Public Expenditure for Tiger Conservation in India:
Understanding the Trends and Linkages
Bibhu Prasad NayakThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
New Delhi
Study Objectives
The study aims at exploring• the trends and patterns of government
expenditure (Project Tiger) based on approved APOs for tiger reserves
• whether the outcomes in terms of change in tiger numbers in the reserves are linked to the expenditure pattern
Project Tiger
Project Tiger, launched in 1973 as a centrally sponsored scheme, with 9 tiger reserves in 9 different states with around 9000 sq km of core reserve area
Increased to 48 tiger reserves spread across 18 different states with 40000 sq km of core and 70000 sq km of buffer
The size of the reserve (core area) varies from 200 (Nameri) to 2600 sq km (NSTR) ‘Core- Buffer’ PA management strategySariska ‘tragedy’ in 2004 and aftermath
Tiger Challenges
Habitat Quality and Prey: Occupancy declined in from 2006 and 2010. Though overall prey population increased, it has declined in several parks too; corridor connectivity issues
Mortality Poaching is still a threat in several reserves. Of the 43 tiger death in 2013, 23 were poached;diseases, infighting and natural death are
Tiger Challenges
Communities and Livelihood -762 villages (over 48000 families) in core, 3678 villages (223000 families) in buffer -800 to 1200 sq km of inviolate space? -Coexistence ? Management Approaches
- Tiger centric and top down - Leadership
Effectiveness Concern
2005 Tiger Task Force: institutional inertia, lack of innovative protection initiatives, inadequate compensation, outcome measure
2006 CAG Review: gap between allocation and release; non-utilization of allocated funds; poor monitoring and documentation of expenditure; inadequate protection infrastructure and staff; no definite relocation plan
Management Effectiveness Evaluations: 2006, 2011 & 2015:45 qualitative criteria covering planning, input, process and output
Methodology and Data Sources
• Trends and patterns of expenditure under ‘project tiger’ in 28 tiger reserves
• Panel regression examining the linkage between expenditure pattern and outcomes
• Expenditure data: APOs (NTCA)• Outcomes-tiger population: Tiger Census (WII)• Field visits to 3 tiger reserves (Nagarjunasagar-
Srisailam, Dudhwa and Corbett)
Expenditure: Project Tiger
Project Tiger is a centrally sponsored scheme and mostly funded by the central government with a little share of the state governments in which the tiger projects are located
Funds are allocated in five year plans and the annual allocations for each tiger reserve are made based on the demand for resources from respective tiger reserves
Three major heads of allocation i.e., non-recurring (center), recurring (state and center share equally) and eco-development (center)
Tiger reserves do to gets funds from sources other than project tiger
Expenditure: Others
Other central and state government schemes
Tiger Conservation Foundations
Conservation and development NGOs
This study discusses only the Expenditure under Project Tiger
Expenditure under Project Tiger in FYPs: 1973-74 to 2011-12 (Rs. Millions in 2004-05 Prices)
1974-79 1980-85 1985-90 1992-97 1997-02 2002-07 2007-120
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
311 243 490 669 9201506
5845
% Share of Project Tiger in MoEF’s Total Outlay
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.0026.79
22.30
12.91 12.6611.06
9.04 8.90
24.04
20.81
17.55
7.175.64
3.24 2.67 2.615.03 5.33
12.93
9.167.07
% of Total Forest and Wildlife % of MoEF's Total Expenditure
Tiger Reserve wise Allocations
Allocations are made based on Annual Plan of Operations (APOs); center and state share
Allocations vs expenditures Allocation for 28 tiger reserves from 2004-05 to 2011-12:
Rs. 5692 millions at 2004-05 prices Grouping the Expenses -Infrastructure -Protection -Habitat Improvement -Relocation -Human-Animal Conflict -Other Activities -Eco-Development
Allocation Pattern: 2004-05 to 2011-12
62%
35%
3%
Non-Recurring
Recurring
Eco Devel-opment
Allocation Pattern: 2004-05 to 2011-12
17%
21%
38%
9%
2% 9%
3%
infrastructureprotectionrelocationhabitatconflictotherecodev
Allocation of Non-Recurring and Recurring Expenses
10%
14%
62%
3%2% 9%
infrastructure
protection
relocation
habitat
conflict
other
33%
36%
20%
3% 9%
infrastructure
protection
habitat
conflict
other
Allocation-Tiger Reserve wise (without Relocation) 2004-05 to 2011-12
Bandipur
Corbett
Kanha
Manas
Melghat
Palamu
Rantham
bore
Simlip
al
Sunderban
s
Periya
r
Sarisk
aBuxa
Indravati
Nagarj
unasag
ar
Namdap
ha
DudhwaKMTR
Valmiki
Pench
(MP)
Tadoba
Bandhav
garhPan
na
Dampa
Bhadra
Pench
(MH)
Pakke
Nameri
Satpura
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Per Sq Km (Core Area) Allocation (Relocation Excluded) 2004-05 to 2011-12
Bandipur
Corbett
Kanha
Manas
Melghat
Palamu
Rantham
bore
Simlip
al
Sunderban
s
Periya
r
Sarisk
aBuxa
Indravati
Nagarj
unasag
ar
Namdap
ha
DudhwaKMTR
Valmiki
Pench
(MP)
Tadoba
Bandhav
garhPan
na
Dampa
Bhadra
Pench
(MH)
Pakke
Nameri
Satpura
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
All India Tiger Population
1972 1979 1984 1989 1993 1995 1997 2002 2006 2010500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1827
3015
4005
4334
3750
1333
3508
3642
1411
1706
1165
15201657
1909
tiger number lower limit upper limit
Tiger Census 2006 and 2010
• Four Phases Phase I: Determining
occupancy and mapping relative abundance
Phase II: Remotely Sensed spatial and attribute covariates
Phase III: Camera Trapping Phase IV: Annual
Monitoring of individual reserve and MSTRIPES for source population
2006 20100
200400600800
10001200140016001800
1411
1706
2006 201075000
80000
85000
90000
95000 93697
81881
Population (in Nos)
Occupancy (in Sq. Km)
% Change in Tiger Population- 2006 to 2010 census
Bandipur
Corbett
Kanha
Manas
Melghat
Palamu
Rantham
bore
Simlip
al
Sunderban
s
Periya
rNSTR
DudhwaKMTR
Valmiki
Pench
(mp)
Tadoba
Bandhav
garhPan
na
Dampa
Bhadra
Pench
(MH)
Nameri
Satpura
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
% Change in Occupancy- 2006 to 2010 census
Bandipur
Corbett
Kanha
Manas
Melghat
Palamu
Rantham
bore
Simlip
al
Sunderban
s
Periya
rNSTR
DudhwaKMTR
Valmiki
Pench
(mp)
Tadoba
Bandhav
garhPan
na
Dampa
Bhadra
Pench
(MH)
Nameri
Satpura
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Expenditure and Change in Population
Expenditure and Change in Occupancy
Variables(Randomized Negative Binomial Model)
Dependent Variable Explanatory Variables
Tiger Number Expenditure Variables Controls
Infrastructure Reserve Area
Protection Rainfall
Habitat improvement TemperatureHuman-animal conflict Villages in core
Other activities Villages in buffer
Families in core
Families in buffer
Discussion
Tiger number as dependent variableLimitations of expenditure dataExpenditure as explanatory variable: -Expenditure decision making -Differential perceptions -Administrative issues
Thank You
Tiger Pictures in the slides sourced from www.tigernation.org (Madhuri-Tadoba Andheri, Krishna-Ranthambore, Vijaya-Bandhavgarh)