Microbes are everywhere
Mouth 108
Stomach 0-102
Duodenum 102
Jejunum 103
Colon 1011
Terminal Ileum 107
Gut microbiota and health
Inflammatory Bowel diseases
Cardiovascular disease • Coronary heart disease • Stroke
Colorectal Cancer
Type II Diabetes
Autism
Parkinson’s disease Metabolic syndrome
Obesity
Obesity
3 |
Metabolic syndrome
Irritable bowel
Strong track record in fibre
5 |
Patents: PCT/AU94/00713. Fatty acid delivery system PCT/AU00/00792. Nasogastric Formulations
Fibre and its benefits
Bowel cancer Inflammatory Bowel diseases Irritable bowel syndrome Regularity
Faecal bulking Water content
Diarrhoea Cardiovascular disease Neurodegenerative diseases
6 |
Pulses and health
High protein Isoflavones Dietary Fiber Bioactive carbohydrates Phytates Saponins Alakloids
Legume Serving Energy (kcal)
CHO (g) Protein (g) Fat (g) Fibre (g)
Navy Beans ½ cup 127 23.7 7.49 0.56 9.6
Split peas ½ cup 116 20.68 8.17 0.38 8.1
Lentils ½ cup 115 19.93 8.93 0.38 7.8
Pinto beans ½ cup 122 22.42 7.7 0.56 7.7
Black beans ½ cup 114 20.39 7.62 0.46 7.5
Chick peas ½ cup 134 22.48 7.27 2.12 6.2
Kidney beans ½ cup 112 20.18 7.67 0.44 5.7
Black eyed peas
½ cup 99 17.75 6.61 0.45 5.6
Lupins ½ cup 99 8.2 12.92 2.42 2.3
All bran ½ cup 81 23.01 4.07 1.52 9.1
Macronutrients
Agricultural Research Service, 2012. USDA National nutrient database
Pulse starch is digested slowly
RS
Amylose
Amylopectin
Structure Protein Fibre Amylase inhibitors Retrogradation
Pancreatic amylase
RS as a Bacterial Substrate
• Colonic microbes ferment RS,
• Short chain fatty acids
produced
• acetate, propionate,
butyrate
• energy source for host
• Bioactive agents
(Courtesy G Abell and Z-K Zhou)
Gut barrier
From Kaiko, Trends in Immunology 2014, 35: 538
Tight Junctions
Antibacterial defensins
Mucus layer IgA secretion
GALT
Microbes and gut permeability
Germ Free
Mono associated B. Longum B. Adolescentis (+/supplement)
Challenge , E coli O 157:H7
Survival
Fukuda et al. Nature (2011) 469: 543-547
Immune regulation, Tregs.
From Wood & Sakaguchi
Nature Reviews Immunology 3, 199-210 (March 2003)
Benefits: •T cell homeostasis •Prevent autoimmune disease •Promote Tolerance •Prevent allergy •Prevent hypersensitivity
Induction of regulatory T cells in the gut
Germ Free
SPF
H
Diets
Control High Fibre Low Fibre HAMS A HAMS P HAMS B
Control High fibre Low fibre
Tregs in lamina propria, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes
Butyrate enhances Treg expansion
GF GF HFD HFD LFD LFD
A High fibre diet increases Treg abundance in the colonic lamina propria
Butyrate is the strongest inducer
Furusawa et al. Nature (2013) 504: 446-50
17 |
Protein: Mixed Reviews
Popular for weight control Good source of : • Protein • Iron • Zinc • B vitamins Increased risk of: • DNA damage • Colorectal cancer
Colonocyte miRNA (Oncogenic Cluster)
* * *
* *
21 |
Preventative Health Flagship Review : Colorectal Cancer & Gut Health Theme
competition exclusion
IgA production
Promotion of Tregs Inflammasome activation
IL-18 production Epithelial integrity
Tissue repair Stimulation of Mucous production
Inhibition of inflammation/ Altered cell recruitment
Fiber Indigestible starch Commensal
bacteria
IL-18
FoxP3
m
n
j
l
o p
k
Acetate (~ 40 mM)
Butyrate (~20 mM)
Propionate (20 mM)
Fiber and gut homeostasis
Thorburn et al., Immunity (2014) 40: 833
The Future?
Microbes/SCFA and other conditions: IBD IBS Diabetes Allergies CVD
Other substrates A paradigm for other bioactive metabolites.
Pulses: Tomorrow’s superfood?
Breeding Oligosaccharide reduction Phytate reduction Saponin, alkaloid reduction
Reduce flatulence Improve mineral absorption Bitter tones
Fibre characterisation Benchmark to other fibres Phytase and mineral release
Composition claims Market positioning in health
Waste streams, Bioactive enrichment
Literature analysis RCTs
Health claims
High value Growing market sector
Dr Trevor Lockett Research Scientist
t +61 2 9490 5140 e [email protected]
FOOD & NUTRITION FLAGSHIP
Thank you
Acknowledgements Prof Koji Hase and his team Dr Julie Clarke and Team Dr Tony Bird Dr Michael Conlon and team Dr David Topping Dr Matthew Morell and team Prof BS Ramakrishna and team