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Pulses, Microbes and Health...Pulses, Microbes and Health Microbes are everywhere Mouth 108 Stomach...

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Trevor Lockett Group Leader, Nutrition & Gut Health TREVOR LOCKETT Pulses, Microbes and Health
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Trevor Lockett Group Leader, Nutrition & Gut Health

TREVOR LOCKETT

Pulses, Microbes and Health

Microbes are everywhere

Mouth 108

Stomach 0-102

Duodenum 102

Jejunum 103

Colon 1011

Terminal Ileum 107

Gut microbiota and health

Inflammatory Bowel diseases

Cardiovascular disease • Coronary heart disease • Stroke

Colorectal Cancer

Type II Diabetes

Autism

Parkinson’s disease Metabolic syndrome

Obesity

Obesity

3 |

Metabolic syndrome

Irritable bowel

Many influences

Goodrich et al, Science (2016) 352: 533

Strong track record in fibre

5 |

Patents: PCT/AU94/00713. Fatty acid delivery system PCT/AU00/00792. Nasogastric Formulations

Fibre and its benefits

Bowel cancer Inflammatory Bowel diseases Irritable bowel syndrome Regularity

Faecal bulking Water content

Diarrhoea Cardiovascular disease Neurodegenerative diseases

6 |

Fibre and Gut Health

Eswaran et al, Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:718–727)

7 |

Pulses and health

High protein Isoflavones Dietary Fiber Bioactive carbohydrates Phytates Saponins Alakloids

Legume Serving Energy (kcal)

CHO (g) Protein (g) Fat (g) Fibre (g)

Navy Beans ½ cup 127 23.7 7.49 0.56 9.6

Split peas ½ cup 116 20.68 8.17 0.38 8.1

Lentils ½ cup 115 19.93 8.93 0.38 7.8

Pinto beans ½ cup 122 22.42 7.7 0.56 7.7

Black beans ½ cup 114 20.39 7.62 0.46 7.5

Chick peas ½ cup 134 22.48 7.27 2.12 6.2

Kidney beans ½ cup 112 20.18 7.67 0.44 5.7

Black eyed peas

½ cup 99 17.75 6.61 0.45 5.6

Lupins ½ cup 99 8.2 12.92 2.42 2.3

All bran ½ cup 81 23.01 4.07 1.52 9.1

Macronutrients

Agricultural Research Service, 2012. USDA National nutrient database

Pulse starch is digested slowly

RS

Amylose

Amylopectin

Structure Protein Fibre Amylase inhibitors Retrogradation

Pancreatic amylase

RS as a Bacterial Substrate

• Colonic microbes ferment RS,

• Short chain fatty acids

produced

• acetate, propionate,

butyrate

• energy source for host

• Bioactive agents

(Courtesy G Abell and Z-K Zhou)

Gut barrier

From Kaiko, Trends in Immunology 2014, 35: 538

Tight Junctions

Antibacterial defensins

Mucus layer IgA secretion

GALT

Microbes and gut permeability

Germ Free

Mono associated B. Longum B. Adolescentis (+/supplement)

Challenge , E coli O 157:H7

Survival

Fukuda et al. Nature (2011) 469: 543-547

SCFA and gut permeability

Fukuda et al. Nature (2011) 469: 543-547

14 |

Immune regulation, Tregs.

From Wood & Sakaguchi

Nature Reviews Immunology 3, 199-210 (March 2003)

Benefits: •T cell homeostasis •Prevent autoimmune disease •Promote Tolerance •Prevent allergy •Prevent hypersensitivity

Induction of regulatory T cells in the gut

Germ Free

SPF

H

Diets

Control High Fibre Low Fibre HAMS A HAMS P HAMS B

Control High fibre Low fibre

Tregs in lamina propria, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes

Butyrate enhances Treg expansion

GF GF HFD HFD LFD LFD

A High fibre diet increases Treg abundance in the colonic lamina propria

Butyrate is the strongest inducer

Furusawa et al. Nature (2013) 504: 446-50

17 |

Butyrate ameliorates colitis

18 |

Furusawa et al. Nature (2013) 504: 446-50

Protein: Mixed Reviews

Popular for weight control Good source of : • Protein • Iron • Zinc • B vitamins Increased risk of: • DNA damage • Colorectal cancer

Human high red meat study: Adducts

Presentation title | Presenter name | Page 20

Treatment

Colonocyte miRNA (Oncogenic Cluster)

* * *

* *

21 |

Preventative Health Flagship Review : Colorectal Cancer & Gut Health Theme

competition exclusion

IgA production

Promotion of Tregs Inflammasome activation

IL-18 production Epithelial integrity

Tissue repair Stimulation of Mucous production

Inhibition of inflammation/ Altered cell recruitment

Fiber Indigestible starch Commensal

bacteria

IL-18

FoxP3

m

n

j

l

o p

k

Acetate (~ 40 mM)

Butyrate (~20 mM)

Propionate (20 mM)

Fiber and gut homeostasis

Thorburn et al., Immunity (2014) 40: 833

The Future?

Microbes/SCFA and other conditions: IBD IBS Diabetes Allergies CVD

Other substrates A paradigm for other bioactive metabolites.

FODMAPS: The elephant in the room:

Raffinose

Strachyose

Verbacose

Pulses: Tomorrow’s superfood?

Breeding Oligosaccharide reduction Phytate reduction Saponin, alkaloid reduction

Reduce flatulence Improve mineral absorption Bitter tones

Fibre characterisation Benchmark to other fibres Phytase and mineral release

Composition claims Market positioning in health

Waste streams, Bioactive enrichment

Literature analysis RCTs

Health claims

High value Growing market sector

Dr Trevor Lockett Research Scientist

t +61 2 9490 5140 e [email protected]

FOOD & NUTRITION FLAGSHIP

Thank you

Acknowledgements Prof Koji Hase and his team Dr Julie Clarke and Team Dr Tony Bird Dr Michael Conlon and team Dr David Topping Dr Matthew Morell and team Prof BS Ramakrishna and team


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