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Public Policy Making in China: Development Public Policy Making in China: Development
and Challengesand Challenges
Prof. Lan Xue
School of Public Policy and Management
Tsinghua University
2005.3.13-15
( This research is partly supported by a grant from NSFC, approval number 70125005 )
OutlineOutline
A brief review of China’s policy making process prior to 1979;
Changes in public policy process since 1979;
Response from the government and society
The role of expertise: the case of think tanks;
Challenges and future developments of China’s public policy process
II 、、 A brief review A brief review of China’s policy of China’s policy making process prior to 1979making process prior to 1979
Government and the party is everywhere, making almost all important policies;Highly centralized; decisions are made top down, with political considerations dominates; The process is opaque, general public knew little about what’s going on inside the government;It is the game of the small group of the political elites, general public’s concern has to be channeled through this elite group;…………………. Nathan, Andrew. A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics;Lieberthal,
Kenneth and Oksenberg, Michel. Policy Making in China Leaders, Structures, and Processes; Shirk, Susan L. The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China…..
IIII 、、 Changes in public policy process Changes in public policy process since 1979 (A)since 1979 (A)
Since late 1970s, China is experiencing a sustained economic growth and historical transformation: Economic system:
Planned economy->Market economy Agriculture economy->Industrial and knowledge economy
Social system Rural and closed society ->Urban and open society
Governance structure Personal will and charisma->Rule of law and democratic principle
Changes in public policy process Changes in public policy process since 1979 (B)since 1979 (B)
A stratified society with competing values and diverse interests=>the capability to participate in policy process is very different (e.g. farmers, migrant labors vs new-riches);Entrenched bureaucratic structure with vested interests;Public participation in policy process through various channels (People’s Congress, public hearing meetings); The new public forum for policy debates in the cyberspace (the case of Sun, Zhiguang);The challenge for policy implementation in the local governments where great disparity exists;……..
IIIIII 、、 Responses from the governmentResponses from the government and the societyand the society
strengthening policy capacity within the government; Office of Policy Studies at Central government ministries and
local government; Government affiliated research institutes;
The development of expertise outside government The growth of think tanks; Collective studies by the Politburo; Consultation meetings with outside experts;
Mechanism for public participationPublic hearing systemS&T Planning websites for public opinions……
Expert consultation meeting on coordinated development on June 17, 2003
IVIV 、、 The role of expertise: Think The role of expertise: Think tanks in Chinatanks in ChinaA typology of think tanks in China (graph 1)The development of think tanks (graph 2)The role of think thanks
Bringing issues to policy agendaPolicy formulation and consultationPolicy implementation
Facilitate implementations Implementation evaluation
China’s Policy research institutions
Official Institute
Non-official Institute
Public Institute (Shiye Danwei)
Research Institute inside Bureaucracy
Th
ink T
an
ks
Independent Public
Research Institute
Research Institute
under University
Enterprise R
esearch Institute
Private and Non-enter-
prise Research Institute
Enterprise Institute private and Non-enterprise Institute
The development of think tanks in China The development of think tanks in China (2004 survey)(2004 survey)
成立时间
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
1958
1956
1954
1952
1950
Frequency
40
30
20
10
0
VV 、、 China’s public policy: Challenges China’s public policy: Challenges and future developmentsand future developments
All recent changes in development perspectives point to the urgent need for better public policy:Three represents=>how best to represent the
fundamental interests of the broad spectrum of the public?
Five coordinated developments=>how to weigh trade-offs for different policy options?
Harmonious society=>how to improve the policy process as well as the distributional outcome of a policy?
How to increase policy literacy and How to increase policy literacy and capacity of government?capacity of government?
Understanding the basic idea of public policy can be of great help for government officials, but how?
Capacity building in the government can actually promote better attention and resources allocated to policy work, but in the face of PSU reform and downsizing, government in-house policy units may face further cut;
How to increase the capacity of civil society How to increase the capacity of civil society & enhance its role in policy process?& enhance its role in policy process?
Capacity building: from issues to solutions
The need to institutionalize of the role of civil society in policy process;
Building linkages: government-civil society-business;
How to harness expert opinions in the How to harness expert opinions in the policy process?policy process?
Expert advice: neutral technical adviceVested interests;Own value judgment.
The case of technology choice (see graph)Solution?Ethical standard?Competition: idea market?
Technology choice Technology choice or bureaucratic or bureaucratic competition competition
European Standard?
China China standard?standard?
Magnetic Magnetic Levitation?Levitation?
Shigansen?Shigansen?