Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework of Secondary Education Quality & Access Enhancement Project Directorate of Secondary & Higher Education Ministry of Education Shikkha Bhaban, 16 Abdul Gani Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh. March 2008 Updated September 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Transcript
Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework of Secondary Education Quality & Access Enhancement Project
Directorate of Secondary & Higher Education Ministry of Education
Shikkha Bhaban, 16 Abdul Gani Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
March 2008
Updated September 2013
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Abbreviations ADB - Asian Development Bank BAMWP - Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project BDT - Bangladesh Taka (Currency) BS - Bangladesh Standard DoE - Department of Environment DPHE - Department of Public Health Engineering DSHE - Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education EA - Environmental Assessment EMF - Environmental Management Framework EMP - Environmental Management Plan FSSAP - Female Secondary School Assistance Project GoB - Government of Bangladesh ITN - International Training Network MoE - Ministry of Education MIS - Management Information System NAMIC - National Arsenic Mitigation Information Center NGOs - Non Government Organizations NORAD - Norwegian Agency for Development NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit O&M - Operation and Maintenance OP - Operation Policy PMU - Project Monitoring Unit ppb - part per billion PSF - Pond Sand Filter SIL - Specific Investment Loan SEQAEP - Secondary Education School Quality and Access Enhancement Project UPO - Upazila Project Office WHO - World Health Organization WSS - Water Supply and Sanitation Bangla Term Upazila - Sub-district administrative area Upazila Parishad - Sub-district administrative unit
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Table of Contents Abbreviations 2 Bangla Term 2 Executive Summary 5
1. Introduction 6 1.1Project Background 6 1.2 Objectives of the Environmental Study 6 1.3 Methodology and Guidelines 6 2. Policy, Legal and Administration Framework 7
2.1Safe Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 7 2.2 National Water Policy 7 2.3Groundwater Management Ordinance 7 2.4 Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act 7 2.5 Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Rules 7 2.6 Applicable GoB Clearance for the Project 8 2.7 World Bank Policies 8
3. Description of the Proposed Project 10 4. Baseline Description 11
4.1 Groundwater Resources 11 4.2 Surface Water Resources 12 4.3 Existing Drainage System Around Schools 13 4.4 Present Status of Environmental Sanitation 13 4.5 Acceptable Limit of Arsenic in Drinking Water 14 4.6 Analysis of FSSAP Water Quality Data 14
5. Technology for Water Supply 15 5.1 Groundwater Abstraction Technology 15
5.2 Alternative Water Sources in Arsenic Affected Areas 15 5.3 Arsenic Treatment Technologies 16
6. Analysis of Alternatives 18 7. Possible Environmental Risks 19 8. Environmental Management Framework 21
8.1 Objectives 21 8.2 General Principles 21 8.3 Environmental Safeguard Screening and Mitigation 22 8.4 Responsibilities for Safeguard Screening and Mitigation 22 8.5 Capacity Development 23 8.6 Consultation and Disclosure 23 8.7 Budget for Implementing EMF 23
9. Environmental Management Plan 25 10. Lessons Learnt from the Original Project 31
List of Documents Consulted 29
List of Tables Table 4.1: Summary of Arsenic Test Results 14
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Table 7.1: Possible Environmental Risks and Mitigation Measures 20 Table 8.1: Budget for Implementing EMF 24 Table 9.1: Environment Management Plan (Planning and Designing) 26 Table 9.2: Environment Management Plan (Construction) 27 Table 9.3: Environment Management Plan (Operation and Maintenance) 26 List of Appendices Appendix A: Field Visit and Consultations Appendix B: Safe Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (first few pages) Appendix C: National Water Policy (first few pages) Appendix D: Groundwater Management Ordinance (first few pages) Appendix E: Environmental Conservation Act (first few pages) Appendix F: Environmental Conservation Rules (first few pages)
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Executive Summary
The main purpose of this environmental report is to assess the present water supply and sanitation conditions in the secondary schools, identify environmental impacts and suggest mitigation measures for any adverse impact caused by the proposed Secondary Education Quality and Access Enhancement Project (SEQAEP). The project will be implemented over a five-year period from 2008 to 2013 in the same 119 rural upazilas (the number will be 121 due to administrative reform) under previous Bank coverage. The Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) under Ministry of Education (MoE) will be responsible for the implementation of the SEQAEP. This study was prepared based on school visits, interaction with both male and female students, teachers, one member of school management committee, coordination with DSHE, and Department of Environment (DoE). Relevant GoB and WB documents, policies and guidelines were also reviewed. The proposed SEQAEP is designed to improve quality of education and monitor learning outcomes systematically, and to increase access and equity in project upazillas. The proposed project would consist of 4 components and the sub-component 2.3 is intended to attract and retain girls and boys in schools, through the provision (using community participation) of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities to selective schools based on needs assessment. The provision of improved school facilities is likely to lead to better health outcomes for children and increase their aptitude to learn. This component will finance the provision of safe drinking water and twin latrine facilities, based on agreed guidelines. The major environmental concern for the proposed project is to ensure the provision of safe drinking water to the students. Arsenic poses the major environmental and health risk in the project. In absence of proper testing facilities and alternative option, students may continue to consume arsenic contaminated water in the arsenic affected areas of the project. The other environmental risks include: (i) close location of toilets to tube-wells can leads to groundwater contamination (ii) lack of proper design, construction and maintenance can create drainage congestion, (iii) inadequate maintenance of toilets and water logging can create mosquito breeding habitat. The project will follow an Environmental Management Framework (EMF). The objectives of EMF is to ensure environmental considerations and associated legal compliance requirements are efficiently and appropriately addressed during all stages of SEQAEP (sub-component 2.3 Improving School Facilities), undertaken by DSHE supported by WB regarding functions, activities, and sub-projects in upazila level. The EMF is a set of principles, ideas, guidelines or agreements that provides the basis or outline for the identification, assessment, and mitigation of environmental impacts caused by SEQAEP interventions. The water supply and sanitation activities will be guided by environmental management plan. The activities and responsibility at different stages are clearly spelled out to mitigate any possible environmental impacts.
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1. Introduction
1.1 Project Background The Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) of Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has demonstrated its commitment towards increasing access to secondary education and improving quality schooling by implementing two innovative projects. The first one is the Female Secondary Assistance Project (FSSAP from 1993 to 2001) funded as a Specific Investment Loan (SIL) played a key role in fostering gender parity in access to secondary schooling in rural areas. Out of 480 upazilas in the country, GoB implemented an IDA-funded conditional stipend program to attract females to secondary schools in 119 upazilas, while GoB financed the intervention in 270 upazilas. The ADB and NORAD followed soon afterwards by financing a similar intervention in the remaining rural upazilas. The follow-up operation of FSSAP-II (from July 2001 to June 2008) helped to sustain gender parity while introducing activities and incentives to improve the quality of education in FSSAP schools and management and institutional capacity of the Ministry of Education. While the gender parity objective has now been more than met, issues of quality and exclusion of poor children still persist. Building upon the lessons from the first two operations, this new operation will retain many of the previous funding modalities with MoE, while galvanizing the focus on improving quality and expand the reach to both poor girls and boys. The project will be implemented over a five-year period from 2008 to 2013 in the same 119 upazilas (presently 121 upazilas due to new administrative boundaries) under previous Bank coverage. The Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) will be responsible for implementation of the SEQAEP. An Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee chaired by the Secretary MoE will facilitate project implementation and provide policy and decision-making guidance.
1.2 Objectives of the Environmental Study The objectives of the environmental assessment (EA) are to identify the likely impacts on environment of the proposed project especially the improving school facilities sub-component 2.3. The EA fulfils the following objectives:
• Conduct an Environmental Assessment (EA) for the proposed water supply and sanitation facilities
• Preparation of an Environmental Management Framework for the Project • Develop a management plan for implementing, monitoring and reporting of
the suggested environmental mitigation and enhancement measures.
1.3 Methodology of Environmental Assessment
The methodology of the study is as follows: - Review of relevant documentations for preparation of SEQAEP - Review of Arsenic test results of water samples (Jan-June 2005) conducted by
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DPHE under FSSAP-I - Field visits to schools to review the current school water supply and sanitation
practices - Stakeholders consultations with project management teams, education
department officials both at headquarters and field levels - Review of secondary data, coordination with DSHE staff at Dhaka and Savar,
Department of Environment, and stakeholder consultations. - Review of relevant World Bank EA Guidelines, GoB Policies and Guidelines
prepared by DoE.
The field visit observations and consultations are reported in Appendix-A.
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2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
The National policies and regulations govern the environmental aspects of water supply and sanitation sectors in Bangladesh. The environmental policies, rules and regulations relevant to SEQAEP are summarized below. 2.1 Safe Water Supply and Sanitation Policy The policy calls for nationwide access to safe drinking water and sanitation services at an affordable cost. The objective is to improve public health and produce a safer environment by reducing water-borne disease and contamination of surface water and groundwater. Government will encourage increased user participation, including the active support and involvement of other partners, such as NGOs, market-oriented business organizations and similar private organizations in water and sanitation development. The key objectives of the policy are: (i) to ensure proper storage, management and use of surface water and preventing its contamination; (ii) emphasis on the use of surface water over ground water. According to the policy, it is desirable that water supply and sanitation works are considered within broader environmental considerations. The project activities of SEQAEP will consider the above policy during operational period in various upazilas (relevant pages of the policy are attached in Appendix B). 2.2 National Water Policy
The objectives of National Water Policy are: (i) to facilitate availability of safe and affordable drinking water, (ii) to reduce or prevent the pollution of the groundwater by fertilizer (phosphorous and nitrogen) and biocides, (iii) prevention of fecal pollution of the aquifer. The SEQAEP activities will be governed by this policy to keep the school surrounding safe from water pollution (especially the wetlands and ponds, relevant pages of the policy are attached in Appendix C). 2.3 Groundwater Management Ordinance The ordinance specifies that no tube-well shall be installed in any place without a license granted by the Upazila Parishad and no application shall be entertained by the Upazila Parishad unless it is accompanied by fees and site clearance from the local authority (relevant pages of the policy are attached in Appendix D). 2.4 Environment Conservation Act
This Act was promulgated to provide for conservation of the environment, improvement of environmental standards and control and mitigation of environmental pollution. The Department of Environment (DoE) owes its origin to this Act (relevant pages of the policy are attached in Appendix E). 2.5 Environmental Conservation Rules These rules assign regulatory power to the DoE for providing Environmental Clearance to the various projects under the different ministries of the government in terms of the environmental requirement. The law also designates the DoE as the
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responsible body for enforcing the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures outlined in the 1997 Rules, along with legal procedures to be followed for implementing the EIA process. 2.6 Applicable GoB Clearance for the Project Based on the review of the above government policy/ordinance/act/rules, the project will require 2 clearances: 1 at overall project level and another one is sub-project level. The Project will require an overall environmental clearance from the Department of Environment (DoE) based on the Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework. Further to that, according to the Groundwater Ordinance, the School Committee will have to apply for the clearance /license from the Upazila Parishad (Local Administration). 2.7 World Bank Policies
The World Bank operations policies (OP 4.01) requires that:“ For a financial intermediary (FI) operation, the Bank requires that each FI screen proposed subprojects and ensure that sub borrowers carry out appropriate EA for each subproject.”. The Bank policies also require that “In appraising a proposed FI operation, the Bank reviews the adequacy of country environmental requirements relevant to the project and the proposed EA arrangements for subprojects.”
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3. Description of the Proposed Project
The proposed Secondary Education Quality & Access Enhancement Project (SEQAEP) is designed to improve quality of education and monitor learning outcomes systematically, and to increase access and equity in project upazillas. The project activities will be limited 121 upazillas of Bangladesh. These are the upazillas where the project activities were carried out under FSSAP Phase I and Phase II. The proposed project would consist of 4 components: Component 1 - Improving education quality and monitoring of learning levels (Total: US$ 24.3 million and IDA: US$ 24.3 million) Component 2 - Enhancing equity and access in project areas through provision of stipends to poor girls and boys (Total: US$ 112.8 million and IDA 97.5 million) Component 3 - Strengthening the institutional capacity of MoE (Total: US$ 6.6 million, IDA US$ 5 million) Component 4 – Establishing an effective monitoring and evaluation system (Total US$ 3.5 million and IDA US$ 3.5 million) Except the sub-component 2.3 (Improving School Facilities), the project activities are mainly technical assistance through capacity building, incentives, assessment, advocacy and developing M&E system. The sub-component 2.3 is intended to attract and retain girls and boys in schools, through the provision (using community participation) of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities to selective schools based on needs assessment. The provision of improved school facilities is likely to lead better health outcomes for children and increase their aptitude to learn. This component will finance the provision of safe drinking water and twin latrine facilities, based on agreed guidelines. Activities would include under the sub-components are: (a) testing water samples for arsenic of 6,400 schools tube-wells installed under
FASSP and FASSP II on half-yearly basis (b) provision of safe drinking water at 2,000 schools without tube-wells (c) testing water samples of newly installed 2,000 water sources on half yearly
basis (d) provision of twin latrines for boys and girls on demand basis and (e) support a school awareness program and monitoring & evaluation activities. The proposed water supply project will result to reduced risk of water-borne diseases due to access to safe and adequate water supply. Existing arsenic survey results will be the determinant in deciding the technological options for water supply. The provision of twin pit latrines will result to (i) reduced incidence of water-borne diseases; (ii) improvement in students health conditions; (iii) reduction in risks of ground water contamination; and (iv) stoppage of sewage flow in open drains.
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4. Baseline Description
4.1 Groundwater Resources
Availability Groundwater is the most important source of water supply in Bangladesh. The soil is mostly stratified and formed by alluvial deposits of sand and silt, having occasional lenses of clay. The main constituent of the aquifer materials is medium-grained sand deposited at the lower reach by the mighty rivers: the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna and their tributaries. Groundwater can be easily abstracted by installation of wells for the development of water supply system. General Groundwater Quality Physically groundwater is generally clear, colorless with little or no suspended solids and has a relatively constant temperature. Groundwater is also free from disease-producing microorganisms, which are normally present in the large numbers in surface waters. The slow filtering action of fine-grained soil through, which the surface water percolates to join the groundwater removes almost all suspended impurities. Moreover, the lack of oxygen and nutrients in groundwater makes it an unfavorable environment for disease-producing microorganisms to survive, grow or multiply.
Aquifer Characteristics The available geological information and related studies have shown that two types of aquifers exist in Bangladesh. A shallow aquifer, which has been termed as ‘main aquifer’ lies within 100 m from the surface with an overlying clay/silt blanket which is less than 2 m thick in the northwest and generally increases southward to more than 50 m. In majority of alluvial basins, the thickness of top clay silt layers varies between 5-15 m. In the extreme northwest this layer does not exist and silty to fine sand occurs at the surface, while in the Madhupur and Barind Tracts as well as in Chittagong District, the thickness of this layer is greater than 35 m. Theoretically, the deep aquifer is considered at depth more than 300 m. However, form practical point of view, the deep aquifer is the layer, which is separated from shallow aquifer by an aquitard or aquiclude. The depth of deep aquifer depends on the local/regional hydro-geological conditions. In the shallow aquifer, groundwater flows from north to south with localized outflow into major rivers. Groundwater gradient varies from 1:1,000 in the northwest to 1:13,000 in central Bangladesh to less than 1:20,000 in the coastal area. Permeability of the aquifers is very high and varies from 10 to 200 m/day. Transmissibility of the main aquifer ranges from 100 to 10,000 m2/day with an average value 2,000 m2/day. The storage capacity of the aquifer in Bangladesh increases with depth because of the increase in the size of aquifer materials.
Problems of Groundwater The major problems related with the groundwater for drinking purposes are due to following reasons:
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Arsenic in groundwater: Arsenic is a naturally occurring element and usually presents in the form of compounds with sulfur and with many elements. The presence of arsenic in groundwater of Bangladesh was first detected in 1993 at Barogharia Union of Chapai Nawabganj district. The concentration of arsenic in drinking water in excess of permissible limits is toxic to human body. It can cause dermal changes, kidney and liver disorder, cancer, and ultimately death. The national screening of contaminated tubewells and patient conducted by World Bank supported Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project (BAWSP) and partner organizations in 268 Upazilas have been analyzed by National Arsenic Mitigation Information Centre (NAMIC). The national screening program data show that more that 80% tube-wells are contaminated in 8,378 villages, 40-80% contaminated in 8,331 villages and 5-40% in 14,788 villages. The program has also identified 38,430 probable arsenicosis cases in the contaminated areas (NAMIC, 2004). Excessive dissolved iron: Iron in drinking water has no known physiological effect, but people are reluctant to drink this water mainly due to its bad taste and appearance (color). Water with high iron content is also not used for cooking, washing and other domestic purposes. According to survey conducted in 1993, 1230 unions of Bangladesh have an iron content of more than 5mg/l in groundwater. It may be observed that dissolved iron in excess of 2 mg/l in shallow tube-well water is about 67% (maximum limit of iron in drinking water is 1mg/l in Bangladesh). However, the iron content in deep tube-well water is comparatively lower. Salinity in the coastal areas: The concentration of dissolved minerals in groundwater is higher than that of surface water. The coastal belt of Bangladesh, extended over 86 upazillas, is identified as a salinity problem area where complex hydro-geological conditions and high salinity make water supply difficult as compared to other parts of the country. Unlike other areas of Bangladesh, groundwater of acceptable quality at relatively shallow depths, which can be easily withdrawn by conventional handpump tube-wells, is not available in most parts of the coastal area. In some places low salinity water has been found in deep aquifers. In some locations, pockets or lenses of fresh water are available in shallow aquifers and very shallow depths usually beneath old ponds. However, there are still many areas in costal belts where low salinity groundwater is not available within a depth of 335 m (1100 feet). Lowering of groundwater level: Although groundwater in Bangladesh is said to be abundant, a considerable area of the country is facing scarcity of groundwater within normal suction limits in the dry season due to inadequate recharge. In addition, the over-exploitation of groundwater for irrigation purposes, as well as withdrawal of river water upstream the water level has declined, rendering thousands of suction mode (number 6) tube wells inoperable. These areas are increasing with abstraction of more groundwater for irrigation in dry season.
4.2 Surface Water Resources
Availability Surface water is abundant in the wet season in Bangladesh. An estimated 795,000 million cubic meters (Mm3) of surface water is discharged through the Ganges-Barahmaputra system. This is equivalent to 5.52 m deep water over a land area 144,000 km2 of the country. There are other rivers discharging surface water into the
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Bay of Bengal. Each year about one-thirds of Bangladesh is submerged in a normal flood, and the area submerged may increase to about two-thirds during severe floods. In the dry seasons water scarcity persists in many areas. In this period surface water is only available in part of the 2,215 km of major rivers, 1,922 km2 of major standing water bodies and about 1,475 km2 of ponds in the country. With the increasing demand for the land and introduction of groundwater technology, the household and community ponds, which were earlier used for drinking and other households purposes, are now converted into land for commercial uses and also for fish culture. Very limited schools have any reserved pond, which can be used for drinking water purposes after filtration. General Surface Water Quality Surface water receives pollutants from agricultural, industrial, domestic and municipal sources. Concentration of silt content in turbulent water in the monsoon is high. Similarly algal growth in stagnant water bodies in the dry season is also very high. Unsanitary practices of people have greatly contributed to the deterioration of surface water sources. The fecal coliform concentration in most surface sources lies in the range of 500 to several thousand per 100ml. The rivers and other surface water sources around densely populated urban areas, depending on water quality parameters, are four to ten times more polluted than similar water sources in the countryside. The deterioration of water quality is directly related to population density, municipal and industrial activities due to poor management of domestic and industrial wastewater.
4.3 Existing Drainage System around Schools
There is no database related to the existing drainage system around schools. However, it has been observed that there is no proper drainage system in and around most of schools specifically in the rural areas. There exist a number of lined and unlined drains within the school and its surrounding areas (even in the privately owned land). As such, moderate drainage congestion and water-logging occur within the surrounding areas after rainfalls. There are scattered low-lying areas that are subjected to water-logging after heavy rainfall or incoming water from higher lands, thus causing inconvenience to the students and also creating unhealthy environment by spreading water-borne diseases. The main problems of drainage system are: • existence of discontinued drainage channels • the outfalls are not properly defined • lack of properly financed maintenance program
4.4 Present Status of Environmental Sanitation
In general, most of the schools in rural areas do not have adequate sanitary latrine facilities. The consultation with students revealed that there is strong demand for more latrines in the schools. Further to that, limited ventilation and insufficient lighting are other reported problems. This along with poor maintenance of toilets resulted a suitable mosquito and insects breeding place within toilets in many instances. Knowledge about health and hygiene among the students is limited and in many cases proper hygiene are not practiced. The occurrence and frequency of water
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borne diseases like diarrhea and dysentery among students, is moderate. There is a need to raise awareness regarding use of latrines. 4.5 Acceptable Limit of Arsenic in Drinking Water
Accordingly to the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline, the drinking water quality standard for arsenic is 0.01 mg/l (10 ppb). However, the Bangladesh standard is set for 0.05 mg/l (50 ppb). The Bangladesh Government standard for arsenic in drinking water will be followed in the project. 4.6 Analysis of FSSAP Water Quality Data
Analysis of DPHE data (Ref: Arsenic Test Results of Water Samples Jan-June, 2005, DPHE) shows that, the tube-well waters in a large number of schools are arsenic contaminated. The Upazila level Sub-Assistant Engineers of DPHE tested the water samples on site with arsenic field test kits (Hach), and a sum of 3,763 tube-wells have been tested of which 438 tube-wells (11.64%) found to be arsenic contaminated from 112 Upazilas. Division wise summary of the arsenic test result is provided in Table 4.1. Table 4.1: Summary of Arsenic Test Results
Source: FSSAP-I, Arsenic Test Result, Final Report-2005 1st term-Jan-June, DPHE, June 2005
The Table 4.1 shows that, areas of highest arsenic contamination areas are found in the districts of Khulna, Chittagong, and Barisal. Arsenic contamination of groundwater is the prime concern in these Regions. It was first discovered at the end of 1993, and is strongly concentrated in the Southeast region. The shallow aquifer is most contaminated in Chandpur, Noakhali and Lakshmipur districts.
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5. Technologies for the Water Supply
5.1 Groundwater Abstraction Technology
Based on the water-tables depths different hand operated technologies are used for abstraction of groundwater as follows: 1. Hand operated shallow tube-wells are used for water abstraction in shallow water
table areas: The shallow hand tube-well operates in normal suction mode (less than 7.5 m) and consists of pump head, generally 1.5 inch (0.038 m) diameter well pipes and filters. The foot valve and piston assembly are located into the pump head which is mounted at the top of the ground level. This type of tube well is most common and low-cost in Bangladesh.
2. Tara/Semi-deep set hand tube well: There are some areas where water level
goes beyond the suction limit for certain period of time in each year. In such cases, the cylinder of the pump is lowered along with the foot valve and piston assembly up to 1-3 m below ground surface through the casting pipe so that the pump can be operational for whole year.
3. Deep hand tube well: A hand operated Deep Tube-wells is technically defined as
the tub-well that is installed at a suitable aquifer after penetrating at least one impervious layer. Deep tube-wells operate exactly on the same principles (suction mode) as a shallow tube-well. The major difference is it withdraws water from a deeper aquifer.
4. Shallow shrouded tube-wells: It is special type of technology used in installation
of handpump mounted tub-wells in a fresh water pockets. These tube-wells are installed only where a pocket of fresh water exists (few locations in coastal belt). Horizontal filters also used in shallow shrouded tube-wells. The strainer of this type of tube-well is usually shrouded by coarse sand to obstruct the fine sand or clay and to facilitate the pumping of water.
5.2 Alternative Water Sources in Arsenic Affected Areas
The following are the alternative water sources are being used in arsenic affected areas. Slow Sand Filter Slow sand filters like pond sand filters (PSFs) are suitable for treatment of surface water at low level of contamination. The PSF, originally developed for the treatment of low-saline pond water in the coastal area, is a low-cost technology with very high efficiency in turbidity and bacterial removal. It is an alternative water supply system for medium size settlements in arsenic affected areas provided the level of contamination of source of water is low. The water should satisfy the following water quality criteria:
Turbidity : < 30 NTU TTC Count : < 200/100 mL Color : < 15 TCU Odor : No objectionable odor
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The requirement for frequent washing of filter media resulting from filtration of water of high turbidities is the main reason for abandoning many existing PSFs in Bangladesh. Multi-stage Filtration (MSF) A multi-stage filter consisting of roughing filters and a slow sand filter can remove impurities of moderately contaminated surface waters to acceptable levels for drinking water. It is introduced to overcome frequent clogging encountered in slow sand filters due to high suspended solids in surface waters. The multi-stage filters can operate effectively when the turbidity of surface water exceeds 30 NTU. The roughing and slow sand filter units have been constructed in many parts of the world with success in reduction of very high turbidities and coliform counts. Operation and maintenance are relatively easy and less frequent attention is needed for longer duration of operation between cleaning. Experimental units are in operation in Bangladesh. Dug-well/Ringwell Dug/ring wells may be constructed where feasible for arsenic safe water supplies. The areas with thick consolidated clay layers like the Madhupur and Barind tracts are not suitable for dug well construction. Dug wells cannot be constructed and maintained in loose sandy silt. The soils with cay and silt produce very small amount of water per day for water supply. The traces of organic debris in soil strata produce water with unacceptable odor, color and turbidity. Sanitary protection and careful monitoring of water quality are essential components of dug well based water supplies. Rainwater Harvesting System Rainwater harvesting has good potential for water supply in arsenic and salinity affected areas in Bangladesh. Because of the requirements for large catchment areas and storage tank due to unequal distribution of rainfall throughout the year, rainwater harvesting is relatively costly and designed to meet the demand for drinking. If the school has relatively large roof area, rainwater harvesting can be viable option for schools. However, proper attention is required against microbial contamination and mosquito menace.
5.3 Arsenic Treatment Technology
Removal of arsenic from contaminated water for drinking water supplies has drawn remarkable attention in recent years. Some units developed for treatment of arsenic at household and community levels and installed for experimental use in different parts of Bangladesh have shown very good potentials for use in water supply in arsenic affected areas. Many filtering devices are not able to provide sufficient water as per user’s requirement and some of the technologies require quality chemicals/filtering media, which are not readily available in at local market. The water quality of the treatment water needs to be monitored to ensure the arsenic level below the standard. The following are some of the treatment technologies: • Bucket type removal by coagulation: In this process water is stored in a large
bucket to settle arsenic elements using alum (normally used in a family).
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• Sono Filter: It is a 3 stage filtration using local made earthen pots and got international reorganization as low-cost technology (normally used in a family).
• Chemical package treatment at school level: Tetrahedron of USA introduced this low cost technology using chemicals in a water jar.
• Other commercial filter units
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6. Analysis of Alternatives
Safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are essential components for a school and another 2,000 schools will be brought under safe water supply and sanitation facilities with the proposed project. The project will offer simple and cost-effective technologies for the schools. The students of 2,000 schools will be deprived from safe water supply and sanitation under ‘No Project’ option. Although there is risk associated with the arsenic contamination of the groundwater, groundwater is the first preferred option for drinking water source in the project considering cost-effectiveness and reliability in terms of bacteriological and other water quality parameters. Shallow hand tube-wells or deep-set handpumps are recommended only in those areas where arsenic is not found in shallow layers. If arsenic is identified in shallow aquifer, the deep tube-well option will be explored. The alternative water options such as (i) PSF and Multi-stage filtration are low-cost surface water treatment options (ii) protected dug-well/ring well, (iii) rainwater harvesting technology will be considered if safe and suitable deep aquifer is not found. The operation flexibility of these technologies is less than tube-wells and these systems also require monitoring of bacteriological water quality. However, these options are cost-effective after hand tube-wells and suggested by a recent study under Water and Sanitation Program-South Asia of the World Bank. Arsenic removal units/plants only can be recommended in the absence of a suitable alternative option in specific locations. There are challenges related to the operation and maintenance of these technologies. However, the part-time Project Water Supply and Sanitation Specialist (Consultant) at PMU and concerned DPHE official will review all relevant information in such cases and recommend the appropriate treatment technologies based on concentration of arsenic. If the school is located in an area where rural piped water supply scheme is available, the school management committee can decide to connect the school with the piped water supply scheme in consultation with UPO and Project Water and Sanitation Specialist/Environment Specialist. With regard to sanitation, latrines will be provided according to the agreed designs, which will include the twin double-pit, six-ring latrines already provided under FSSAP II. However, the designs will be reviewed to provide more ventilation and light as suggested by the students. In all cases, latrines for girls will be provided separate to those for boys.
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7. Possible Environmental Risks
The major environmental concern for the proposed project is to ensure safe drinking water provision to the students. Arsenic poses the major environmental and health risk in the project. In absence of proper testing facilities and alternative option, students may continue to consume arsenic contaminated water in the arsenic affected areas of the project. The long-term exposures to arsenic in drinking water may result dermal changes (black spots, thickening and roughness of palms and soles, white intermittent dots, nodular growth on palms and soles, swelling of feet and legs, peripheral neuropathy, kidney and liver disorder etc.) in initial and second stage. Gangrene or cancer may result at the final stage. In case of alternative option, student may suffer to bacteriological contamination of water due to lack of proper operation and maintenance of alternative water sources. If no other option is available except arsenic water treatment, sludge handling will be an issue and proper protocol is required. The other environmental risks include: (i) close location of toilets to tube-wells can leads to groundwater contamination (ii) lack of proper design, construction and maintenance can create drainage congestion, (iii) inadequate maintenance of toilets and water logging can create mosquito breeding habitat. The following Table 7.1 highlights relevant environmental risks and mitigation measures related to SEQAEP.
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Table 7.1: Possible Environmental Risks and Mitigation Measures
Risks and constraints Proposed Mitigation Measures
Arsenic problem in groundwater: without proper testing and mitigation measures, student may continue to consume arsenic contaminated water
Regular testing (installation time and twice in a year) and source switching in case of arsenic contamination.
Alternative water source: in absence of proper operation and maintenance practice, bacteriological contaminated water may occur, which could lead serious water borne diseases.
The School Management Committee will engage a full time caretaker for O&M of alternative water sources. The caretaker and a member from school committee will be trained for O&M of these systems. Routine and random water quality mechanism to be developed.
Arsenic treatment: improper disposal of sludge from treatment unit/plant can cause secondary groundwater pollution in shallow depth. Effluent water quality may exceed the allowable limit if the media (reagent) is not changed timely.
The project will follow the accepted arsenic sludge disposal protocol developed by Government. Caretaker of such unit/plant needs to be trained and routine monitoring is required. Media will be need changed after certain frequency. UPO should be trained and provided a kit to test arsenic in certain interval.
Sanitary latrine: contamination of groundwater
To prevent contamination of water resources, minimum distance between a tube-well and a latrine, should be 15 m. In case of shallow shrouded hand tube-wells, this distance should be 20 m as horizontal filters are used in this type of tube-wells.
Sanitary latrine: Inadequate budget, poor O&M can create mosquito and other insects breading place in the toilets
Management capacity of School Committee will be increased and monitoring responsibility will be given to them; Provision for budgetary support for O&M activities related to WSS. Commitment for separate budget for O&M during the agreement with School Committee. UPO will monitor the facility on quarterly basis and report to PMU.
Drainage: Congestion of drainage system Drainage network must be considered as part of the detailed design. Drain lines will require vegetation cleaning; connect the drains with secondary and primary drains. Awareness for abstain dumping of garbage into the drains.
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8. Environmental Management Framework
8.1 Objectives
The objectives of the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) is to ensure environmental considerations and associated legal compliance requirements are efficiently and appropriately addressed during all stages of SEQAEP (sub-component 2.3 Improving School Facilities), undertaken by DSHE supported by WB regarding functions, activities, and sub-projects in upazila level. The EMF is a set of principles, ideas, guidelines or agreements that provides the basis or outline for the identification, assessment, and mitigation of environmental impacts caused by SEQAEP interventions. It will assist DSHE for implementation and operation of water supply and sanitation facilities in the secondary schools undertaken by the projects. Consistent with existing national policies and guidelines, the EMF will help to ensure: Safe drinking water to the students Better sanitation facilities to the students Prevent any environmental degradation due to lack of improper O&M Create awareness on environmental issues among school committees Promote sound environmental practices in DSHE Ensure compliance with World Bank safeguard policies
8.2 General Principles
The project will ensure due diligence in managing potential environmental risks in achieving its development objective to improve quality of education and monitor learning outcomes systematically. The Environmental Framework is based on the following principles:
1. The project will ensure aligning and optimizing the environmental management
process required by GoB regulations. The project will require an overall environmental clearance from Department of Environment (DoE) before inception of project. No further clearance will be required unless there will be any chance in project design.
2. At the sub-project level, the Upazilla Project Office (UPO) will ensure that the
school committee has the clearance from Upazilla Parishad (local administration) for installation of tube-wells.
3. The project will develop its on operational manual for installation of water supply
sources and sanitary latrines based on the available guidelines of Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) and International Training Network (ITN) Bangladesh Center for Water Supply and Waste Management.
4. The project will adopt sound environmental management practices within the
schools and proper mitigation measures must be taken against potential environmental risks.
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5. The project will ensure adequate resources for environmental monitoring as agreed in EMF and EMP.
6. The location of the water supply source and sanitary latrine will be selected
based on consultation with students, teachers and management committee. Minimum 15 m distance to be maintained from water point to the latrine. Sanitary facilities will be provided based on needs of the students.
7. The Project Management will ensure regular analysis of water quality and will act
immediately if arsenic is identified in tube-wells. 8. The project will take measures for awareness and capacity building of the school
committees for ensuring environmental safety and proper O&M of water supply and sanitation facilities and also make them accountable and transparent.
9. Hygiene education and awareness will be promoted as part of the project
activities.
8.3 Environmental Safeguard Screening and Mitigation
The following guidelines will be followed in sub-project screening and mitigation:
1. The project will adopt and use the operational manual for water supply and
sanitation in identifying a sub-project in school. 2. Before selection of water supply technology, the arsenic testing results of that
area to be evaluated. Shallow tube-wells can be installed only in the arsenic safe areas.
3. As deep groundwater is almost arsenic safe, hand operated hand tub-well will
be the preferred option for drinking water source if the area is suitable for that technology.
4. Further screening and assessment will be required in case alternative water
sources and arsenic treatment options.
5. The principles mentioned in overall Environment Management Plan (Section 9) to be followed in ensuring environmental safeguard of the project.
8.4 Responsibilities for Safeguard Screening and Mitigation
The overall responsibility of project implementation rests with the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) through a Project/Program Monitoring Unit (PMU). A Deputy Director will be responsible for the overall sub-component 2.3. ITN Bangladesh Center or similar institution will be given responsibility to develop the operational manual for water supply and sanitation facilities and safeguard issues. A Part-time Water Supply and Sanitation Specialist (Consultant) will be recruited at PMU with responsibility for overseeing the implementation of water supply and sanitation activities including EMF and EMP. S/he will make field visit to the sub-project sites and also make water quality test using field kits. DPHE will enter into a
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participation agreement with DSHE for routine monitoring of water quality (arsenic in case of groundwater and fecal coliform in case of surface water) for 6,400 tube-wells installed in FSSAP (Phase I & II) and 2,000 new installations under SEQAEP. Simple MIS software will be developed to record and analyze the water quality testing at PMU. DPHE Upazilla level Sub-Assistant Engineer will also support the School Management Committee in supervision of construction work of water supply and sanitation facilities. Besides the routine monitoring by field test kits, SEQAEP will hire the services of quality lab to collect and test 5% of total sample by laboratory analysis method.
8.5 Capacity Development
The capacity development of the implementing agency, school committees and the caretakers (alternative sources and arsenic treatment option) will be provided by the other project components and sub-components to achieve the overall objectives of the project. To achieve in this capacity building and to provide subsequent guidance and review of application of the Framework, the project will use the services of Water supply and sanitation specialist/environmental specialist. During supervision of these operations, the World Bank will assess the implementation of the Framework, and if required will recommend additional strengthening.
8.6 Consultation and Disclosure
This environmental framework is prepared in consultation with the beneficiaries and stakeholders. It will be disclosed by the Project in both Bangla and English and it will also be made available at the World Bank’s InfoShop. 8.7 Budget for Implementing EMF
The project will require the professional input of a part-time Water Supply Sanitation Specialist (Consultant) to lead the EMF. Besides, consultant support for operational manual, MIS development for data management, routine monitoring of FSSAP and SEQEAP water testing by field test kits, quality lab cross checking (5% of total samples) are required for implementing the EMF. The awareness and capacity building including training of caretaker for alternative sources and arsenic treatment are not taken into EMF cost and is expected from the component 3 of the project. The budget for EMF is shown in Table 8.1.
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Table 8.1: Budget for Implementing EMF
Item Unit Rate (BDT.)
Quality Amount (BDT.)
Consultant Preparation of Operation Manual
LS 500,000 - 500,000
Develop and maintenance of MIS software for water quality data management
LS 250,00 - 250,000
PMU Staff Part-time Water Supply & Sanitation (Consultant)
month 80,000 10 800,000
Per diem of Specialist and travel cost
Day 2,500 200 500,000
Monitoring equipment (test kits)
LS 200,000 - 200,000
Routine water quality monitoring by DPHE
Tube-wells installed in FSSAP Nos. 100 32,000 3,200,000 Tube-wells installed in SEQAEP
Nos. 100 7,700 770,000
Alternative water source installed in SEQAEP
Nos. 150 1,650 247,500
Arsenic treatment option in SEQAEP
Nos. 100 1,100 110,000
Contingency and orientation for DPHE
LS 300,000 300,000
Monitoring for arsenic treatment option
Routine monitoring by UPO (Cost of Kit box)
LS 50,000 50,000
Quality monitoring by Laboratory
Arsenic both in FSSAP & SEQAEP 5% of total annually (including water collection cost)
Nos. 700 1,820 1,274,000
Fecal colliform in alternative option (including water collection cost)
Nos. 750 42 31,500
Contingency LS 100,000 100,000 Total = 8,333,000
Breakdown of nos. of tests to be carried out by DPHE 6,400 nos. tube-wells were installed in FSSAP. During the 5 years project period, 5 times (on yearly basis) water quality tests to be carried out. So, nos. of test will be 32,000. Under SEQEAP, it is assumed that 70% will be tube-wells i.e., 1400 nos. tube-wells will be installed and 400 nos. of tube-wells will be installed per year in first 4 years of project period. So, 7,700 tests for arsenic will be required. Assuming 15 % i.e., 300 will be alternative water options and 1,650 tests for fecal colliorm will be conducted. Assuming 10% i.e, 200 will require arsenic treatment option and another 1,100 tests will be carried out by for arsenic.
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9. Environmental Management Plan
The major objective of the environment management plan is to describe a workable plan to minimize and mitigate the possible negative environmental impacts resulting from the project activities on water supply and sanitation facilities. The environmental management plan has been drawn up as part of the environmental assessment to deal with follow-up activities during subsequent stages of project development (such as detailed design, construction, operation and maintenance). It has been agreed that a part-time water supply and sanitation specialist (consultant) will provide technical support to PMU for overseeing the planning and implementation of water supply and sanitation activities of the project and to assist in reporting. A Deputy Director of DSHE will be responsible for delivering the output of sub-component 2.3 and environment safeguard of the project. An operational manual will be developed to guide the technology selection process, measure to be taken in design, construction and O&M of water supply options and sanitary latrines. The operational manual will also provide the basic design of these facilities. The process for water sample collection, testing and decision for alternative water sources options will outlined in the manual. The mitigation measures identified in the Environmental Report will be incorporated into the project cycle. Environmental controls pertaining to design and location will be incorporated into the detailed design. Mitigation measures during construction stage shall form part of the contract agreement with school committee and UPO will ensure the implementation. In addition to the water quality monitoring, DPHE will support during planning, construction and operation & maintenance, as water supply and sanitation activities fall under their normal work scope. The Table 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 are the Environmental Management Plan for (i) Planning and Designing phase, (ii) Construction Phase and (iii) Operation and Maintenance Phase.
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Table 9.1: Environment Management Plan (Planning and Designing) Project Activity Environmental
Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Primary Overall Planning and Designing Phase Selection of appropriate Water Supply Technology
Without proper analysis, the new source can be arsenic contaminated or alternative options may not be suited for that location
Identify unions and upazillas based on BAMWSP survey where shallow or deep tube-wells are feasible
Consultant for Operation Manual
PMU & DPHE
Analyze local surrounding arsenic test results and recommend for tube-wells or not
DPHE UPO
PMU
Review the potentials for alternative water options DPHE UPO
PMU
In absence of all options, propose treatment technology and check the availability of reagents in local market
DPHE UPO
PMU
Selection of appropriate location for water source and sanitary latrine
Location may not be convenient to female students and impacts on natural resources and common property resources
Discuss with school committee and students and select a location which is convenient for school and not impacting on trees or any other common property resources.
DPHE UPO
PMU
Close distance between water point and sanitary latrine can contaminate groundwater
A minimum distance of 15 m should be maintained between a tube-well and a latrine to prevent contamination of water resources. In case of shallow shrouded hand tube-wells, this distance should be 20 m as horizontal filters are used in this type of tube-wells.
DPHE UPO
PMU
Integration of drainage facilities with water supply and sanitary latrine
In absence of proper drainage facilities, water logging can be created around school.
Drainage facilities will be integrated with water supply options and sanitary latrine facilities in planning and design.
DPHE UPO
PMU
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Table 9.2: Environment Management Plan (Construction) Project Activity Environmental
Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Primary Overall Construction Phase Installation/construction of water points and sanitary latrine
May cause temporary disruption of natural drainage pattern
Provide adequate temporary drain during construction and construct drainage as per design
School Committee
DPHE UPO
Noise Pollution (not significant)
Schedule noisy construction not in school time Restrict use of any noisy equipment
School Committee
DPHE UPO
Safety of workers Follow the suggested safety activities during installation of construction (specially in case of dug-wells)
School Committee
DPHE UPO
Water quality testing New water source may not be safe for drinking
After installation of tube-wells, arsenic will be tested and be used only it satisfy the Bangladesh standard Fecal coliform test will be carried out for alternative water source construction
DPHE UPO
PMU
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Table 9.3: Environment Management Plan (Operation and Maintenance Phase) Project Activity Environmental
Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Primary Overall Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance of alternative water sources
In absence of proper operation and maintenance practice, bacteriological contaminated water may occur
The source pond or dug-well will be protected. The catchment areas for rainwater harvesting i.e., roof will be cleaned. Adequate disinfectant will be used on regular interval. School Committee will recruit an full time caretaker and the project will train the caretaker and a member of school committee on O&M.
School Committee
DPHE UPO
Water quality monitoring
Without proper testing and mitigation measures, student may continue to consume arsenic contaminated water
Water quality of tube-wells under FSSAP and SEQAEP will be carried out on half yearly basis.
DPHE UPO
PMU
Routine analysis and reporting will be carried out by using MIS
DPHE PMU
Alternative source will recommended in case of arsenic affected
DPHE
PMU
Bacteriological contamination may also occur in alternative water source
Water quality (fecal coliform) of alternative water options will be tested on half yearly basis.
DPHE
PMU
Effluent water quality of arsenic treatment unit may exceed the allowable limit
Similar to tube-well water, arsenic will be tested on six-monthly basis.
DPHE
PMU
Reagents will be changed as per suggested frequency of manufacturers/suppliers
School Committee
DPHE UPO
Sludge disposal from arsenic treatment plant
Improper disposal can cause secondary groundwater contamination
The project will follow the accepted arsenic sludge disposal protocol developed by Government. Caretaker of such unit/plant needs to be trained.
School Committee
UPO DPHE
Routine monitoring and reporting will be carried out on quarterly basis
UPO DPHE PMU
Operation and Maintenance of Sanitary latrine and drainage facilities
Drainage congestion, mosquito and other insects breading place, no use of
School committee will ensure adequate budget for O&M (agreed in contract document) for drainage and toilets
School Committee
UPO DPHE
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toilets Routine monitoring and reporting will be carried out on quarterly basis
UPO DPHE PMU
Awareness will be created among students School Committee
UPO PMU
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10. Lessons Learned from the Original Project In accordance to the participation agreement signed between DSHE and DPHE is responsible for conducting arsenic testing during operation of wells. According to the MoU, DPHE is responsible for endorsing the tubewell operation by endorsing physical need and chemical testing. DSHE informed thatDPHE conducted Arsenic tests in 6035, 6178, 6252 and 5094 respectively in the year of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. The testing was performed by Arsenic Field test kit by DPHE Upazlilla level offices. Laboratory testing was conducted for 5% of the sample. The arsenic testing only once was shared with World Bank for the first round. It was found that the arrangement proposed in the EMF was not observed with due diligence due to lack of monitoring capacity on the environmental safeguard at the PMU level. Recently PMU hired an Environmental Specialist who is currently dedicated for ensuring environmental safeguard. The PMU is currently demonstrating due diligence in environmental monitoring The environmental specialist of the PMU will continue to ensure that
• Environmental Management Framework are applied in due diligence and regular monitoring should be carried out
• DPHE is conducting arsenic testing before and during operation of tubewells • PMU should ensure regular reporting is performed and the annual arsenic testing
report and environmental monitoring report should be shared with World Bank
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List of Documents Consulted FSSAP-II and DPHE 2005, Final Report (1st term) Arsenic Test Results January- June 2005, Dhaka, Bangladesh Department of Environment, Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Bangladesh Department of Environment, Environmental Conservation Act, 1995, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Bangladesh Department of Environment, EIA Guidelines for Industries, 1997, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Bangladesh Department of Environment, A Compilation of Environmental Laws of Bangladesh, 2003, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Dhaka, Bangladesh Ahmed Feroze and Rahman M, Water Supply and Sanitation Rural and Low Income Urban Communities 2003, ITN- Bangladesh. WARPO, Draft Development Strategy Report, NWMP, Dhaka, 1999 World Bank, 1999, Environmental Assessment Guidelines, Washington D.C USA World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Geneva, 1993 WSP-SA, The World Bank, Policy Advisory Note for Arsenic Mitigation, 2007.
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Appendix A
Field Visit The education department officers and the consultant visited two schools at Savar on February 4, 2008 to familiarize with current school water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion status and overall physical setting of the sites. The visited schools are Vakurta Union High School (675 students) and Dhanmondi Rotary Club Girls High School (350 students) at Savar. For construction of latrine and installation of tube-wells, FSSAP provided 80% funding support and 20% by the school community. The key observations are: • The aim of providing water supply and sanitation facilities is to demonstrate the
use and advantages of having proper sanitation facilities to the students • Provision of hygienic latrine facility for boys and girls has been made in the
Project. • In Vakurta Union High School, there are two project supported tube-wells. The
first tube-well is 278 feet deep contaminated with arsenic; the second tube-well is 794 feet deep, is arsenic free (Ref: DPHE, 2004-2005).
• The Dhanmondi Rotary Club Girls High School at Zerabo, Savar has one tube-well, this well is arsenic and iron free (Ref: DPHE 2002).
Consultations During field visits in the schools, the consultant met with students from 2 schools, to discuss sanitation and hygiene issues at school and at home. The students had reasonable knowledge on the importance of hand washing and safe disposal of faces. They had good understanding of the link between faces and diarrhea. They also displayed a good knowledge of the importance of using clean water, and using soap to get rid of germs. Many were able to distinguish the signs and symptoms of diarrhea, fever, skin disease and dysentery. Even the most junior students had a good awareness of these issues. The school management committee, teachers, students, parents and local people believe that the SEQAEP will be responding to a basic need of the secondary schools. The initiative of the government and WB is very much appreciated as expressed by the people. Safe water supply and improved sanitation and hygiene are considered priority concerns of the schools in various remote upazila areas where water source and sanitation conditions are inadequate. Improved delivery of such services in the schools will help decrease and eliminate water-borne diseases brought about by unhygienic conditions due to lack of water and sanitary facilities. The following are some recommendations for the water supply and sanitation components of the project based on consultation with students and other stakeholders. - Increase height of the toilet to allow sufficient light and ventilation - Standard Ratio of students- toilets is also required
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Appendix B
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Appendix C
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Appendix D THE GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT
ORDINANCE, 1985 (Ordinance No. XX VII of 1985)
An Ordinance to manage the ground water resources for agricultural production. 2. Definitions-In this Ordinance, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-
(a) “aquifer” means a body of saturated soil at any depth below ground level that can store and transmit sufficient quantity of water to the wells;
(d) “deep tubewell” means a tube well called as such operated by a submersible pump set or turbine
pump coupled with a prime mover capable of pumping ground water when the pumped water level depth is more than 7 meters;
(e) “deep set handpumped tubewell” means a handpumped well used for either irrigation or water
supply where the pump valve is set below the surface and operated remotely by a pump rod operated from the surface and is capable of pumping ground water when the pumped water level depth is more than 8 meters;
(i) “shallow tubewell” means a tubewell called as such operated by a centrifugal pump coupled with
a prime mover but only capable of pumping water when the vertical distance between the centrifugal pump and the pumped water level depth is within 7 meters;
U) “static water level” means the depth from the ground level to the saturated water level beneath
the ground surface where no pumping has taken place;
(k) “suction lift handpumped tubewell” means handpumped well used for either irrigation or potable water supply when the pump valves are situated above ground level but is only capable of operation when the vertical distance between the pump valve and the pumped water level depth is within 8 meters;
(I) “tubewell” means a deep tubewell, shallow tubewell, suction lift handpumped well or deep set
handpumped well used for irrigation or water supply. 5. Licence for tubewell.-(l) No tubewell shall be installed in any place without a licence granted by the Thana Parishad. (4) On receipt of the application for licence, the Thana Parishad shall direct the committee to hold a local enquiry and submit a report on the following points, namely,-
(a) the aquifer condition of the soil where the tubewell is to be installed; (b) the distance of the nearest existing tubewell; (c) the area likely to be benefitted by the tubewell; (d) the likely effect on the existing tubewells including tubewells used for domestic purpose; (e) the suitability of the site for installation of the tubewell; (I) the conditions on which a licence, if any, may be granted.
(5) If, on considerations of the report of the Committee, the Thana Parishad is satisfied that the installation of the tubewell applied for-
(a) will be beneficial to the areas for which it is to be installed; or (b) will not have ant adverse effect upon the surrounding area; or (c) is otherwise feasible; it may grant the licence applied for.
10. Offences.- Whoever contravenes any provision of this Ordinance or rules made thereunder shall be punishable with fine which may extend to two thousand taka.
