Public PhD Defense Enterprise Architecture for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: CHOOSE - Maxime...

Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management

Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Enterprise Architecture for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises:

CHOOSE

Maxime BernaertPromoter: Prof. Dr. Geert Poels (Ghent University), Prof. Dr.

Monique Snoeck (K.U. Leuven), Prof. Dr. Manu De Backer (Ghent University)


Maxime Bernaert2

Main research question

Enterprise Architecture could offer many advantages, but is as good as not used in small

and medium-sized enterprises. The lack of research on an EA approach that can readily by used for SMEs is the problem addressed in this

PhD.


Maxime Bernaert3

Main research question: EA



PhD.




(re)build your house






















(re)build your company













Enterprise Architecture


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Enterprise Architecture (EA)*: a holistic approach to keep things aligned in a company (IT - business, operations - strategy)

Holistic overview: Optimization of the company as a whole Strategy --> Operations Understood by all those involved

*Lankhorst M (2013) Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modelling, Communication and Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York


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?


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Main research question: SMEs



PhD.


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SMEs

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises*

European definition• <= 250 employees• Annual turnover <= 50 million euros or total assets <=

43 million euros

*European Commission (2003) Recommendation 2003/361/EC: SME Definition. Official Journal of the European Union 46 (L 124) (6)


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SMEs

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Important for economy*

• 20.8 million SMEs in Europe (99.8% of all companies)• 70% of European jobs, 58.4% of gross production

*European Commission (2010) Are EU SMEs Recovering from the Crisis? Annual Report on EU Small and Medium Sized Enterprises 2011


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Research steps

Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture

Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Research steps related to PhD thesis


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Research steps: problem analysis


Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Enterprise Architecture for SMEs

EA for SMEs? *1,*2

Not known in SMEs Not used in SMEs

*1De Nil S, Deprost E, Bernaert M, Poels G (2012) Van Strategie tot Procesmodellering in Kleine en Middelgrote Organisaties: Een Exploratief Onderzoek. University of Ghent, Ghent*2Devos J (2011) IT Governance for SMEs. University of Ghent, Ghent

Problem Analysis

Crisis brings SMEs

into big trouble -Trends Knack-

1 out of 3 thinks not to survive the crisis

-Research Tempo-Team-

16,5 percent of Belgian SMEshas an increased chance of failure -Research Graydon-

High probability of failure for SMEs

Lack of structure and overview is a decisive factor in the failure of an SME*

*O'Gorman C (2001) The Sustainability of Growth in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Int J Entrep Behav Res 7 (2):60-75

Problem Analysis


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Enterprise architecture as solution!

✗ Lack of knowledge of EA in SMEs✗ Lack of appropriate techniques

Yes …but

CHOOSE

Enterprise architecture as solution!

Problem Analysis


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Enterprise Architecture for SMEs

EA for SMEs? Not known in SMEs Not used in SMEs Adoption models

Problem Analysis


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Adoption Models: Method Evaluation Model*

*Moody, D. L. The Method Evaluation Model: A Theoretical Model for Validating Information Systems Design Methods. In Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Information Systems, Naples, Italy, 2003

Problem Analysis


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Increasing adoption chances

EA for SMEs? Increase the perceived usefulness

• Increase actual effectiveness• Advantages for SMEs in practice

Increase the perceived ease of use• Adapt methods to an SME context (in practice)• Complexity* (= 1/actual efficiency) must be decreased

From actual to perceived efficacy• Test in SMEs: feedback + EA gets better known

*Rogers EM, Shoemaker FF (1971) Communication of Innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach. The Free Press, New York

Problem Analysis


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Research steps: metamodel


Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Research steps: metamodel


Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Research Method

Metamodel


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Requirements for EA and SMEs

Metamodel


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Existing EA approaches

Metamodel


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Existing EA approaches

Metamodel


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Focus mainly on 4 dimensions

Metamodel


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CHOOSE

Metamodel


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CHOOSE basic concepts

CHOOSE metamodel derived from KAOS* metamodel, covering these 4 main dimensions.

*Van Lamsweerde, A. (2009). Requirements Engineering: From System Goals to UML Models to Software Specifications (Vol. 3): Wiley.

Metamodel


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CHOOSE basic concepts

Jeroen Van Cauwenberghe sells local products because customers love pure products and want to pay extra for it.

Metamodel


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Complete CHOOSE Metamodel

Metamodel


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Core Part of the CHOOSE Metamodel

Metamodel


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CHOOSE Goal Model Example

Metamodel


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CHOOSE Actor Model Example

Metamodel


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CHOOSE Operation Model Example

Metamodel


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CHOOSE Object Model Example

Metamodel

Metamodel


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CHOOSE Metamodel Definitions

Metamodel


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CHOOSE Metamodel Constraints

Metamodel


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CHOOSE Metamodel Constraints

Metamodel


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CHOOSE Viewpoints?

Metamodel


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Evaluation

Essential dimensions of EA frameworks Four essential EA focuses Blends three EA layers Strategy / Operations

Requirements for EA for SMEs1. Control went up2. Holistic overview by essential focuses3. Based on objectives (goals)4. SMEs: simplicity (but... need for method/tools), process

overview, CEO involvement5. Enterprise overview

Metamodel


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Research steps: method


Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Research steps: method


Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Research method

“The validity of a method can only be established by applicative success in practice” (Rescher 1977)

Method


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Case study companies

Method


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CHOOSE method

6-step roadmap• a six-step procedure to implement the CHOOSE approach

+ method for structured interviews• describes our best practice to structure the interviews

+ stop criteria

Method


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Action Research: 6-step roadmap

Step 1: Goal tree: Balanced Scorecard: Financial, Customer, Internal Process, and Learning & Growth Goals

Step 2: Goal tree: More Goals are found through the 'Why/How?'-questions

1st i

nter

view

Method


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Action Research: 6-step roadmap

Step 3: Adding the Actors to the CHOOSE-model based on secondary sources and interviews

Step 4: Based on the Porter’s Value Chain framework and the job description of Actors, the Operations are added to the model

Step 5: Adding the Objects and relationships based on interviews and visual inspection

Step 5: Validation

1st i

nter

view

2nd

inte

rvie

w&

val

idati

on3r

d in

terv

iew

& v

alid

ation

Method


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CHOOSE method

6-step roadmap + method for structured interviews + stop criteria

• Quadruple check to indicate when the input-phase of the EA model development process can be terminated

Method


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Action Research: model example

The CHOOSE-method

Method


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Action Research: evaluation

Method

Intervieweeswith littlebusiness

background

“structurally mapping out an SME in a clear way”

No manual of model elements /Switch from interview to model

Method “through a limited number of interviews a complete and accurate picture of the firm has been outlined”

Method wasstill immature

Lack ofknowledge of

sales & marketing

Large enterprise

Method


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Research steps: tools


Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Research steps: tools


Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Tool support

Tools


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Tool support: case studies

Case study evidence of the need for tool support

Tools


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Tool support: case studies

Case study evidence of the need for tool support:

Input (“actual efficiency”)

StorageData adjustmentsData retrievalAnalyses (“actual effectiveness”)

It can enhance the “perceived ease of use” and “perceived usefulness”, thus increasing chances for adoption

Tools

iPhoneEclipe GMF

PC

iPad

iPad

Android Android

Tools


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Tool outline: PC Tool

PC Tool outline Three main functionalities

• Input• Adjust• Output

Tools


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InputEasy interfaceNo drawing toolIntegration of all concepts and relationships

AdjustSearch functionalityModular overviewEasy interface

Tools


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Output Automatic visualization RACI charts Data export to MS Excel

The goal is to minimize effort and maximize value through automation, simplification, visualization, mistake proofing, …

Tools

Input

Adjust


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Tools

Adjust


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Tools

Output

ToolsOutput

ToolsOutput


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Tools

Output


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CHOOSE has to beused with other approaches

to see every enterprise detail

PC Tool: evaluation

Increased controlIncreased overview

Tools


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Future developments

Tools


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Research steps: visualization


Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Research steps: visualization


Case studies

CHOOSE language

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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*Moody, D. (2009). The Physics of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing Visual Notations in Software Engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng, 35(6), 756-779.

Research method: The Physics of Notations*

Visualization


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Visualization


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Visualization


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Visualization


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Principles usedin the example



Visualization


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Principles usedin alternativesfor CHOOSE



Visualization


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E.g. visual expressiveness


Visualization


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Original visualization

Visualization


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1st alternative: Moody’s principles

Visualization


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2nd alternative: uniformity in style

Visualization


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3rd alternative: complexity management

Visualization


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3rd alternative: complexity management

Visualization

Visualization


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evaluation

120 observations

“Uniformity in style”seems to impactintention to use

COGNITIVEEFFECTIVENESS

ACCURACY

TIME

MENTAL EFFORT

PERCEIVEDEASE OF USEPERCEIVED

USEFULNESSINTENTION

TO USE

Moody’s “visual” principlesincrease accuracy and speed

“Complexitymanagement”

has thebest results

Visualization


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Research steps: large enterprises?


Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Research steps: large enterprises?

Large enterprisesEnterprise architecture

Case studies

CHOOSE metamodel

Tool support

Requirements

CHOOSE method

Criteria for tools

Evaluation


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Case study at KBC*

Adaptations to CHOOSE metamodel and method, however they still use it primarily for its benefits in aligning strategy and operations and assessing impact of a changing strategy

*De Clercq, D., Bernaert, M., Roelens, B., Poels, G. (2015). Simplicity Is not Simple: How Business Architecture in One of Belgium's Biggest Companies Can Be Simple and Easy-to-use. To be published in Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing.

Further research


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Mapping: CHOOSE - ArchiMate

Further research


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Questions

Maxime Bernaert

[email protected]

FEB08, Tweekerkenstraat 2

9000 Ghent, Belgium

mailto:[email protected]

Date post:	14-Apr-2017
Category:	Business
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