unaware of such equipment.

• Pesticides containers are used for storing.

• IFWA and IARI developed a practical workbook focusing on

simple technologies to help women farmers with agricultural

issues including organic farming, pests and pesticides.

• More research on this issue is required.

Key Gender Issues For Initial Social Assessment

• Identify and describe the target population• Collect information on the gender division of labour. How

are production, household and social responsibilities shared - who does what, where, when, for how long.

• Examine the differences between sub populations. • Assess the target populations needs and demands in

relations to the project.• Assess absorptive capacity• Assess resource access and control• Assess institutional capacity• Identify institutions

Use of Participatory Tools

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Use of Participatory Tools Gender Analysis MatrixThe GAM development by Parker- 4 levels of analysis (Men, women, household, community and 4 categories of analysis i.e. the potential changes in labour, time resource and socio-cultural factors.

Simplified Gender Analysis Matrix

Women

CommunityHouseholdMen

Possible actions to reduce the negative effects

Possible positive effects/ Possible negative effects

Mid-term Apparaisal

• SHGs to mass organisations

• The right conditions need to be created for such organizations of

women to emerge and collectively grapple with their problems.

• But, at the same time women's dual areas of activity and their need to

balance their productive and reproductive roles-a compounded burden

which leads to intensification of their work load should not be ignored.

• The SHG strategy while empowering women has also increased their

workload rendering them more vulnerable to stress.

GOI, 2005

Success stories of SHGs

• Andhra Pradesh – under the AP District Poverty Initiatives

Project and Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Project

creation of self help groups had helped women not only to

improve their livelihoods , educate their children, buy assets, but

also campaign against oppressive social practices and become a

force for development in their villages.

• Women, more and more speak of the collective strength derived

from women’s groups.

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Mitigating Negative Impacts to Development and Displacement

• The impacts need to be well documented. Exposure to pesticides, chemicals result in peculiar reproductive problems-disabled children.

• Women bear multiple burdens in the process of displacement - not only do they have to find an alternative livelihood but they are also expected to bear greater responsibility to rehabilitate all the members of their household in the process of involuntary resettlement.

• They are subject to stress, psychological trauma, social evils. Women are affected more deeply and differently than man because of lower levels, skills, education and social exposure.

• Women’s views need to the solicited regarding the farm, house, water, live stock etc.

• Loss of common property resources are also disregarded by planners.• Community networks for emotional and practical support are

important eg. for care of children.

Land Rights for Women• The Tenth plan had highlighted the need for an active policy to provide

land rights to women.• In many states agricultural land does not devolve on women if male

heirs are present. • In almost all states, tenancy is not inheritable by women. • Some progress has been made in states like Rajasthan and Madhya

Pradesh, which have decided that issues relating to property, including landed property, would be dealt within accordance with the appropriate personal laws.

• Many other states have yet to take action in this regard especially the poor states of UP, Bihar and Orissa.

• Women are playing an increasing role in the agriculture operations due to the immigration of male members in search of employment and various other factors. In the absence of secure land right in their names, they are excluded from the institutional support that is provided only to the owner of land.

• It is therefore necessary to make inheritance rights in land more gender equal.

• The Tenth Plan envisaged tying up the Women Component Plan

(WCP) and gender budgeting to ensure both preventive and post facto

action in enabling women to receive their rightful share from all the

women-related general development sectors.

• The reality is that women still remain largely untouched by gender-just

and gender-sensitive budget. This stagnation needs to be shaken up

across the board.

• The mid term appraisal of women and development has found glaring

gaps and inconsistencies. A Prime Minister’s mission on women,

children, and development has been suggested.

Mid-term Appraisal, 2005

National Policy For the Empowerment of Women(2001) (GOI)• Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development process• Economic empowerment • Social empowerment – education, micro-credit, health,

nutrition, environment, violence, gender sensitization• In view of the critical role of women in the agriculture and

allied sectors as producers, concentrated efforts will be made to ensure that benefits of training, extension and various programswill reach them in proportion to their numbers.

• The programs for training women in soil conservation, social forestry, dairy development and other occupations allied to agricultural like horticulture, livestock including small animalhusbandry, poultry, fisheries etc. will be expected to benefit women workers in the agriculture sector.

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• The National Agricultural Policy (NAP) has also highlighted

incorporation of gender issues in the agricultural development

agenda.

• The policy states that high priority should be accorded to

recognition and mainstreaming of women’s role in agriculture.

• Appropriate structural, functional and institutionalized measures

are proposed to be initiated to empower women and build their

capacities and improve their access to inputs such as land, credit

and agricultural technologies.

Gender Resource Centre

• GRC is contemplated to be a focal point for convergence of all

issues related to ‘gender in agriculture’.

• GRC would ensure that policies in agriculture reflect the

national commitment of women.

• GRC would not only indicate and support training, research and

advocacy on gender issues in Agriculture and Natural Resource

Management (NRM) but would forge effective functional

linkages with other related departments, agencies and

institutions.

"Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a

precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty,

promoting sustainable environment and building good

governance.”

- Kofi Annan.

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Water withdrawals by region and by sector

Water withdrawal and water consumption for the three main use sectors (1995)

Share of irrigated and rainfed production in cereal production increase,1995-2021/25

Cereal harvested area, 1995 and projected 2021/25

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Cereal yields, 1995 and projected 2021/25

Gross Inflow and crop demand during rice season

Gross inflow and gross demand during wheat season, 2001-02.

Water Productivity (kg/m3) in rice during 2001 and 2002.

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Water balance analysis under various treatments of rice

Water balance (supply vs. demand) of wheat crop.

Water Productivity of Wheat Crop

Questions regarding the irrigation water supply and environmental impacts that may arise include:

1. Are there provisions to ensure that the quality of the supplied water does not contribute tosalinity buildup on the irrigated land?

2. Will groundwater extraction rates be kept at or below recharge rates to prevent drawdownand related subsidence and habitat destruction?

3. Will surface water diversion reduce groundwater discharge?

4. Will the diversion rate have an adverse effect on downstream flow rates or downstream watertemperature?

5. Will water distribution systems and management be conducive to the implementation byfarmers of sound irrigation and agronomic practices that minimize the environmental impactof irrigation?

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10.1Sehgal, 1996

8.6Singh and Bandyopadhya, 1996

8.6Singh, 1994

10.9Abrol, 1994

3.3Sewa Ram, 1996

7.2Chauhan, 1996

Saline area (M ha)Source

Table: Estimates of the saline area in India

17 152623603080332121

7.0 6.74.24.22.41.71.00.928.147.7

India ChinaPakistanUSAUzbekistanIranTurkmenistanEgyptSubtotalWorld Estimate

Total irrigated Land Damaged

by Salt(percent)

Irrigated Land Damaged by Salt

(million Ha)Country

Salinization of soils on Irrigated Lands

5.2Sehgal, 1996

3.95Singh and Bandyipadhya, 1996

16.0Abrol, 1994

4.5Singh, 1994

2.46Ministry of Water Resource, 1991

8.53Ministry of Agriculture, 1984-85

6.0National Commission of Agriculture, 1976

4.75Irrigation Commission, 1972

Waterlogged Area (Mha)

Source

Table: Estimates of the waterlogged areas in India

Severe damage. Unsuitable> 9.0Acute

From 3 to 6 care should be taken to sensitive crops. From 6 to 8 gypsum should be used. Not sensitive crops. Soils should be sampled and tested every 1 or 2 years to determine whether the water is causing a sodium increase

3.0 - 9.0Slight to moderate

No restriction on the use of recycled water< 3.0None

NotesSAR

SAR Hazard of irrigation water

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and EC (dS/m) is: None >0.7 >1.2 >1.9 >2.9 >5.0Slight 0.7 1.2 1.9 2.9 5.0Moderate 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.3 2.9Severe

6

100426425446

10042

26326436

1004725306634

100157

22277129

Discharge at headLoss in canalsLoss in distributariesLoss in water courseField lossesTotal lossesNet utilization of water

Whole system lined

Canals and distributaries

Only main canal lined

Unlined

Effect of lining of an irrigation system on the losses and the net utilization of water (%)

29.2518.60% increase over control

705453Increase in yield

24102435Control

31152888Drained

Tile DrainPVC Drain

Grain yield, kg/haTreatment

Table: Paddy yield in the subsurface drained observational area

NIL800Salts removed,kg/ha .cm

0.754.1Paddy yield, t/ha

1.7salts remain in

profile

1.715

EC, ds /mIrrigation waterDrained water

ControlSubsurface drainage

Parameter

Table: Improved paddy yield in coastal saline soils of Andhra PradeshTable:Effect of subsurface drainage (SSD) on crop yields in Chambal Command

(RAJ.)

Wheat 2.2 3.4 55Mustard 0.8 1.5 84Rice 1.9 2.9 53Soybean 1.4 2.2 56

Crop Yield (t/ha)___________________________________________________Without With Percent

SSD SSD Increase

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Table. Effect of paper mill effluent on yield

36.5126.428.9

30.598.530.5

46.7134.134.9

36.8115.731.5

43.7130.531.2

31.5102.530.8

RiceYield, q/haDM, q/haHIMaizeYield, q/haDM, q/haHI

EffluentTubewell+EffluentTube well irrigation

Characteristics

Relative efficiencies of various methods of irrigation

GroundnutBorder 23.2 25.85Check basin 23.8 26.45Sprinkler 28.9 46.80

Chilli Furrow 18.87 45.03Sprinkler 28.43 81.57

WUE, kg/ha-cmYield, q/haMethod of irrigation

Yield and WUE of potato crop under different methods of irrigation

550

1010720

201.8

275.9264.1

36.6

27.436.6

FurrowTricklea) Normalb) Saline water

(EC=3ds m-1

WUE, kg/ha-cm

Yield, q/haWater used, cm

Irrigation method

Yield of American cotton as influenced by various irrigation methods and options

54.9067.3089.00

86.10

105.40123.73

-

17.4036.5031.30

46.9756.13

94.40

92.0087.3090.27

88.1381.03

27.60

22.8017.6018.97

14.6712.10

1.44

1.471.561.56

1.461.43

Border stripFurrow Irrig.Each furrowAlternateAlternate(alternately)Every3rd rowEvery4throw

WUEKg/ha-cm

Watersaving, %

Waterexpense, cm

Waterapplied, cm

Yieldt/ha

IrrigationTreatment

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Effect of land leveling on yield and water use efficiency

Wheat Bajra Wheat Bajra166 120 46.6 37.3138 106 42.2 34.2 128 99 39.3 32.9 116 92 36.5 31.4110 84 34.9 27.9

1.22.02.53.03.7

WUE, kg/ha-cm Yield, q/haLeveling index(cm)

Table: Gradual change in saturated hydraulic conductivity after operation of subsurface drainage system

1.51.21.531.531.40.520.380.40

199519941993199219911990198919880.14HC(m/day)

After installation of drainage systemPre project1987

Year

Type of activities for Improving Irrigation Water productivity

- Selecting crop varieties with high yields per Liter of transpired water - Intercropping to maximize use of soil moisture- Better matching crops to climate conditions and the quality of water available- Sequencing crops to maximize output under conditions of soil and water salinity- Selecting drought-tolerant crops where water is scarce or unreliable- Breeding water-efficient crop varieties-

Agronomic

- Establishing water user organizations for better involvement of farmers and collection of fees - Reducing irrigation subsidies and /or introducing conservation -oriented pricing - Establishing legal framework for efficient and equitable water markets- Fostering rural infrastructure for private-sector dissemination of efficient technologies- Better training and extension efforts

Institutional

- Better irrigation scheduling - Improving canal operation for timely deliveries- Applying water when most crucial to a crop's yield- Water-conserving tillage and field preparation methods- Better maintenance of canals and equipment- Recycling drainage and tail water

Managerial

- Land leveling to apply water more uniformly - Surge irrigation to improve water distribution- Efficient sprinklers to apply water more uniformly- Low energy precision application sprinklers to cut evaporation and wind drift losses- Furrow diking to promote soil infiltration and reduce runoff- Drip irrigation to cut evaporation and other water losses and to increase crop yields

Technical

Option or MeasureCategory

Sources: Amy L. Vickers, Handbook of Water Use and

Water is a scarce resource. If we continue to overuse

and pollute our water and destroy our natural ecosystem,

we may fulfill the prediction that 30% of the world’s

population will not have enough water by 2025.

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1

Safety Considerations of Agrochemical Use in Sustainable

Agricultural Development

Irani MukherjeeDivision of Agricultural Chemicals, IARI,

New Delhi – 110 012INDIA

Sustainable agriculture must beecologically sound economically viable socially just humane

We are concerned with the following: Food security Food quality Safety to environment and people

• Agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides)• Manures and composts• Sewage sludge and urban waste• Fly ash • Industrial effluents

Sources of pollution

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Current status of fertilizer use

In India the current fertilizer consumption is much below the mark. Only 19 out of 437 districts in India consumed more than 200 kg N + P2O5 + K2O ha– 1, while 176 districts consumed 50 kg ha– 1 or less.

PEST SCENARIO OF SOME CROPS IN INDIA

15162934Cotton34250635Pulses1238410Mustard12100410Groundnut43240228Sugarcane19100220Wheat

172401035Rice

No. of serious pests

Total insect pests

No. of serious pests

Total insect pests

At present1920/1940Crop

Estimates of crop losses due to insect pests (%)

Crop Green revolution Pre- Post-

1983 1993-94Cotton 18 50 50Rice 10 20 25Brassica veg. na 37 35Pulses 5 10 30Sugarcane na na 20(Birthal P.S. 2003 – Policy Paper No.18, NCAP, New Delhi)

Estimated crop losses in important crops

Crop Loss (%) Value*

* (Rs. In million) Dhaliwal & Arora, 1996

Rice 18.6 55,120Wheat 11.4 14,150Jowar 10.0 1,732Pulses 7.0 4,840Oilseeds 25.0 41,800Cotton 22.0 20,000Sugarcane 15.0 13,360

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Estimated yield losses due to pests SHARE OF LOSSES CAUSED BY DIFFERENT PESTS

33%

15%

26%

26%

Insects

Rodents & Others

Weeds

On an average 18% of the crop yield is lost

Diseases

(Annual monetary loss: Rs.60,000 Crores Source:Working Subgroup on Plant Protection, Planning Commission, 2001)

PMFAI Production Data of Pesticides for 2002-03

Pesticides Actual number

Production in 2002-03 (metric tonnes)

Capacity utilization

(%)

Insecticides 25 49,626 48.02Fungicides 4 12,266 87.09Herbicides 9 3,795 21.33

Rodenticides 2 2,226 70.44Fumigant 1 56 18.67Total 41 67,969 49.01

Consumption of Pesticides in various states State 1999-2000(M.T. Technical Grade)

Uttar Pradesh 7459 Karnataka 2484

Punjab 6972 Tamil Nadu 1685

Haryana 5025 Madhya Pradesh

1528

Andhra Pradesh 4054 Kerala 1069

Gujrat 3646 Orissa 998

Maharashtra 3614 Bihar 832

West Bengal 3370 HimachalPradesh 385

Rajasthan 2547 Total 46195.16

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Crop-wise distribution

Major crops Market share (%)Cotton 55Rice 14Vegetables 8Wheat 6Pulses 5Tea 5

No. of weeds resistant to herbicides -

No. of plant pathogens resistant to fungicides -

No. of Insect pests resistant to insecticides -

Consequences of injudicious use of chemical pesticides

48 to 270

100 to 150

> 700

Contamination of rice samples with pesticide residues (AICRP, 2003)

Rice samples

Analysed Contaminated

Pesticide residues

Polished 89 43 HCH malathion, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, DDT, endosulfan, dicofol, butachlor,

cypermethrin,deltamethrin

Unpolished 87 42

Parboiled 87 41

Locality

Period

Samples analysed(contaminated)

Pesticide(s) detected

Range of residues (mg kg-1)

Haryana

1999-2000

155 (138) HCH 0.001-0.73

Punjab

1999-2001

90 (49) DDT, Lindane

BDL-0.21BDL-0.98

Contamination of milk samples with DDT and HCH residues (AICRP, 1999-2001)

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Current StatusMonitoring by AICRP(PR) in 17 centres

Vegetables Samples Analysed

Out of the 214 samples analysed, 14 samples exceeded the tolerance limits. AICRP (PR) work carried out at indicated that out of the 204 samples of polished, unpolished and parboiled rice analysed, about 50 per cent samples were found contaminated mainly with residues of HCH, DDT, endosulfanand chlorpyriphos.

Out of 173 fish samples analyzed in Kalyani, West Bengal for endosulfan during 1999-2002 fourteen samples exceeded the MRL values. Out of 144 analyzed for HCH 32 samples exceeded the MRL values. The situation was much under control in southern states excepting Andhra Pradesh. The contamination level of milk with DDT and HCH residues in Punjab has shown significantly decline form 1996 to 200

• Injudicious use of pesticides has caused wide spread contamination of food commodities, soil, air and water with pesticide residues.

• The adverse effects of conventional pesticides have also become known.

• Use of improper, substandard products and untimely application of pesticides are known to cause development of resistance by target pests making plant protection insurmountable task in crops like cotton, vegetables, rice etc.

Problem statement

Consumption of Pesticides (kg/ha.)Consumption of Pesticides (kg/ha.)

USA 5.0 to 6.0 2.500

JAPAN 10.0 12.00

Taiwan - 17.00

1960-61 1998

India 0.015 0.243

Registration of safer chemicals

Proportion of pesticide active ingredients that are considered to be safer (biological chemicals and reduced-risk conventional chemicals) has steadily increased over the last several years.

Source: EPA, 1999.

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INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS

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Prior Informed Consent

February 24, 2004 marked the entry into force of the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.

Key points

PIC will provide information on banned and severely restricted pesticides

Developing countries will need assistance to identify the severely hazardous pesticide formulations

PIC training workshops and exchanges will raise standards

Improved capacity to manage chemicals is essential if developingcountries are to deal with pesticide hazards.

FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides

Greater emphasis on reducing risks and hazards, including a stronger warning against availability of WHO classes Ia and Ib products in developing countries

Explicit recognition of the importance of addressing environmental risks in addition to health, with a call for monitoring of pesticide residues in food and the environment, protection of biodiversity, and minimizing the adverse effects of pesticides in the water, soil, air and on non-target organisms

Support for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that emphasizes growth of a healthy crop, with least disruption to agro-ecosystems, and encourages natural pest controls

Stronger requirements on protective equipment for tropical areas, and for improved application Technology

Product stewardship strategies that address field level impacts

Introduction of collection systems for empty pesticide containers

Request for commodity and food industry groups to influence agricultural practices

Implementing the European Commission Approach to Progressive Pest Management

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Application Technologies with Potential to Reduce Pesticide Risks A “Toxic” Pesticide on the Sole Basis

of Their Unsuitability to Use

• In the PIC list• a POP• listed under The Convention on Long-range

Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) of the UN Economic Commission

• WHO class of Ia Extremely hazardous or Ib Highly hazardous

• A carcinogen• An endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC)• An hazard to marine or aquatic environment

Procedures Fundamental to Assessment of Pollutants

1. Comparative risk assessment of pest management options and hazard based assessment of pesticides

2. Product efficacy balanced against wider costs and benefits to human health and the environment

3. Stakeholder involvement so that societal concerns are taken seriously by the regulatory process

4. Greater funding for research and development into alternative pest management options. Research projects for alternatives to pesticides should include follow through to market and technology transfer to farmers

5. Publicly funded extension service geared towards the development of sustainable farming techniques and the reduction of pesticide use

BETTER MANAGEMENT OF PESTICIDES

Would involve use of less toxic or less persistent chemicals;better crop husbandryintroduction of modern pesticide formulation and application

technology which is safer, more accurate and can reduce the quantities of pesticides used including, for example, nontoxic solvents in formulations

use of natural enemies of pests which do not affect non-target organisms;

introduction of management strategies which can reduce pest problems including restriction of pesticide use only to specific situations

consultation with and participation of women and men farmers toassess priorities and entry points;

changing perceptions of farmers and extension staff from preventative, calendar applications of pesticides.

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•Preference to modern over conventional pesticides•Use of better formulations and application technologies•Use of protective clothing and other concomitant precautions by pesticide workers and sprayers•Good Agricultural Practices in term of compliance to spray schedules and waiting period•Monitoring of natural enemies and beneficials in the field•Concerted efforts to reduce pesticide usage in hot spots

STRATEGIES FOR CONTAINING PESTICIDE POLLUTION

Strategy for Pesticide Use Reduction•Minimize the hazards and risks to health and environment from pesticides

•Improve controls on the use and distribution of pesticides

•Reduce the levels of harmful pesticide active ingredients, in particular by replacing the most dangerous by safer alternatives(including non-chemical)

•Encourage low-input or pesticide-free crop production

•Establish a transparent system for reporting and monitoring progress including the development of appropriate indicators ● adopt mandatory use reporting systems co-coordinated centrally.

Check list for the stakeholdersCheck list for the stakeholders1. What measures have been inbuilt to pre-empt the adverse the

effects of the agrochemicals?

2. Have you ensured the use of new generation pesticides or slow release fertilisers in place of conventional ones?

3. If the use of a conventional pesticide is a must what steps do you envisage in containing its negative effects?

4. Have you included the development of bio-indicators to monitor the ecological safety during the tenure of the project? If so please specify.

5. Have you included ICM strategies and Precautionary Principle in your project?

6. What precautionary steps have been incorporated in ensuring safety to farmworkers including women and consumers of food?

•Nitrogen use efficiency varies from 30–40% in rice to 60–80% in other cereals•A sizeable amount could be added to the environment as ammonia by volatilization from soil surface, nitrous oxide or elemental nitrogen by denitrification and finally as nitrates by leaching in underground water •The ammonia going in the atmosphere contributes to acid rains, while N2O is involved in depletion of ozone layer •The safe limit or MCL (maximum contamination level) established by the USEPA is 45 mg NO3–N L– 1 in unpotable water.The European Union has fixed MCL limit at 50 mg NO3–N L– 1•Levels above this may lead to methaemoglobinaemia or blue baby syndrome in infants•Excess nitrates in the human body may react with amines and formnitrosamines that may lead to gastric cancer

FertilizersFertilizers

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•The total foodgrain demand by 2020 is estimated at 294 MT (122 MT rice, 103 MT wheat, 41 MT coarse grains and 28 MT pulses).

•Thus by 2020 we need to produce about 100 MT of additional food grain yr– 1 from the same or even less area.

•We have no choice but to increase the agrochemical application.

•During 1980–90 there has been 3–4% decrease in fertilizer nitrogen consumption in Europe and USA, while in Asia it has increased by 74.4%.

Some new and promising methods for better N management include• the use of nitrification inhibitors

• slow-release nitrogen fertilizers

• indigenous materials such as neem cake or oil-

coated materials.

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Annex B

Environment and Social Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGISLATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

1.1 Environmental Regulatory Review of Agricultural Practices

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 1 Water

Resource Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975

PROHIBITION ON USE OF STREAM OR WELL FOR DISPOSAL OF POLLUTING MATTER, ETC. (a) no person shall knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined in accordance with such standards as may be laid down by the State Board to enter (whether directly or indirectly) into any [stream or well or sewer or on land]; or (b) no person shall knowingly cause or permit to enter into any stream any other matter which may tend, either directly or in combination with similar matters, to impede the proper flow of the water of the stream in a manner leading or likely to lead to a substantial aggravation of pollution due to other causes or of its consequences SCHEDULE I Processing of animal or vegetable products industry [including processing of milk, meat, hides and skins, all agricultural products and their wastes]. Water aspects will also be applicable Research Projects setting up research centres/increasing capacity of the existing research units Agro processing model unit & Research centres may require Consent To Establish (CTO) grant from State/Local Authority Discharge of effluent has to be in compliance to Discharge Standard by CPCB ‘GENERAL STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS’

The project is likely to have such activities (mainly Component II & IV), which may generate effluent or sewage. Treatment and Discharge of such effluent to water bodies, land etc. will come under these act and rules. Also Wastewater Recycled for Irrigation purpose will come under the act.

COMPONENT - II (Agriculture practices are excluded but activities like Dairy, Food Processing, Irrigation etc.) COMPONENT - IV (Livelihood programs as above)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component The Water

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, amended 1992 & 2003

All the projects, which will require water for irrigation for farming etc., water requirement for food processing unit etc. will come under the cess act.

COMPONENT - I (Policy and Strategies for Water Management) II (Irrigation System – Directly/Indirectly through the organisation especially private bodies managing the irrigation system, also water requirement in Agro Processing Units) COMPONENT - IV (Water requirement in R&D units etc.)

2 Air

Pollution The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982

Application (FORM I) for Consent for emission/continuation of emission under Section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is required for operations which release gaseous emissions.

Require compliance of STACK EMISSION STANDARDS & AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS prescribed under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 by CPCB

Any activities that may require Diesel Generators Sets (DG Sets) operation and/or discharge of gaseous emissions from processes like baking oven, boiler, combustion etc from Agro Processing or from some Research Activity will require compliance of these act and rules.

COMPONENT-II (Diesel Pump sets, Generators Sets, production process like combustion of fuel, boiler operation, baking oven et.), COMPONENT-III (Same as component II) COMPONENT- IV (D G Sets, Incineration of Bio Medical wastes)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 3 Environ

mental Issues

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 1994

All the type of projects listed in Schedule I require environment clearance from Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) as well as No Objection Certificate (NOC) from state government As per the EIA Notification 2004, construction projects like commercial complex or office complexes for 1000 persons or above or discharging 50 m3/day of sewage or above with an investment of INR 500 million or above would require appraisal under Environmental Impact Assessment for Environmental Clearance by MoEF

Any new project (except agriculture farming activity that is not covered as of now) to be undertaken in any part of India or the expansion or modernization of any existing NATP product-manufacturing project shall require No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the State Authority. Major Irrigation project undertaken under the NATP projects will require Environmental Impact Assessment study followed by an application to be submitted to the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi under ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT NOTIFICATION S.O.60(E), dated 27/01/1994 However, reconstruction or maintenance type of activity will not require the above MoEF clearance.

COMPONENT-II (Major Irrigation project) COMPONENT- III (some activities may come under this act) COMPONENT- IV (Setting up research complex, which may generate wastewater of 50 m3/day or more)

HS.Rawat3

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 4 Forest Forest

(Conservation) Act, 1980, amended 1988 Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981, amended 1992

Restriction on the dereservation of forests or use of forest land for non-forest purpose; (i) that any forest (reserved forest) land or any portion thereof may be used for any non-forest purpose; (ii) that any forest land or any portion thereof may be cleared of trees which have grown naturally in that land or portion, for the purpose of using it for reafforestation. The proposal for clearance shall be done in the appropriate Form appended to these rules, i.e. FORM ‘A’ for proposals seeking first time approval under the Act to the concerned nodal officer authorized in this behalf by the State Government, along with requisite information and documents, complete in all respects, well in advance of taking up any non-forest activity on the forest land.

Any non forest activity undertaken on forestland under Component II, III & IV for farming expansion, setting up agro processing units, and setting up of other livelihood enhancement programs will require clearance under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 “Non-forest purpose” also covers cultivation of tea, coffee, spices, rubber, palms, oil-bearing plants, horticultural crops or medicinal plants or any purpose other than reafforestation.

COMPONENT-II & III (Farming project on forest land, Any activity like transportation through forests, Irrigation project effecting forests, Camping near to forests etc.) COMPONENT-III (All above and also Livestock practices, which may effect forest by grazing etc.) COMPONENT-IV (Research projects requiring forests resource, making gene pool from products near or in the protected areas etc.)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 5 Biodivers

ity The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 Biological Diversity Rules, 2004

No agency/person referred to in sub-section (2) shall, without previous approval of the National Biodiversity Authority, obtain any biological resource occurring in India or knowledge associated thereto for research or for commercial utilization or for bio-survey and bio-utilization. No person shall, without the previous approval of the National Biodiversity Authority, transfer the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India for monetary consideration or otherwise to any person who is not a citizen of India or citizen of India who is non-resident or a body corporate or organization which Is not registered or incorporated in India or which has any non-Indian participation in its share capital or management.

Corporate body, association or organization shall also require to take the approval of the National Biodiversity Authority obtain any biological resource occurring in India or knowledge associated thereto for research or for commercial utilization or for bio-survey and bio-utilization. Prior intimation to State Biodiversity Board for obtaining biological resource for certain purposes Application for intellectual property rights not to be made without approval of National Biodiversity Authority

COMPONENT-III (Farming of Transgenic Crop/GM Crops, Patenting of Seeds/Plants etc) COMPONENT-IV (Research Projects, Intellectual Rights matter etc.)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Biotechn

ology Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986 Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro Organisms Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules, 1989

Objective of this act is to protect the environment, nature and health in connection with the application of genetechnology and micro organisms. The rule shall be applicable in the following specific cases; (a) sale, offers for sale, storage for the purpose of sale, offers and any kind of handling over with or without a consideration; (b) exportation and importation of genetically engineered cells or organisms; (c) production, manufacturing, processing, storage, import, drawing off, packaging and repacking of the Genetically Engineered Products; (d) Production, manufacture etc. of drugs and pharmaceuticals and food stuffs distilleries and tanneries, etc. which make use of micro-organisms genetically engineered micro-organisms one way or the other. (e) These rules shall be applicable to the whole of India. Approval is required for import, export, transport, manufacture, process, use or sell any hazardous microorganisms of genetically engineered organisms/substances or cells shall be taken from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) Only laboratories notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests can use genetically engineered organisms or cell for research purpose.

Biotechnology/Bioengineering following activities in agriculture will come under this rule; (a) Storage; (b) Importation of genetically engineered cells or organisms; (c) Production, manufacturing, processing, storage, import, drawing off, packaging and repacking of the Genetically Engineered Products; (d) Production, manufacture etc food stuffs which make use of micro-organisms genetically engineered micro-organisms (e) Applicable to the whole of India.

COMPONENT – IV (All type of Research Activities on Transgenic Crops, Hybrid Plants, Hybrid Animals etc. in Biotechnology or other laboratory and also field research in fields.) COMPONENT – II & III (Manufacture, Processing, Import, Packaging and Storage of Gene Technological products, which means product developed by the application of the gene technique called genetic engineering, include self cloning and deletion as well as cell hybridisation)

Classification of microorganisms or genetically engineered product under two categories (Animals and Human Pathogens and Plant Pests) is given in Schedule of this Act.

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Guidelines for

Safety in Biotechnology & Research in Transgenic Plants (Revised in 1998 & 1994 and developed in 1990)

The guidelines cover areas of recombinant DNA research on plants including the development of transgenic plants and their growth in soil for molecular and field evaluation. The guidelines also deal with impact and shipment of genetically modified plants for research use. Categories of Genetic Engineering Experiments on Plants and their Notifications are: Category I: Routine recombinant DNA experiments, which are GENERALLY CONSIDERED AS SAFE (GRAS). Experiment should be performed using routine good laboratory practices (Annex I of the Guideline) This needs intimation to the IBSC in the prescribed profoma. Category II: This includes lab and green house/net house experiments in contained environment where defined DNA fragments non-pathogenic to human and animals are used for genetic transformation of plants, both model species and crop species and the plants are grown in green house/net house for molecular and phenotypic evaluation. The design for the contained facility shall be as described in Appendix II if the Guideline Permission for performing Category II experiments will be provided by IBSC. The decision of the IBSC would be intimated to the RCGM before execution of the experiments and RCGM (Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation) would put this information on record.

Research and Use and Transportation of Transgenic Crops, Hybrid Crops, and other type of genetically modifies crops will come under this act. Ensuring of Genetic Engineering Experiments on Transgenic Plant to specified Categories and compliance of respective CONTAINMENT & APPROVAL Guidelines

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Category III: Covers high risk experiments where the escape of transgenic traits into the

open environment could cause significant alterations in the biospehere, the ecosystem, the plants and animals by dispersing new genetic traits, the effects of which can not be judged precisely. Such experiments could be conducted only after clearance from RCGM and notified by the Department of Biotechnology. The design of greenhouse/net house needs to be done as indicated broadly in Appendix II of the Guideline.

Biosafety Aspects of the Transgenic Plants requires generation of information on various aspects (Listed under Guideline 7 for Research on Transgenic Plants). Further if there is limited release of transgenic plants, to minimise the risk following measures may be taken:

Special separation for isolation, for preventing reproduction/fertilization and seed setting. Biological prevention of flowing by making use of sterility properties etc. Human intervention for the removal reproductive structure of flowers Controlling the reproductive structure of transgenic plants like the seeds and the plant

propagules from unaccounted spread Controlling and destroying volunteer plants from the experimental field To take into account the proximity to human activity in case the transgenic plants have

allergic properties to human and animals Appropriate training of field personal responsible for handling the transgenic plants Plans for handling unexpected events

Clearance for import and shipment of transgenic germplasm for research purposes would be provided by RCGM (Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation). The RCGM will issue an import certificate after looking into the documents related to the safety of the material and the national need.

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Recombinant DNA

Safety Guidelines and Regulations, 1990

Large Scale Experiments and Manufacture of engineered organisms and products including environmental release has been laid down under statutory provisions of Environmental Protection Act 1986

Wastes release from the research and production of crops and from genetically developed livestock will come under this guideline

6 Bio Medical Waste

Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) (Amendment) Rules, 2003.

COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES shall be carried out in a manner so as to avoid any possible hazard to human health and environment.

Any project activity, which will generate bio medical waste like animal parts, animal waste etc. will come under this Act. The rule will be applicable to animal husbandry and research projects as well as agro (meat) processing units, animal dispensaries, veterinary institutions, other animal houses, pathological laboratories etc.

COMPONENT-II& III (Livestock and Animal Husbandry wastes from vet nary and animal care centres) COMPONENT- IV (Research centres will produce bio medical etc.)

7 Hazard

Waste Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment Rules, 2000 & 2003

The project generating hazardous wastes listed in Schedule, shall take all practical steps to ensure that such wastes are properly handled and disposed of without any adverse effects which may result from such wastes and the occupier shall also be responsible for proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and disposal of these wastes either himself or through the operator of a facility.

Wastes generated from research activities may come under Hazardous Waste Category given in Schedule I & II of Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2003

COMPONENT-IV (Some Research waste may be Hazardous wastes)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 8 Insecticid

es Insecticides Act, 1968

This Act is to regulate the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals, and for matters connected therewith. The Central Insecticides Board is the administrative and the advisory body for state and central government for this act Grant of License Any person desiring to manufacture or to sell, stock or exhibit for sale or distribute any insecticide, or to undertake commercial pest control operations with the use of any insecticide may make an application to the licencing officer for the grant of a licence Nothing in this act shall apply to The use of any insecticide by any person for his own household purposes or for kitchen, garden or in respect of any land under his cultivation; Any substance specified or included in the Schedule or any preparation containing any one or more such substances, if such substance or preparation is intended for purposes other than preventing, destroying repelling or mitigating any insects, rodents, fungi, weeds and other forms of plant or animal life not useful to human beings. The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, and subject to such conditions, if any, as it may specify therein, exempt from all or any of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder, any educational, scientific or research organization engaged in carrying out experiments, with insecticides

Registration of Insecticides under this act may not be required in the NAIP project as, it is for import or manufacture any insecticide However, procurement of insecticides/pesticides shall be done from the registered outlets, which has proper license for importing, stocking and selling of insecticides. Use of insecticides by research, educational and other scientific institutions for experiment purpose are completely exempted from this act.

COMPONENT II, III (All the agriculture and farming as well as horticulture projects are covered under this act. Also use of insecticides during storage of material will come under purview) COMPONENT - IV (Research on farm using insecticides)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 9 Wildlife The Indian Wildlife

(Protection) Act, 1972, amended 1993 The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002

Prohibition of Hunting – No person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule, I, II, III and IV. Restriction on entry in sanctuary - No person shall, with intent to cause damage to any boundary-mark of a sanctuary or to cause any wrongful gain as defined in the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), alter, destroy, move, or deface such boundary-mark Destruction, etc., in a sanctuary prohibited without a permit. – No person shall destroy, exploit or remove any wildlife from a sanctuary or destroy or damage the habitat of any wild animal or deprive any wild animal or its habitat within such sanctuary except under and in accordance with a permit granted by the Chief Wildlife Warden and no such permit shall be granted unless the State Government being satisfied that such destruction, exploitation or removal of wildlife from the sanctuary is necessary for the improvement and better management of wildlife therein authorises the issue of such permit.

Grant of permit is required for special purposes like: (a) education; (b) scientific research; (c) scientific management; which can be provided by the Chief Wildlife Warden by an order in writing stating the reasons therefore, to any person/agency, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed, which shall entitle the holder of such permit to hunt, subject to such conditions as may be specified. Prior approval from Ministry of Environment and Forests for any kind of activity in areas protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

COMPONENT-II&III (If any project activity is carried out near forest or protected areas or wildlife sanctuary, prior approval will be required)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 10 Coastal

Restrictions

Coastal Regulations Zone Act, 1991 and Rules, 1992

CRZ is defined as all coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action (in the landward side) up to 500 m from the High Tide Land (HTL) and the land between the HTL and the Low Tide Land). There are four categories of Coastal Regulated Zones 1) CRZ – I (Areas that are ecologically sensitive and important, such as national

parks/marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats, mangroves, corals/coral reefs, areas close to breeding)

2) CRZ – II (The areas that have already been developed upto or close to the shoreline.) 3) CRZ – III (Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those which do not belong to either

Category-I or II) 4) CRZ – IV (Coastal stretches in the Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep and small islands,

except those designated as CRZ-I, CRZ-II or CRZ-III.)

All projects falling within the coastal regulation zone, requires prior CRZ clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest. The application is submitted to State Government, Deptt of Environment and Forests, which appraises the project and forwards with recommendations to Ministry of Environment and Forests. It certifies that the project does not violate the Coastal Zone Management Plan, and The site does not fall under the area designated as CRZ- I (i).

COMPONENT-II & III (Any project carried out in CRZ area will come under purview. Projects like coastal farming, aquaculture, other fish practices etc.)

11 Irrigation Drainage and

Prevention of Water logging Requirements

Example citation – On the line of the state of Punjab, which has made some salutary provisions for the construction of field drains and sharing of the expenditure for such construction which may usefully be introduced in some other states. The practice of making beneficiaries share a portion of expenditure for construction of field drains as adopted in Punjab may profitably be introduced in other states also in order to discourage, as far as possible, unnecessary demands for construction of small field drains in a drainage system

All irrigation projects must contain provisions for drainage of land as important for successful cultivation.

COMPONENT – II & III (Farming development project, Irrigation system development or improvement)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 13 Ground

water Central GroundWater Authority Guidelines (Kerala) Ground Water (Control and Regulation), Act

Grant of Permit to extract and use ground water: - Any person desiring to dig a well or to convert the existing well into pumping well, for his own or social purpose in the notified area, shall submit an application before the Authority for the grant of a permit it for the purpose and shall not proceed with any activity connected with such digging or convertion unless a permit has been granted by the Authority.

Grant of Permit to extract and use ground water will be required from the authority for any irrigation project. Any work related to above activities shall not proceed with any activity connected with such digging or convertion unless a permit has been granted by the Authority.

COMPONENT –II &, III (Irrigation project, Digging of borewell or openwell , water extraction etc.) COMPONENT – IV (Any borewell or water extraction required for running of research centres etc.)

14 Fisheries 1897 - The Indian

Fisheries Act It establishes two sets of penal offences whereby the government can sue any person who uses dynamite or other explosive substance in any way (whether coastal or inland) with intent to catch or destroy any fish or poisonous fish in order to kill.

Fishing activity under livelihood enhancement program may come under this Act

Use of dynamite or other explosive substance in any way (whether coastal or inland) is not allowed for catching or destroying any fish or to kill fish.

COMPONENT - III (Fisheries, aquaculture etc.)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 15 World

Bank Safe Guard Policies

Environmental Assessment (BP/OP 4.01)

Environmental Assessment process covers nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence, examines project alternatives, identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation.

Applicable to the projects, activities like drainage system development, irrigation facility, prevention of soil erosion reducing run off, promoting proper water resources management, development of arable and non-arable lands, restoration of pastures etc will be undertaken. It would also undertake construction, repair, rehabilitation, reconstruction and upgrading (where necessary) of damaged or new irrigation and other system, water harvesting structures, establishing processing units, live stock development etc.

COMPONENT - II, III & IV

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Natural Habitat

(OP 4.04) OP 4.04: Natural Habitats seeks to ensure conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products, which natural habitats provide to human society. The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present). Specifically, the policy prohibits Bank support for projects which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats, whose definition includes those natural habitats which are either: • Legally protected, • Officially proposed for protection, or • Unprotected but of known high conservation value.

In other (non-critical) natural habitats, Bank supported projects can cause significant loss or degradation only when (i) there are no feasible alternatives to achieve the project's substantial overall net benefits; and (ii) acceptable mitigation measures, such as compensatory protected areas, are included within the project.

The project activities like Cultivation of Transgenic, Hybrid Varieties and other Genetically Modified Varieties of crops. Also research and development of crop and animal gene and development may impact natural habitats (directly and indirectly).

COMPONENT – II, III (High Yielding Varieties, Transgenic Crop cultivation etc.), COMPONENT – IV (Research on Genetic Development of Crops and Livestock)

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S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Forestry (OP 4.36) OP 4.36 forests policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution

of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development.

Agriculture projects (like farming on the forest land and livelihood generation) may impact significantly upon forest areas. The forestry component proposed in the project promotes livelihood for tribes and poor areas in line with forest development, enhance environmental contribution of forest areas and encourage economic development.

COMPONENT - II & III (Farming and agriculture related practices)

Pest Management

(OP 4.09) OP: 4.09 If pesticides have to be used in crop protection or in the fight against vector-borne disease, the Bank-funded project should include a Pest Management Plan (PMP), prepared by the borrower, either as a stand-alone document or as part of an Environmental Assessment.

Application of pesticides may be required under the farming project to combat various pests. The project may affect pest management in a way that harm could be done (improper handling of pesticides)

III & IV (Agriculture Field Research and Agriculture Practices of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs)

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Social Regulatory Review Issue Legislation Key Points Component

Land Acquisition & Displacement issues Land requirements for the project components

Land Acquisition Act, 1894

The Act lays down procedures for acquisition of land, including notification, payment for damages, hearing of objections, declaration of the intended acquisition, enquiry into measurement, values and claims and award by the competent authority and finally taking possession of the land The key requirements include:

• Agreement with relevant state government • Obtain land records from revenue department • Coordinate with collector or responsible authority for LA procedures • Payments to the government for the cost of acquisition

2,3 & 4 (if any land acquisition is triggered due to land requirements for the project activities). Not envisaged as likely given the current project profile

National Policy on Resettlement & Rehabilitation for Project affected persons

The policy aims to: • To minimize displacement and to identify non-displacing or least-displacing

alternatives; • To plan the resettlement and rehabilitation of Project Affected Families, (PAFs)

including special needs of Tribals and vulnerable sections; • To provide better standard of living to PAFs; and • To facilitate harmonious relationship