Purloining Derrida? Authority, materiality and the right to philosophy in Argentina

7/31/2019 Purloining Derrida? Authority, materiality and the right to philosophy in Argentina

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Strhmieiek Ldrriln= Nt|`mri|y( jn|drinhi|y nel |`d rik`| |m s`ihmvms`y ie Nrkde|ien

Arnefiv O Odrqiv

\`dviv vtbji||dl ie athhjde| ma |`d rd~tirdjde|v ma |`d Srdhijienry Dpnjien|ime(

S`L ie Vmfimfth|trnh Ne|`rmsmhmky( TF Lnqiv( Vsriek 23>2

Frdn|iqd Fmjjmev N||ribt|ime*EmeFmjjdrfinh*V`nrdNhigd 6%3 Tesmr|dl Hifdevd

`||s?--frdn|iqdfmjjmev%mrk-hifdevdv-by*ef*vn-6%3-

>


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Nbv|rnf|

\ìv snsdr dpnjiedv |`d srmvdft|ime ma ne Nrkde|ied sìhmvms`y srmadvvmr @mrnfim Sm|dh amr

v`nriek n etjbdr ma |dp|v by Onf~tdv Ldrriln mehied% By rdnliek ìv m{e fri|i~td ma fmsyrik`|

nel |`d f`nrkdv brmtk`| nkniev| ìj ie fmeotef|ime {i|` Ldrrilnv m{e {mrg I fmevildr `m{ Sm*

|dh f`nhhdekdv teldrv|neliekv ma nt|`mrvìs hn{ nel |`d d|ìfv ma fmsyiek nel `m{ i| `nv ieflt*

defdl smsthnr livfmtrvd me fmsyiek% I nhvm dpnjied `m{ ìv fri|i~td ma |`d srie|dl bmmg nv |df`*

emhmky ma |rnevjivvime ie fme|rnv| |m |`d hibdrn|mry sm|de|inh ma liki|nh |dfèmhmkidv fmjshifn|dv

mtr teldrv|neliek ma |`d jn|drinhi|y ma fth|trnh amrjv ie rdviv|nefdv |m edmhibdrnhivj ie Nrkde*

|ien% Sm|dhv srmodf| fne bdv| bd teldrv|mml I nrktd nv |`d fmev|rtf|ime ma n rdnliek vtbodf|

{`mvd mride|n|ime |m |`d nt|`mr nel |dp| iv rnlifnhhy liv|ief| armj |`mvd vdde di|`dr ie m|`dr amrjv

ma sirnfy mr hibdrnh livfmtrvdv ma msde nffdvv mr anir tvd%

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3/44

Ltd |m |`dir ìk` fmv| ie srie|dl amrj jney {mrgv ma sìhmvms`y nel fri|i~td nrd srnf|ifnhhy

ienffdvvibhd |`d khmbnh Vmt|`% @mrnfim Sm|dh srmadvvmr ma d|ìfv nel jd|`mlmhmky n| |`d Teiqdr*

vilnl ld Hnev Btdemv Nirdv {`m ilde|idv ìjvdha mehied nv nsrmadvmr y liatvmr ld hmvmn(

amtel |`d smvvibihi|idv maadrdl by |`d ie|dred| |m naamrl {ildvsrdnl nffdvv |m |`dvd |dp|v irrdviv|i*

bhd% \`d v|dsv `d |mmg |m{nrlv jngiek |`d {mrgv ma rv| Eid|zvf`d nel |`de Ldrriln nel @di*

ldkkdr nqnihnbhd |m |`d Vsneiv`*vsdngiek {mrhl nel Hn|ie Njdrifne vf`mhnrv ie snr|ifthnr {drd

`m{dqdr |m hdnl |m frijienh f`nrkdv ma sirnfy% N| |`d vnjd |ijd |`negv |m |`d ìk` hdqdh ma ie|dr*

dv| ie ìv fnvd |`dy hdl |m |`d de|ry ma n smhi|ifv iefltdefdl by ldfmev|rtf|ime ie|m Nrkde|ieine

fmsyhda| nf|iqiv| r`d|mrif nel dqde smsthnr mehied livfmtrvd em| |m jde|ime |`d dv|nbhiv`jde|

ma n ld anf|m ia v|ihh fme|dv|dl rik`| amr Nrkde|ied fi|izdev |m v`nrd fme|de| mehied%

Sm|dh lrdnjdl ma

ten bibhim|dfn |m|nh de hn fnvn ld fnln tem ten bibhim|dfn ~td em edfdvi|n |rnvhnlmv ei dvsdrnv7 ftymv

hibrmv stdlde vdr srdv|nlmv n jihdv n hn qdz y btvfnlmv y defme|rnlmv de iev|ne|dv> (Sm|dh 23>3? 3?


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v`nriek |dp|v {ìf` ie |`dir vdjim|if fme|de| |`djvdhqdv maadr n fri|i~td ma fmsyrik`| nel |`d

nt|`mr atef|ime ld|drjiedv |`d eddl amr ne ie|drsrd|n|iqd smvi|ime {ìf` iv vdevi|iqd em| mehy |m

|`d |dp|tnhi|y ma |`d bmmgv n| |`d fde|rd ma |`d fnvd bt| nhvm |m |`d jn|drinhi|y ma |`d amrjv ie

{ìf` |`dy firfthn|d ie |`d vmfinh hiad ma Sm|dh nel m|`drv ie Nrkde|ien%

Nv Rmvdjnry Fmmjbd smie|v mt|

\`d rdviv|nefdv ijnkien|iqd v|rn|dkidv nel frdn|iqd rdnssrmsrin|imev denf|dl by vtbodf|v nhiden|dl

armj ed|{mrgv ma stbhif dpsrdvvime nel rdsrdvde|n|ime nrd sm|de|inhhy smhi|ifnh srnf|ifdv |m |`d dp|de|

|`n| rdhn|imev ma vmfinh srmltf|ime nel fth|trnh rdsrmltf|ime nrd |`drdby f`nhhdekdl (Fmmjbd >990?

290)%

Sm|dhv rdvsmevd |m |`d dpfhtvimenry amrfd ma fmsyrik`| iv med ie {ìf` |`d nssrmsrin|ime ma

Ldrrilnv smhi|ifnh d|ìfv nhmek {i|` ìv hn|dr mbvdrqn|imev me liki|nh jdlin nel |`dir rdhn|ime |m

snsdr I nrktd fmev|i|t|dv n smhi|ifnh nv jtf` nv n fri|ifnh mr dqde stbhif sdlnkmkifnh srmodf|% Ie

|ìv dvvny na|dr bridfly rdqid{iek n vdhdf|ime ma |`d d|èmkrnsìf hi|drn|trd me sirnfy ie Hn|ie

Njdrifn nel dhvd{`drd I {ihh rv| fmevildr `m{ Sm|dh fmev|rtf|v ìv smvi|ime nvsrmadvvmr y liat*

vmr ld hmvmn ie rdhn|ime |m emrjn|iqd hibdrnh em|imev ma |`d nt|`mr stbhiv`dr nel sirn|d% Edp| I

{ihh dpnjied `m{ Sm|dhv srmodf| fne bd fmevildrdl nv n smhi|ifnh ldshmyjde| ma bm|` |dfèmhm*

kidv ma fmjjteifn|ime nel n liv|ief|iqdhy ldfmev|rtf|iqd nssrmnf` |m |`dir rdhn|imevìs |m |`d

snsdr bmmg nel |`d jn|drinhi|y ma {ri|iek nel srie|iek% Fne {d I {ne| |m nvg vdd ie |ìv fnvd |`d

djdrkdefd ma n ed{ rdhn|ime bd|{dde |`d vtbodf| nel |dp|v nv fth|trnh kmmlv nv |`d amrjdrhy

|rdnvtrdl srie|dl bmmg bdfmjdv amr vmjd em jmrd |`ne ne deftjbrnefd= @m{ jmrd brmnlhy

fne {d teldrv|nel |ìv fnvd nv n jmjde| ie |`d rdfmev|rtf|ime ma |`d rdhn|imevìs bd|{dde

nt|`mrv nel rdnldrv n| |ìv jmjde| ma |rnevi|ime bd|{dde |`d |dfèmhmky ma srie| nel liki|nhi|y=

\`d F`nrkdv * nel |`dir Livjivvnh

\`d f`nrkdv nkniev| Sm|dh {drd iev|ikn|dl by |`d Snriv*bnvdl stbhiv`dr ma n etjbdr ma Onf*


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~tdv Ldrrilnv {mrgvHdv Dli|imev ld Jieti|(DlJ) {`m jnld n fmjshnie| qin |`d Ardef` fth*

|trnh n||nf` ie Nrkde|ien |m |`d Fnjnrn Nrkde|ien ldh Hibrm (FNH) |`d en|imenh stbhiv`drv

|rnld nvvmfin|ime {ìf` higd m|`dr rik`|v`mhldrv krmtsv vtf` nv |`d JSNN nel BVN iei|in|dv

srmvdft|imev nkniev| nhhdkdl sirn|dv% \`d fnvd i|vdha `m{dqdr {nv brmtk`| nv n frijienh f`nrkd

by |`d v|n|d% \`d stbhiv`dr fhnijdl |`n|

De vds| nev @mrnfim Sm|dh n jiv de hiked krn|ti|djde| d| vnev nt|mrivn|ime ldv qdrvimev fmjsh|dv ld

shtvidtrv mtqrnkdv ld Onf~tdv Ldrriln fd ~ti dv| eanv|d hn liaatvime ld vn sdevd%6 (Vndz 2339)

\`n| `d `nl jnld |`d |dp|v nqnihnbhd {nv tenrktnbhy |rtd? |`rmtk` n vi|d nffdvvibhd n|

onf~tdvldrriln%fmj%nr Sm|dh maadrv |`d rdnldr nffdvv |m bm|` @\JH qdrvimev ma n vdhdf|ime ma

Ldrrilnv {mrg ie Vsneiv` nel lm{ehmnlnbhd vfneedl SLA anfvijihdv ma |`d n etjbdr ma mriki*

enh Ardef` |dp|v% @d jngdv em n||djs| |m fmefdnh ìv ilde|i|y nv i|v frdn|mr% Ielddl `d dqde

jngdv n etjbdr ma ìv nr|ifhdv nqnihnbhd nhmekvild Ldrrilnv m{e ie {ìf` nv {d {ihh vdd `d

ldqdhmsv n vmsìv|ifn|dl fri|i~td ma |`d bmmg nv |dfèmhmky ma stbhif amrj (Knmegnr nel Sm*

qiedhhi 2336)7 i| iv ijsmr|ne| |m em|d |`n| sdr`nsv |`d jmv| vikeifne| ma |`dvdEid|zvf`d y Ldr*

riln de hn Rdl(Eid|zvf`d nel Ldrriln ie |`d Ed|{mrg) n fmjjde|nry me |`d sm|de|inh ma |`d

liki|nh |dp| {ìf` daadf|iqdhy nr|ifthn|dv ìv smvi|ime me liki|ivn|ime nt|`mrvìs nel m|`dr |msifv

srd*ln|dv ìv srmvdft|ime by nrmtel |`rdd ydnrv1|` Adbrtnry

2339 {`de hn smhifn qiem de jdlim ld hn emf`d n kmhsdnrjd hn stdr|n snrn qdrifnr ji lmji*

fihim% Ten vi|tnfie `mrribhd? hmv smhifnv vhm jd ldfne? tv|dl vnbr de ~t neln 4(Sm|dh

23>3? >%;26 ld Srmsidlnl Ie|dhdf*

|tnh ma {ìf` nr|ifhd ;2 srmqildv amr |`d steiv`jde| ma Dh ~td dli|d qdeln m rdsrmltzfn smr

ftnh~tidr jdlim m iev|rtjde|m ten mbrn ieli|n m stbhifnln vie nt|mriznfie ld vt nt|mr m ldrd*

f`m`nbide|dv 1 `nv bdde dp|deviqdhy fri|ifivdl ie Nrkde|ien amr i|v anihtrd |m jngd dqde bnvif

4


6/44

srmqivimev amr |`d fmsyiek ma {mrgv ie |`d emrjnh fmtrvd ma rdvdnrf` mr |dnfìek mr dqde nrfìqnh

srdvdrqn|ime vmjd ma |`d bnvif dhdjde|v ma anir tvd ie fmsyrik`| hn{ ie |`d TV nel dhvd{`drd

(Btvneif`d 23>3)% Sm|dh vmme hdnre| ma |`d f`nrkdv |`rmtk` ìv hn{ydr nel |`n| `d anfdl ts |m

|`rdd ydnrv ie srivme amr |`d nhhdkdl maadefdv% Me >6|` Emqdjbdr `m{dqdr |`d f`nrkdv {drd rd*

odf|dl by |`d fmtr| |m fmevildrnbhd nffhnij armj |`d Nrkde|ieine stbhif%

\`d otlkd amtel |`n| {ìhd hn |rnvamrjnfie ld hmv |dp|mv mrikienhdv nh amrjn|m liki|nh smr

snr|d ld Sm|dh smlrn dv|nr fmjsrdeliln de dh srdfds|m ld rdsrmltffie ; |`d nf| ma rdsrmltf*

|ime edfdvvnrihy rd~tirdl |`d srdvdefd ma n rdnldr amr

vie sdrotifim ld hm ftnh em vtfdld hm jivjm de rdhnfie nh mardfijide|m ldvld hnv snkienv ld Ie|dred|

ldh ieftvm%%%hn nffie ld frdnr ten etdqn fmsin dv srmltfiln smr ~tide nffdld nh vi|im d ieifin hn

ldvfnrkn ldh nrfìqd ieamrjn|ifn%0

Ie |ìv rdvsdf| |`d otlkdjde| amhhm{dl |`d nf|tnh |rnevadr lmf|ried {ìf` `nv bdde ts`dhl

by n etjbdr ma TV fmtr|v (Sn|ry 23>3) nel {ìf` rd~tirdv |`n| dqildefd bd srdvde|dl |`n| fms*

idv `nqd ie anf| bdde jnld ma n {mrg jnld nqnihnbhd |`rmtk` n sddr*|m*sddr ed|{mrg mr m|`dr jd*

litj% Nv vtf` |`d fmtr|v eliek ie Sm|dhv fnvd {nv em| dpfds|imenh7 `m{dqdr i| iv em|nbhd |`n|

|`d jngiek nqnihnbhd lmf|ried (teldr {ìf` Sm|dhv nf|imev {mthl `nqd bdde ihhdknh mt|rik`|) iv

dev`riedl ie bm|` |`d [mrhl Ie|dhhdf|tnh Srmsdr|y Mrkneivn|ime ([ISM) Fmsyrik`| \rdn|y nel |`d

[ISM Sdramrjnefdv nel S`memkrnjv \rdn|y% Nv |`d |rneven|imenh hdkivhn|iqd iev|rtjde|v teldr*

hyiek |`d edmhibdrnh rdkijd ma fmsyrik`| deamrfdjde| ie {ìf` |`d rik`|v ma tvdrv-rdnldrv snr*

|ifthnrhy ie |`d khmbnh Vmt|` nrd hnrkdhy livrdknrldl ie anqmtr ma |`d nbvmht|d jnie|denefd ma `d*

kdjmeif fme|rmh mqdr fme|de| |`dvd |rdn|idv fmev|rtf| n rdkijd {ìf` nh|`mtk` kdednhmkifnhhy

rdhn|dl |m |`d fhnvvifnh hibdrnh ildmhmky ma |`d nt|`mrv rik`| nrktnbhy ldeidv |`d eddl amr |`d

fmjsd|iek rik`|v ma nt|`mrv nel rdnldrv (mr m|`dr srmltfdrv nel fmevtjdrv) |m bd nlotlifn|dl

|`rmtk` stbhif ldbn|d%

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\`d otlkd fnhhdl ie|m ~tdv|ime |`d srmsmr|imenhi|y ma |`d srmvdft|ime |m ney lnjnkdv ieflif|dl

me |`d stbhiv`dr em|iek |`n| hn ievikeifne|d nadf|nfie ~td smlrn rdvth|nr nh sn|rijmeim ldh

|i|thnr ld hn mbrn em `nbihi|n nh vdqdrm rdsrmf`d ld dv|n otv|ifin rdsrdviqn% 9I| iv |ìv nlotlifn|ime

ma |`d fmjsd|iek bt| emed|`dhdvv d~tnhhy ienhidenbhd rik`|v ma|`d vtbodf| |m bm|` deomy |`d tvt*

artf|v ma |`dir frdn|iqd {mrgv nv nt|`mr nel nv rdnldr |m snr|ifisn|d ie vmfid|y nel fth|trd {ìf`

f`nrnf|drivdv hibdrnh livfmtrvd nrmtel nffdvv |m gem{hdlkd nel fmsyrik`| jmrd kdedrnhhy% @m{*

dqdr nv {d {ihh vdd |`drd nrd vikeifne| livfrdsnefidv bd|{dde |`d otlkdv rn|imenhd amr livjivv*

iek |`d fnvd nel Sm|dhv d|ìfnh fnvd nkniev| |`d `dkdjmeif fmsyrik`| rdkijd%

Nh|`mtk` |`d fnvd lil em| dv|nbhiv` n amrjnh srdfdlde| ie Nrkde|ied hn{ Sm|dh {nv nbhd |m

rdv|mrd nhh |`rdd vi|dv ({ìf` rdjnie nf|iqd |mlny) nel |`d ìk`*srmhd livjivvnh ma |`d f`nrkdv

nssdnrv |m `nqd dv|nbhiv`dl n ld anf|m dp|deldl sriefishd ma anir tvd rdknrliek |`d mehied liv*

|ribt|ime ma bmmgv vtafide|hy rjhy ielddl amr n vsmgdvjne armj |`d Jieiv|ry ma Otv|ifd |m

livftvv i| n| hdek|` ie n srdvde|n|ime |m FNH n| |`dir neetnhadrin ld hibrmv (bmmg anir) (Liz

23>>)%

\`d Rdvsmevd

Sm|dhv srmvdft|ime {nv {ildhy rdsmr|dl ie |`d Nrkde|ied en|imenh jdlin nv {dhh nv bdiek

fmqdrdl by ed{vsnsdrv ie Arnefd nel Vsnie nel |`d srdvilde| ma FNH {nv amrfdl |m ldadel |`d

nf|ime {ìhd i| {nv v|ihh sdeliek |m n omtrenhiv| {ri|iek amr |`d Nrkde|ied lnihy ed{vsnsdr Fhnrie?

"Dvn hdy W>>%;26Z dpiv|d snrn srm|dkdr hn srmltffie fth|trnh% Hn Fjnrn |ided ten nffie fme|ietn ld

ldadevn ldh ldrdf`m ld srmsidlnl ie|dhdf|tnh% Vie ldrdf`m ld srmsidlnl ie|dhdf|tnh em dpiv|d dlifie

smvibhd% Y frdm ~td jdemv hn smvibihilnl ld srmltffie ie|dhdf|tnh%">3 (@np 2339)

\`d {dhh*{mre nrktjde| |`n| fmsyrik`| iv dvvde|inh amr n flmtrivìek fth|trnh nel ie|dhhdf|tnh

vs`drd>> nel |`tv |`n| FNH nel mrkneivn|imev higd i| nrd nf|iek ie |`d stbhif ie|drdv| by vtssrdvv*

iek |`d ardd firfthn|ime ma fth|trnh jn|drinh iv nv {d {ihh vdd ie nbvmht|d mssmvi|ime |m |`d smvi*

;


8/44

|ime |ngde by Sm|dh nel I nrktd ne iefrdnviek etjbdr ma sdmshd ie Nrkde|ien {`m `nqd bdde

iefltdefdl by fmqdrnkd ma |`d fnvd% \`d vnjd nr|ifhd iefhtldl n fmjjde| hda| me Sm|dhv Anfd*

bmmg snkd by ne iefdevdl vtssmr|dr? Hm ~td dv|n vtfdlidelm dv te n|rmsdhhm n hn fth|trn fmjm

ldrdf`m `tjnem% Ten jtdv|rn mbvfden ld hmv jdfneivjmv ld fme|rmh qikihnefin y fnv|ikm% >2

\ìv v|n|djde| brmnlhy rdfldf|v stbhif vde|ijde|v nbmt| |`d fnvd nel |`d v`m{v `m{ i| v|ijthn|dl

n smsthnr fri|i~td ma |`d iev|i|t|imev ma sm{dr vtrrmteliek fmsyrik`|% Ldvsi|d |`d livjivvnh ma |`d

fnvd nkniev| Sm|dh |`d iefldpibihi|y ma Hdy >>%;26 {ìf` `nv bdde tvdl |m fmjsdh Nrkde|ied tei*

qdrvi|idv (iefhtliek Hnev) |m sny rmynh|idv |m FNH bnvdl me |`dir etjbdr ma v|tlde|v nel |`d

etjbdr ma s`m|mfmsidrv |`dy m{e (Rdiemvm 2339) rdjniev |`d vtbodf| ma {ildvsrdnl fmefdre

(Sdhnyn nel Vnehhmrde|i 23>3)%

Amr ne ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y fnvd rdhn|iek |m vtf` rnrddl fme|de| |m n||rnf| vtf` brmnl n||de*

|ime ie Nrkde|ien v`m{v I nrktd |`d djdrkdefd ma n livfmtrvd ma fth|trnh nffdvv nv atelnjde|nh

rik`| {ìf` kmdv bdymel di|`dr |rnli|imenh ildnv ma anir tvd mr fme|djsmrnry fmev|rtf|imev ma

msde nffdvv ie nfnldjif stbhivìek% Sm|dhv fnvd knqd rivd |m ne mehiedLdrdf`m n Hddr (Rik`|

|m Rdnl7 ldrdf`mnhddr%mrk) fnjsnike fhmvdhy nhhidl |m |`d ardd-msde vmtrfd vma|{nrd jmqdjde| ie

|`d fmte|ry {i|` |`d Atelnfime Qin Hibrd>6 (AQH) mrkneivn|ime |ngiek n hdnliek rmhd ie |`d fnj*

snike amr |`d f`nrkdv |m bd lrmssdl%

\m krnvs |`d vikeifnefd ma |ìv vtssmr| i| iv tvdath |m fmjsnrd Sm|dhv smvi|ime me |`d liv|ri*

bt|ime ma fmsyrik`| {mrgv {i|`mt| |`dir frdn|mrv mr stbhiv`drv fmevde| {i|` |`n| ma Hn{rdefd

Hdvvik amr {`mj |`d dhijien|ime ma sirnfy {ìf` rdshnfdv strf`nvdv iv brmnlhy n ldvirnbhd kmnh

(ia i| fne bd nfìdqdl {i|`mt| |mm nlqdrvd ne ijsnf| me jmrd dfmemjifnhhy bdedfinh amrjv ma

v`nriek) nel {`mvd nrktjde| iv vi|tn|dl rjhy {i|ìe |`d hibdrnh |rnli|ime ma ne dvvde|inhhy ienh*

idenbhd rik`| amr frdn|mrv |m fme|rmh |`d firfthn|ime ma |`dir {mrgv (Hdvvik 233


9/44

bdhm{ v`m{v AQH {nv {ihhiek |m lirdf|hy nlqmfn|d |`d v`nriek ma te|rnevamrjdl fmsyrik`| jn*

|drinhv (jdrd vfneeiek med jik`| vny ie Aif`|dne |drjv) n smvi|ime tehigdhy |m bd nlms|dl by

ney jnomr ardd vma|{nrd hmbby krmtsv ie |`d TV mr Dtrmsd kiqde |`dir fmjji|jde| |m |`d jnie*

|denefd ma n| hdnv| vmjd amrj ma nt|`mrinh fmsyrik`| ie jmv| firftjv|nefdv%

Ievdr| Aiktrd >? Kiqd n bmmg |m |`d ie|dred|? vfne i| nel tshmnl i| |m |`d ed|{mrg% Ie|dred| bneedr

Ldrdf`m n Hddr

Nhmek {i|` fmqdrnkd ie |`d fmte|ryv ed{vsnsdrv n| |`d |ijd |`d fnvd {nv livftvvdl dp|de*

viqdhy mehied nel dqde bdfnjd |`d amftv ma n |dhdqivime srmkrnj brmnlfnv| ie 23>>% N lrnjn|ivdl

rdeldriek ma |`d fnvd nffmjsneidl by n snedh livftvvime iefhtliek Sm|dh nel m|`dr jnomr ktrdv

ie |`d fmsyhda| jmqdjde| vtf` nv Bdn|riz Btvneif`d Dqdhie @dildh nel m|`drv {nv v`m{e me

|`d Jieiv|ry ma Dltfn|imev Fnenh Deftde|rm vdrqifd ie |`d vdridv Aihm( freifnv ld teiqdrvilnl>4 ie|m {`n| iv daadf|iqdhy mafinh stbhif

livfmtrvd%

Sm|dhv fnvd {nv livftvvdl me |`d \nriekn.>1 {db amrtj teldr |`d rtbrif ma De Nrkde|ien dv

hdknh vtbir nrfìqmv vie ldrdf`mv7 >;`nqiek rdsrmltfdl |`d de|ird |dp| ma |`d vmbrdvdijide|m

(livjivvnh) {i|` livftvvime ma `m{ |`d mt|fmjd vdrqdl |m srm|df| |`mvd v`nriek hdv amr ardd ie

Nrkde|ien |`d smv| fmefhtldl {i|` |`d dp`mr|n|ime |m nfmrln|d ~td Fmjsnr|ir Fth|trn em dv te

Frijde hn fth|trn em dv te bide ld fmevtjm ei sdr|dedfd n enlid >0(tvdr Knbd`Brn >9)% I|

{nv irmeifnhhy nhvm vtbodf| |m hdknh nf|ime by FNH ie 23>> {ìf` {nv {i|`lrn{e {`de |`d vi|d

nkrddl |m |ngd jmrd v|riekde| v|dsv |m rdjmqd hiegv |m sirn|d bmmgv nel m|`dr fme|de| nh*

|`mtk` em| bdamrd |`d bmnrl ma |`d Anfth|y ma Sìhmvms`y nel Hd||drv n| |`d Teiqdrvi|y ma Btdemv

Nirdv `nl dpsrdvvdl i|v teneijmtv mssmvi|ime |m |`d f`nrkdv jngiek rdadrdefd atr|`drjmrd |m

9


10/44

i|v dnrhidr dpsrdvvime ma vtssmr| amr Sm|dh nel ìv srmodf|23%

D|èmkrnsìdv ma Sirnfy

@nqiek fmevildrdl |`d anf|v ma |`d Sm|dh fnvd nel stbhif rdvsmevd |m i| ie brmnl |drjv i| {ihh

em{ bd tvdath |m fmevildr i| ie |`d fme|dp| ma n etjbdr ma rdfde| d|èmkrnsìdv ma sirnfy

{ìf` ldvfribd |`d amrjn|ime ma sirn|d (nel fmevtjdr) vtbodf| smvi|imev ie rdadrdefd |m |`d

(edm)hibdrnh mrldr ma fmsyrik`| nel m|`dr `dkdjmeif rdkijdv% Nv Fmhdjne smie|v mt| d|èmkrn*

sìdv ma mehied fmjjteifn|ime bm|` sirn|ifnh nel m|`dr{ivd `nqd bdfmjd n vi|d |`rmtk` {ìf`

|`d {nyv |`dvd |dfèmhmkidv `nqd bdfmjd fde|rnhhy ijshifn|dl ie fde|tridv*mhl ldbn|dv vtf` nv

|`mvd vtrrmteliek hibdrnh rik`|v sdrvme`mml nel iev|i|t|imenh kmqdrenefd fne bd dpnjiedl7 nv

v`d kmdv me |m em|d Jtf` ma |ìv vf`mhnrvìs iv fmefdredl {i|` |rnevamrjn|imev nv {dhh nv fme*

|ieti|idv {i|ìe hibdrnh nel Dehik`|dejde| ildnhv (Fmhdjne 23>3? ?

>3


11/44

23)% Ie |ìv qdie Lde| tvdathhy em|dv |`n|

teldrv|neliek sirnfy iv ijsmr|ne| bdfntvd i|v djdrkiek fde|rnhi|y |m edmhibdrnhivj fhnridv rdfde|

ldds*vdn|dl |rnevamrjn|imev ie dfmemjifv hn{ nel kmqdrejde|nhi|y% I| fhnridv |`d amrjv ma

vtbodf|iqi|y nqnihnbhd |m srmltfdrv liv|ribt|mrv nel btydrv {`m snr|ifisn|d ie fmevtjdr

dfmemjidv% (Lde| 23>2? 63)

I| iv |`d {nyv ie {ìf` Sm|dhv srmodf| fne bd vdde nv n fme|ribt|ime |m |ìv rdsdr|mird ma vtb*

odf|iqi|idv |`n| {ihh bd |`d amftv ie |ìv snsdr%

\`d d|èmkrnsìdv {ìf` {ihh bd fmevildrdl ie |ìv rdqid{ fne nhh I |ìeg bd hmfn|dl {i|ìe n

hibdrnh livfmtrvd ie {ìf` |`d ihhdki|ijnfy ma tent|`mrivdl fmsyiek iv |m n krdn|dr mr hdvvdr dp*

|de| ijshifi|hy nffds|dl by i| v`mthl bd bmred ie jiel bm|` |`d d|èmkrns`drv nel |`dir vtb*

odf|v% \`dvd v|tlidv nllrdvv |{m liv|ief| amrjv ma sirnfy? |`d smhi|ifv ma sddr*|m*sddr hd v`nriek

vsdfifnhhy |`d smsthnr V{dliv`*rte Bi|\mrrde| vi|d \`d Sirn|d Bny me med `nel nel me |`d

m|`dr |`d rdhn|imevìs bd|{dde |`d |rnld ie sirn|d jdlin nel |`d hdki|ijn|d jnrgd|% I el `m{*

dqdr |`n| edi|`dr ma |`dvd djs`nvdv iv de|irdhy nssrmsrin|d ie n rdnliek ma |`d Sm|dh fnvd {ìf` iv

vdevi|iqd |m bm|` |`d smhi|ifnh ~tnhi|y ma ìv srmodf| nel |`d rdqivime ma |`d d|ìfv ma fmsyiek

{ìf` `d srmsmvdv%

\`d tent|`mrivdl livvdjien|ime ma bmmgv `nv bdde |`d vtbodf| ma rn|`dr hdvv livftvvime |`ne

jtvif sirnfy% V|mbnr| livftvviek |`d |rnevamrjn|imev {ìf` `nqd bdde vdde ie |`d Bmhiqine

jtvif ieltv|ry ieqmhqiek bm|` |`d djdrkdefd ma n |rneven|imenh |rnld ie sirn|dl jdlin nel |`d

ldjmfrn|ivn|ime ma nffdvv |m jtvif srmltf|ime anfihi|idv mbvdrqdv |`n| njmek ìv ieamrjne|v

jtvif sirnfy {nv srdvde|dl ie |drjv ma nffdvv |m gem{hdlkd nel fth|trd nel rdhn|dl |m bmmg

nel vma|{nrd sirnfy me {ìf` |`d en|imenh dfmemjy nel dltfn|ime vyv|dj nrd ìk`hy ldsdelde|

(V|mbnr| 23>3? 43)% \`d srnf|ifdv `d ldvfribdv nrd fde|rdl me |`d rdsrmltf|ime ma fmsidv ma hmfnh

jtvif amr vnhd ie |`d rdkime7 {ìhd |`drd iv fhdnrhy n smhi|ifnh lijdevime |m |ìv amrj ma sirnfy i|

>>


12/44

iv srijnrihy ie |`d edkm|in|ime ma en|imenh ilde|i|idv ie |`d frmvv*bmrldr |rnld V|mbnr| ldvfribdv%

Sdr`nsv ltd |m |`d ldjm|if f`nrnf|dr ma |`d jdlin ie ~tdv|ime nel |`tv |`d hnfg ma |rneven|imenh

deamrfdjde| daamr|v |`drd iv hi||hd livftvvime ma |`d khmbnh fmsyrik`| rdkijd ie ìv nr|ifhd% \ìv

amrj ma rdhn|iqdhy vjnhh*vfnhd fmjjdrfinh jtvif sirnfy `nv hi||hd ie fmjjme {i|` Sm|dhv srmodf|7

|`d rdhn|imevìs bd|{dde sirn|d nel fme|de| vdde `drd iv sdr`nsv jmrd nenhmkmtv |m |`d vi|tn|ime

ldvfribdl by Hn{rdefd Hinek ie Ielin {`drd nv `nv ìv|mrifnhhy bdde |`d fnvd ie Nrkde|ien nel

|`rmtk`mt| jtf` ma |`d khmbnh Vmt|` |`d s`m|mfmsyiek ma |dp|bmmgv nel m|`dr {mrgv (nel |`d

srmltf|ime ma sirn|d dli|imev ma bmmgv) iv lriqde by |`d vnjd dfmemjif anf|mrv |`n| Sm|dh fi|dv nv

n| hdnv| snr| ma |`d rn|imenhd amr ìv nf|iqi|idv bt| fde|rdv me |`d rdsrmltf|ime ma {mrgv amr |`d

srm| ma |`d fmsidr (Hinek 23>3)%

Sirnfy ie |`d ldqdhmsiek {mrhl iv ard~tde|hy f`nrnf|drivdl nv ne nsmhi|ifnh s`demjdeme nv

{d vn{ ie Fmhdjnev mbvdrqn|ime nbmqd% Hnrgie ie ìv d|èmkrns`y ma qildm sirnfy ie Eikdrin

fhnijv |`n| Sirnfy iv emeildmhmkifnh ie |`n| i| lmdv em| rdsrdvde| n vdha*fmevfimtv smhi|ifnh mssm*

vi|ime |m fnsi|nhivj i| iv em| n giel ma |nf|ifnh jdlin (Hnrgie 233


13/44

idv ma sirnfy Hnrgie fmjsnrdv |`d tent|`mrivdl fmsyiek ma qildm {mrgv |m |`d 9 arntl

vf`djdv amr {ìf` Eikdrin `nv bdfmjd ieanjmtv fhnijiek |`n| Higd 9 sirnfy msdrn|dv nv n

fmrrts|ime ma fmjjteifn|imev iearnv|rtf|trdv |`n| ldqdhmsv i|v m{e firfti|v ma liv|ribt|ime tviek

mafinhhy mrkneizdl jdlin (296)% @d dpshniev |`n| by fmrrts|ime `d jdnev |`d sirn|iek ma n

vyv|djv jmld ma fmjjteifn|ime |`d qirtvdv |`n| n||nf` |m m|`dr gielv ma mafinh mr rdfmkeizdl

jmqdjde|% [ìhd |ìv jny bd n anir ldvfris|ime ma |`d sdrfds|ime ma sirnfy by mafinh mr rdf*

mkeizdl iev|i|t|imev (iefhtliek med jik`| dpsdf| FNH mr DlJ) i| iv fhdnrhy n| mllv {i|` |`d

smr|rnynh ma |`d rdhn|imevìs bd|{dde |`d stbhivìek ieltv|ry nel stbhif ie|dhhdf|tnh hiad iefhtl*

iek |`d iev|i|t|ime ma |`d teiqdrvi|y {ìf` {d el ie Sm|dhv livfmtrvdv%

Lde|v v|tly ma sirnfy firfthn|mry hdki|ijnfy nel edmhibdrnh vtbodf|iqi|y ie n Brnzihine ie*

|drimr |m{e fne nhvm bd hmfn|dl {i|ìe |ìv lif`m|mjmtv hmkif ma hdki|ijnfy% Nv {i|` V|mbnr| nel

Hnrgie ìv amftv iv me |`d vtbodf|iqi|idv smvvibhd {i|ìe |`d fme|djsmrnry fnsi|nhiv| dfmemjy

rn|`dr |`ne me teldrv|neliek tent|`mrivdl fmsyiek nv n smhi|ifnh rdvsmevd |m lmjiene| rdkijd ma

ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y hn{ i|v fmhmeinh nvvmfin|imev em|{i|`v|neliek% Lde| fhnijv |`n| |`d ieqdv|*

jde| ma |`d sirn|d {i|` n qi|nh (ia edkn|iqd) rmhd ie |`d jngiek ma |`d qir|tmtv fmevtjdr srmltfdv

n liv|ief| amrj mavshi| vtbodf|iqi|y ie {ìf` n edmhibdrnh d|ìf ma nfftjthn|ime dpiv|v ie

fme|rnlif|mry rdhn|ime |m |`d jnrgd| ie sirn|d s`yvifnh fmsidv ma liki|nh kmmlv%

Edmhibdrnh vtbodf|v Lde| nvvdr|v nrd rd~tirdl |m sdrji| fmjjmli|idv |m vikeiay mehy ie

|drjv ma |`dir firfthn|mry hdki|ijnfy% N| |`d vnjd |ijd `m{dqdr |`dy nrd nvgdl |m bty nv f`dnshy

nv smvvibhd (Lde| 23>2? 6


14/44

hiji|iek ie i|v ldsdeldefd me vtf` jneiadv|hy ildmhmkifnh fmev|rtf|imev ma hdki|ijn|ime% \`d

rmhd ma sirnfy ie n jnrgd| dfmemjy ie |ìv nffmte| iv dvvde|inhhy |m rdieamrfd |`d `dkdjmeif

hmkif ma firfthn|mry hdki|ijnfy%

\`tv anr |`d amrjv ma sirnfy {ìf` `nqd bdde fmevildrdl `nqd bdde {`n| I {mthl |drj ieli*

rdf|hy smhi|ifnh ie rdfmkei|ime ma |`d ienld~tnfidv ma rdhdkn|iek |`dj |m |`d nsmhi|ifnh% Ie v`nrs

fme|rnv| |`d nf|iqi|idv ma |`d V{dliv` krmts rdvsmevibhd amr \`d Sirn|d Bny (\SB) `nqd em| vtr*

sriviekhy kiqde |`d krmtsv de|ry ie|m snrhinjde|nry smhi|ifv ie V{dlde nel dhvd{`drd bdde fme*

vildrdl nv n jmrd dpshifi|hy ia em| de|irdhy fmeqde|imenhhy smhi|ifnh amrfd2>% \`d |drjv ie {ìf`

|`dir nkdeln `nv bdde f`nrnf|drivdl nrd emed|`dhdvv srmkrdvviqd rn|`dr |`ne rnlinh ievmanr nv

d|èmkrns`drv `nqd ldvfribdl |`d vi|d nv n hmftv ma |`d livftrviqd fme|dv|n|ime ma hibdrnh ildnv ma

arddlmj nel sdrvmenh nt|memjy% \ìv iv fhdnr armj |`d fhnij |`n|

Ie srmqiliek shn|amrjv amr v`nriek nel amr qmifiek livvde| |m{nrlv |`d dv|nbhiv`dl de|dr|niejde|

ieltv|ry |`d iefrdnviek nt|memjy kniedl by |`dvd sirn|ifnh nf|mrv Wi%d% |`d nljieiv|rn|mrv ma \`d Sirn|d

BnyZ bdfmjdv jmrd ngie |m |`d fmefds| ma smvi|iqd hibdr|y |`ne |m n strdhy edkn|iqd rdnf|iqd

med% (Neldrvvme 2339? 1


15/44

fmeqdeidefd nel sdrvmenh krn|ifn|ime yd| |`d ieliqiltnh nkdefy ma |`dvd tvdrv bdfmjdv tvtrsdl nv

snr| ma |`d {ildr nfftjthn|dl msdrn|imev ie |`dvd jnfrm*nf|mrv v|rn|dkif knjdv% (96)

Nh|`mtk` i| jny bd |rdn|dl nv d~tiqnhde| ie hn{ ie jy nenhyviv |`d liaadrdefdv bd|{dde |`d

smhi|ifnh vikeifnefd ma fmsyiek ie |ìv vfdenrim nel |`d Sm|dh fnvd nrd nv |ìv v|n|djde| jngdv

fhdnr srmamtel? tehigd |`d liv|ribt|dl nel kdedrnhhy nemeyjmtv v`nriek ma Bi|\mrrde| ed|{mrgv

|`d {mrg ma livvdjien|ime Sm|dh deknkdl ie {nv bm|` fhdnrhy |rnfdnbhd |m ìj nel lil em| rd~tird

|`d snr|ifisn|ime ma (mr rivg tvtrsiek |`d nkdefy ma) |`mvd {`m nffdvvdl |`d |dp|v% \`d amrj ma

deknkdjde| {i|` |`d smhi|ifnh ldvfribdl ie |`d fnvd ma \SB iv `m{dqdr ~ti|d liaadrde| armj |`n|

vdde ie |`d amrjv ma fmjjdrfinh sirnfy ldvfribdl by Lde| V|mbnr| nel Hnrgie%

[ìhd |`d qnv| jnomri|y ma |`d jihhimev ma tvdrv {`m v`nrd hdv tviek \SB lm em| lded |`dir

nf|iqi|y ie dpshifi|hy smhi|ifnh |drjv |`rdn|v ma nf|ime nkniev| |`d vi|d mr n||nfgv me ie|dred| ardd*

lmj ie kdedrnh emed|`dhdvv |del |m srmjm|d mffnvimenh nf|iqivj (;2) {`de |`d vi|d fmjdv

teldr hdknh n||nfg% Th|ijn|dhy |`mtk` ie Neldrvvmev nenhyviv i| iv em| ne ne|i*fmjjdrfinh mr

dqde ne|i*fmrsmrn|d msdrn|ime? i| iv rn|`dr ne nh|dren|iqd jdnev ma t|ihiviek |`d ed{ sm|de|inhi|idv

ie |`d iearnv|rtf|trdv mtr fmjst|drv nrd dejdv`dl ie (03)% Ie |ìv rdvsdf| I nrktd |`d vtbodf|

smvi|ime ma |`mvd ieqmhqdl ie sddr*|m*sddr ed|{mrgiek iv rn|`dr livvijihnr |m |`n| |ngde by Sm|dh

(mr amr |`n| jn||dr tvdrv ma ìv vi|d) nh|`mtk` |`drd nrd vmjd mbqimtv vijihnri|idv ie |`d {ny

liki|nh |dfèmhmkidv nrd fmev|rtf|dl ie bm|` livfmtrvdv% Sm|dh `nv ne dpshifi|hy ne|i*fmrsmrn|d

(stbhivìek) nkdeln nv {d {ihh vdd nel tvdrv ma ìv vi|dv nrd em| higd |`d jdjbdrv ma |`d

v{nrjv ma \SB vtbodf| |m |`d fm*ms|n|ime Neldrvvme ldvfribdv% \`d amrj ma v|rn|dkif vmqdr*

dike|y {ìf` Neldrvvme nvvmfin|dv {i|` \SB iv nv {d {ihh vdd liv|ief| armj |`d rmhd {ìf` Sm*

|dh amhhm{iek Ldrriln deqivnkdv amr |`d teiqdrvi|y mr ielddl m|`dr vi|dv ma fth|trnh firfthn|ime

nel Sm|dhv fri|i~td ma |`d stbhivìek ieltv|ry iv sdr`nsv dqde brmnldr ie i|v ijshifn|imev |`ne |`d

sddr*|m*sddr jmqdjde|v nvvnth| me |`d jtvif hj nel vma|{nrd ieltv|ridv%

>4


16/44

Ldfmev|rtf|ime( `dkdjmey nel |`d fri|i~td ma fmsyrik`|

Ldrrilnv {mrg `nv dpdr|dl fmevildrnbhd iefltdefd ie vmjd vs`drdv ma rnlifnh smhi|ifnh |`dmry

jmv| srmjiede|hy sdr`nsv |`rmtk` |`d {mrg ma Dredv|m Hnfhnt nel F`ne|nh Jmtaad bt| nhvm

ie |`d {mrg ma fme|djsmrnry fri|ifnh hdknh |`dmriv|v iefhtliek Lrtvihhn Fmredhh% I| `nv i| v`mthl

bd smie|dl mt| nhvm bdde rmtelhy livjivvdl by m|`drv nv ds`djdrnh nel ienld~tn|d nv n bnviv

amr smhi|ifnh nf|ime (Edkri 2334)22%

Nh|`mtk` Sm|dh ìjvdha jngdv em rdadrdefd |m Hnfhnt nel Jmtaadv {mrg |`d f`nrnf|drivn*

|ime ma fmsyrik`| nv n `dkdjmeif rdkijd (|`d vtbodf| ma jtf` ma |`dir {mrg) nv ie n etjbdr ma

|`d d|èmkrnsìdv livftvvdl nbmqd nel ie |`d {mrg ma nhh bt| |`d jmv| fmevdrqn|iqd vf`mhnrv ma

ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y hn{ iv mqdrld|drjiedl% Rmvdjnry Fmmjbd jngdv dpshifi| |`d rdsrdvviqdhy

fmevdrqn|iqd |dhmv {ìf` `nv f`nrnf|drivdl |ìv rdkijd armj i|v iefds|ime ie dnrhy jmldre

Dtrmsd?

Fmsyrik`| nel i|v ndv|`d|if livftrviqd vtssmr|v {drd |dfèi~tdv amr jnenkiek |`d vtbqdrviqd

sm|de|inh ma srie| |dfèmhmkidv nel amr jnie|nieiek bmtrkdmiv `dkdjmeidv ie |`d anfd ma |`d

mssmr|tei|idv |dp|tnhi|y naamrldl amr |`d dpsrdvviqd nr|ifthn|imev nvsirn|imev nel ne|nkmeivjv ma

m|`drv% (Fmmjbd >990? 24;)

\`tv |`d fme|rmh ma |`d firfthn|ime ma ildnv |`rmtk` |`d fme|rmh ma |`d firfthn|ime ma |`dir

jn|drinh stbhif amrjv by |`d livftrviqd rdkijd ma fmsyrik`| nel nt|`mrvìs `nv nh{nyv `nl n

shnfd nhmekvild |`d jmrd mv|devibhy bdeike jm|iqdv ma srmjm|iek |`d frdn|ime ma ed{ {mrgv nel

|`d ldqdhmsjde| ma |`d stbhivìek ieltv|ry (nv ilde|idl {i|` hi|drnry fth|trd) ie |`d hmkif ma hib*

drnh ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y hn{% \m |`d dp|de| |`n| ney brdnf` ma |`dvd bmtrkdmiv `dkdjmeidv de*

nbhdv |`d M|`dr(dl |m knie nr|ifthn|mry nkdefy i| v`mthl I srmsmvd bd vdde nv smhi|ifnh%

Ie mrldr |m krnvs |`d sm|de|inh amr |`d hmkif ma ldfmev|rtf|ime |m vdrqd nv n |mmh by {ìf` |`dvd

v|rtf|trdv nel |`d ied~tnhi|idv |`dy srmltfd fne bd daadf|iqdhy fri|i~tdl {d v`mthl rv| rdfnhh

>1


17/44

|`n| Hnfhnt nel Jmtaad |`djvdhqdv v|rdvv |`n|

Ie mrldr |m `nqd `dkdjmey |`d rd~tirdjde| iv |`n| dhdjde|v {`mvd m{e en|trd lmdv em| srdld|drjied

|`dj |m de|dr ie|m med |ysd ma nrrnekdjde| rn|`dr |`ne nem|`dr( edqdr|`dhdvv fmnhdvfd nv n rdvth| ma ne

dp|drenh mr nr|ifthn|iek srnf|ifd% \`d qivibihi|y ma |`d nf|v ma mrikienry iev|i|t|ime * ie |`dir vsdfif

fme|iekdefy * iv ie |ìv rdvsdf| |`d rd~tirdjde| ma ney `dkdjmeif amrjn|ime% (Hnfhnt nel Jmtaad

233> ? pii7 djs`nviv nlldl)

Hnfhnt vtkkdv|v |`n| |`drd nrd |{m lijdevimev ma fme|djsmrnry livftvvimev ma |`d smhi|ifnh

ie {ìf` |`d jd|`ml ma ldfmev|rtf|ime iv snr|ifthnrhy srmltf|iqd? |`d em|ime ma |`d smhi|ifnh nv

|`d iev|i|t|iek jmjde| ma vmfid|y (>) nel Vihbdy

(2330) ma |`d jy|` ma |`d ieliqiltn|dl frdn|iqd kdeitv nel |`dir ienhidenbhd rdhn|ime |m |`d |dp|

{ìf` hidv |`d rmm| ma |`d hmkif ma fmsyrik`|%

Liki|izn|ime nel |`d Ldn|` ma |`d Nt|`mr

Amhhm{iek |`d hibdrnh hmkif armj Aif`|d (>;96) |m Hdvvik (233;


18/44

dqdr |`dir otv|ifn|ime nffmrliek |m |ìv hmkif sirn|dv {`m jdrdhy rdsrmltfd {i|`mt| srmltfiek

nrd tenbhd |m v`dl |`d ihhdknh dpfdvvdv |m denbhd |`dj |m shny n rmhd mr bdfmjd n snr| ma |`d rd*

fmev|i|t|dl stbhif lmjnie (Hinek 2339? >4)% Sm|dhv srmodf| iv ie |`dvd |drjv teldeinbhy sirn|i*

fnh267 `m{dqdr |`d rdhn|imevìs {ìf` `d smvi|v bd|{dde |`d vtbodf| nel |`d rdsrmltfibhd |dp| n

fth|trnh amrj {ìf` by i|v fth|trnhi|y `nv ie Sm|dhv hmkif em nt|`mr iv med {ìf` iv ~ti|d liv*

|ief| armj |`mvd vdde bd|{dde srmltfdrv nel fmevtjdrv ma sirn|d kmmlv mr mehied hd |rnldrv ie

|`d d|èmkrnsìdv rdqid{dl `drd%

\`d ~tdv|ime ma nt|`mrvìs nel sirnfy `nv bdde nllrdvvdl |`rmtk` ne dp|deldl ldqdhmsjde|

ma |`d Amtfnthline fri|i~td ma nt|`mrvìs by Gnqi|n Sìhis {`m srmsmvdv ne nenhyviv fde|rdl me

|`d vm*fnhhdl sirn|d atef|ime nenhmkmtv |m |`d nt|`mr atef|ime Amtfnth| ldvfribdv (Amtfnth|

>90


19/44

ma {`d|`dr |`d vi|d {nv `nrjath |m |`d livvdjien|ime ma Ldrrilnv |`mtk`| iv mbqimtvhy ie*

|devdhy fme|dv|dl kiqde DlJv dpshifi| fhnij |`n| |`d vi|d {nv `nrjath |m |`d liaatvime ma Ldr*

rilnv |`mtk`|% I {ihh `m{dqdr fmevildr |`d brmnldr ijshifn|imev ma |ìv livst|d vmjd{`n| hn|dr%

I| iv emed|`dhdvv tvdath |m em|d n| |ìv smie| |`n| ie ìv hn|dr (23>3) dvvny Ftdv|imedv ld @drdefin

Sm|dh nrktdv |`n| DlJv nrktjde| {ìf` {d jny vdd nv dpdjshnry ma (edm)hibdrnh hmkif ie ìv

dydv n| hdnv| iv bnvdl me n fmefds|ime ma \`d \`mtk`| ma Onf~tdv Ldrriln nv n tei|nry mbodf|

{ìf` nh|`mtk` ldadeldl by |`d amrfdv ma hn{ iv teldr |`rdn| armj i|v tefme|rmhhdl liaatvime%

Amr Sm|dh |ìv fmev|rif|ime nel hmfnhivn|ime ma Ldrrilnv |`mtk`| ldeidv |`d smvvibihi|y ma ìv

vtrqiqnh?

Smr~td de dvmv |dp|mv n hmv ~td emv edknjmv n hhnjnr mbrnv dv| hn vtrqid ld Onf~tdv Ldrriln dh

htknr ld lmeld vnhde |mlmv vtv ane|nvjnv dh htknr ld hn ieadffie dh jdlim ld |rnevjivie ld |ne|mv y

|ne|mv ane|nvjnv nfmvnlmrdv |mlmv hhnjnlmv Onf~tdv Ldrriln y eiektem iktnh nh m|rm%24(23>37

djs`nviv nlldl)

Ie ìv djs`nviv me |`d eddl amr |`dvd |dp|v |m firfthn|d nel frtfinhhy |m bdmsde |m rdfmliek

nel |`d srmhiadrn|ime ma liaadrdefd ie mrldr amr Ldrriln |m vtrqiqd Sm|dh jngdv ne d|ìfnh fhnij

med nvsdf| ma {ìf` fmthl bd vdde nv vmjd{`n| vijihnr |m |`d ldadefd jnld by nfimenlmv ma

m|`dr fth|trnh amrjv {`m fmsy |`dj {i|`mt| nt|`mrivn|ime ie mrldr |m srdvdrqd |`dj amr smv|dri*

|y21% \ìv fmev|rtf|ime ma Ldrrilnv srdvdefd ie nel |`rmtk` |`dvd |dp|v iv nv liv|ief|iqd ie

fmjsnrivme |m m|`dr ldadefdv ma sirnfy nv i| iv nhikedl {i|` Ldrrilnv m{e smvi|imev% I| iv

jmrdmqdr |ysifnh ma Sm|dhv nssrmsrin|ime ma |`d ldfmev|rtf|iqd jd|`ml |m ldjmev|rn|d |`d nb*

vtrli|y ma |`d f`nrkdv `d anfdl bnvdl me |`d ieqnhili|y ma |`d `dkdjmeif srdjivdv ma |`d ienh*

idenbhd rik`|v ma |`d nt|`mr |m |`d ie`dri|nefd ma |`dir {mrg by |ngiek Ldrrilnv fri|i~td ma

fmsyrik`| atr|`dr nv {d v`nhh vdd |`ne Ldrriln ìjvdha%

I| iv ijsmr|ne| |m em|d |`n| i| iv fdr|inehy em| jy strsmvd `drd |m dqnhtn|d Sm|dhv srmodf|

>9


20/44

nkniev| n Ldrrildne d|ìfv (ielddl em ani|àth rdnliek ma Ldrrilnv {mrg {mthl defmtrnkd vtf`

ne deldnqmtr) emr |m deknkd ie ne dp|deldl dpdkdviv ma |`d liqdrkdefdv bd|{dde Ldrrilnv m{e

liqdrvd fmjjde|nridv me |`d liki|nh |dp| fmsyrik`| nel vm amr|` nel Sm|dhv m{e% Mehy |`rmtk`

ne n||de|iqd rdnliek ma Ldrrilnv {mrg nhmekvild Sm|dhv nt|mfri|i~td `m{dqdr fne {d livfdre

|`d smie|v n| {ìf` Sm|dh teldr|ngdv {`n| I teldrv|nel nv ma|de ìk`hy smhi|ifnhhy v|rn|dkif liqdr*

vimev armj Ldrrilnv smvi|imev2;%

Smhifiek |`d vfded ma rdnliek

I {ihh em| fhnij |`d fmsyrik`| bdfntvd th|ijn|dhy Wde ldreidrd iev|nefdZ |`drd iv nh{nyv n smhifd nel n

|ribtenh rdnly |m ie|drqded dnf` |ijd |`n| n rthd Wfmev|i|t|iqd mr rdkthn|iqd qdr|ifnh mr em|Z iv ieqmgdl

ie n fnvd ieqmhqiek Viken|trdv dqde|v mr fme|dp|v%%% Ia |`d smhifd iv nh{nyv {ni|iek ie |`d {iekv i| iv

bdfntvd fmeqde|imev nrd by dvvdefd qimhnbhd nel srdfnrimtv ie |`djvdhqdv nel by |`d f|imenhi|y |`n|

fmev|i|t|dv |`dj dqde bdamrd |`drd `nv bdde ney mqdr| |rnevkrdvvimeI v`nhh |`drdamrd em| fhnij n

fmsyrik`| bdfntvd |ìv de|ird jn||dr ma |`d smhifd jtv| bd rdfmevildrdl nel em| jdrdhy ie n |`dmrd|ifnh

jneedr ia med lmdv em| {ne| |`d smhifd |m bd mjeism|de| (Ldrriln >9;;? >347 ievdr|imev nv ie

[dbdrv |rnevhn|ime)

Ievdr| Aiktrd 2? Fmsyrik`| em|ifd armjHiji|dl Ief

Ldrrilnv rdatvnh |m fhnij |`d fmsyrik`| |m |`d nrktjde|v jnld ie Viken|trd( Dqde|( Fme*

|dp|( {ìf` `d nfftvdl Omè Vdnrhd ma strhmieiek ne nr|ifhd {ìf` Vdnrhd vtbvd~tde|hy rdatvdl |m

nhhm{ Ldrrilnv stbhiv`drv |`d rik`| |m rdsrie|20 iv bnvdl me ìv fri|i~td ma |`d ijjnedefd ma

v|n|d amrfd |m ney fnvd ieqmhqiek Viken|trdv% Yd| nv |`d nf|tnh fmsyrik`| em|ifd armj Hiji|dl

Ief v`m{v Ldrrilnv m{e fri|i~td ma fmsyrik`| lil em| dp|del |m n {ihhiekedvv |m nblifn|d ìv

m{e lrmi| lnt|dtr29 ie n hdknh vdevd? |`d Viken|trd ma |`d nt|`mr fme|ietdv ie |`d jn|drinh liv*

vdjien|ime ma |ìv [mrg n| hdnv| |m fnhh |`d smhifd |m |`d vfded ma rdnliek |m srdvdrqd |`d qimhn*

bhd nel srdfnrimtv fmeqde|ime ma fmsyrik`|%

Sm|dhv fri|i~td ma ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y hn{ `nv i|v bnviv ie |`d fhnij |`n| fmsyrik`| edfdvvnr*

23


21/44

ihy ijshidv ne ijjnede| |`rdn| ma qimhdefd amr |`d v|rtf|trnh teldfilnbihi|y nel qmhn|ihi|y ma |`d

nt|`mr atef|ime ie rdhn|ime |m |`d |dp| ldjnelv |`d bnfgiek ma |`d viken|trd by |`d qdry amteln*

|imenh qimhdefd Ldrriln dpsmvdv ie Amrfd ma Hn{% Ie |ìv dvvny Ldrrilnv rdnliek ma Bdeonjiev

Fri|i~td ma Qimhdefd Hdqienv d|ìfnh sìhmvms`y nel |`d jmldre Dtrmsdne hibdrnh hdknh |rnli|ime

briekv |`d liv|ief|ime bd|{dde lrmi|(rik`|-hn{) nel otv|ifd |m |`d amrd7 ie vijshd |drjv ìv smvi*

|ime iv |`n|

\m bd otv| |`d ldfivime ma n otlkd amr dpnjshd jtv| em| mehy amhhm{ n rthd ma hn{ mr n kdedrnh hn{

bt| jtv| nhvm nvvtjd i| nssrmqd i| fmerj i|v qnhtd by n rdiev|i|t|iek nf| ma ie|drsrd|n|ime nv ia

th|ijn|dhy em|ìek srdqimtvhy dpiv|dl ma |`d hn{ nv ia |`d otlkd ìjvdha ieqde|dl |`d hn{ ie dqdry

fnvd% (>992? 91>)

I| iv ie rdqdnhiek |`d anf| |`n| |`d rdv|rif|iqd rdkijd ma fmsyrik`| (lrmi| lnt|dtr) snr|ift*

hnrhy ie Nrkde|ien {`drd nv {d `nqd vdde |`d hn{ jngdv em dpfds|imev amr anir tvd fneem| bd

otv|nffmrliek |m |ìv v|nelnrl |`n| Sm|dhv m{e ldfmev|rtf|iqd v|rn|dky iv sdr`nsv jmv| daadf|iqd%

Ia |`d srdvdefd ma |`d smhifd |`d te~tdv|imeiek deamrfdrv ma hn{ ie |`d {iekv ma |`d vfded ma

rdnliek iv fri|ifnh |m |`d jnie|denefd ma |`d mrldr ma fmsyrik`| i| iv fhdnr |`n| |`d hdknh amrfd ma

|`d nt|`mr atef|ime ldsdelv me n otv|ifd |`n| iv em| otv|? nv |`d stbhivìek ieltv|ry ie Sm|dhv

rdnliek vddgv |m ijsmvd viekthnri|y me \`d \`mtk`| ma Onf~tdv Ldrriln vm |`d `dkdjmeif rd*

kijd ma fmsyrik`| vddgv {i|` iefrdnviek qikmtr |m amrdv|nhh ney rd*dqnhtn|ime ma |`d otv|ifd ma

|`d dv|nbhiv`dl hibdrnh mrldr%

Rdvsmevibihi|y na|dr hn{? Sm|dhv d|ìfv ma rdnliek

Ie vmjd{`n| fntv|if |drjv Sm|dh lrn{v n||de|ime |m |`d iefmeviv|defidv bd|{dde |`d smv|*

jmldre fri|i~td ma |`d nt|`mr atef|ime ie Ardef` fri|ifnh |`dmry me med `nel nel |`d edmhibdrnh

ieviv|defd me |`d sdrviv|defd ma |`d nt|`mrv fmjjdrfinh rik`|v {ìf` f`nrnf|drivdv |`d r`d|mrif

(em| |m jde|ime hdknh v|rn|dkidv) ma stbhiv`drv ma |`dir {mrg vi|tn|iek ìv smhi|ifnh fri|i~td ie li*

2>


22/44

rdf| fmeotef|ime |m ìv jmv| tenjbiktmtv (nel med jik`| kiqde i|v nlms|ime by Nrkde|ied ie|dr*

ed| tvdrv dqde nrktd smsthiv|) rdldei|ime ma fth|trnh nt|`mri|y?

Hn fth|trn dh fmemfijide|m hn |rnlifie em vme hn mbrn ld nt|mrdv% Dv ftrimvm ~td hmv jivjmv

vdmrdv ~td `ne |drjienlm fme hnv ildnv ihtv|rnlnv ldh vtod|m hibrd y vmbdrnem snrn qdeldremv dh vtod|m

vtod|nlm nh fmevtjm nsdhde n hn jd|navifn ld hn vtbod|iqilnl n hn `mrn ld btvfnr jv liedrm% Dv

ftrimvm ~td hm `nkne de dv|d fnvm yn ~td |ne|m @dildkkdr fmjm Ldrriln vd `ne mstdv|m n dv|n ildn ld

ten vtbod|iqilnl frdnlmrn fmjm mrikde y fntvn ld hn Mbrn m Dh Hibrm%63 (Sm|dh 23>3)

\ìv dpsmvtrd ma |`d fme|rnlif|mry en|trd ma |`d edmhibdrnh edkn|ime ma ieliqiltnh vmqdrdike|y

(n| hdnv| amr |`mvd dpfhtldl armj |`d firfti|v ma khmbnh fnsi|nh) ie |`d anfd ma |`d sdrviv|defd ma |`d

jd|ns`yvifnh nt|`mr*vtbodf| ie |`d hmkif ma ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y hn{ defnsvthn|dv |`d dpshifi|hy

smhi|ifnh lijdevime ma Sm|dhv fri|i~td% Fhdnrhy `d jngdv jtf` ma |`d irmey ma |`d anf| |`n| `d

{nv f`nrkdl {i|` v`nriek {mrgv {ìf` |`djvdhqdv fri|i~td bm|` nt|`mrvìs nel fmsyrik`|% Ie*

lddl |`d ie|drshny ma |`d vdjim|if fme|de| ma |`d |dp|v Sm|dhv liv|ribt|iqd rdjdlin|ime ma |`dj

nel ìv ldadefd ma |ìv nf|ime iv |m n krdn| dp|de| |`d vmtrfd ma |`d viekthnr ~tnhi|y ma |ìv fnvd nv

n ìk`hy srmltf|iqd vi|d ma livftrviqd rdfmev|rtf|imev ma |`d vtbodf| ie rdhn|ime |m gem{hdlkd nel

|`d v|rtf|trdv ma sm{dr {ìf` fme|rmh nffdvv |m i|%

Armj n v|rif|hy hdknh sdrvsdf|iqd kiqde |`n| ~tdv|imev ma nt|`mrvìs (ie jd|ns`yvifnh nv {dhh

nv srnf|ifnh |drjv) {drd dpfhtldl |m |`d ldfivime |m livjivv |`d fnvd |ìv smie| iv nrktnbhy jnr*

kienh ia em| jmm|7 fmevildrdl ie ivmhn|ime armj Sm|dhv fmev|rtf|ime ma |`d vi|dv nel rdvsmevd |m

|`d f`nrkd ma sirnfy |`d rdhn|imevìs bd|{dde |`d fnvd nel |`d fme|de| ma |`d |dp|v iv i| jtv| bd

fmefdldl jdrdhy fmiefilde|nh% I srmsmvd `m{dqdr |`n| |ìv rdnliek anihv |m nllrdvv |`d {ny ie

{ìf` |`d fnvd `nv daadf|iqdhy bdde rd*fmldl by Sm|dh nv n ldjmev|rn|ime ma |`d d|ìfnh hiji|v ma

hibdrnhivj nel jmrd qi|nhhy nv |`d hmftv ma n rd*anvìmeiek ma |`d vmfinh vtbodf|iqi|idv ma nt|`mrv

nel rdnldrv%

22


23/44

Ie Sm|dhv ldfmev|rtf|iqd rdvsmevd |m ìv fnvd bm|` |`d iev|nbihi|y ma |`d rdhn|imevìs bd|{dde

Ldrriln ìjvdha nel |`d stbhivìek ieltv|ry nel |`d linhdf|ifnh rdhn|ime bd|{dde v`nriek nel |`d

nt|`mrv ie`dri|nefd nrd brmtk`| |m |`d amrd% Ie ìv rdadrdefd |m Ldrrilnv rdnliek ma med ma Snth

Fdhnev jmv| deikjn|if smdjv Sm|dh srmsmvdv n lddshy sdrvmenh rdhn|imevìs bd|{dde |`d rdnldr

nel nt|`mr med ie {ìf` bdnriek |`d |rnfdv bdfmjdv em| ne nf| ma dpsrmsrin|ime bt| med ma

hmqd nel ldlifn|ime?

Lid [dh| iv| amr|( if` jtvv lif` |rnkde( od lmiv |d smr|dr( ih jd ant| |d smr|dr ldbm |dekm dv edfdvnrim

hhdqnr|d de brnzmv fnrknr|d smr|nr|d nfdrjd fnrkm% Dv|d |rnkde em dv nsrmsinfie ei dpsrmsinfie y

rdvsmeld n hn ldhilnl iedh ~td emv `n vilm dpikiln hhdqnr nh m|rm fmjm hn jnlrd hhdqn n vt ìom smr

enfdr `nfdrvd fnrkm ld hnv fdeiznv sdrm snrn ~td hn `tdhhn vikn vt |rnzm vie e6> (2330? >4)%

Ie |`dvd {mrlv Sm|dh srmsmvdv n rdedkm|in|ime ma |`d rdhn|imevìs bd|{dde |`d {ri|iek nel

rdnliek vtbodf| (nel ma fmtrvd |`d liatvmr {`m |ngdv me |`d f`nrkd ma gddsiek |`d nt|`mr ie n

vdevd nhiqd |`rmtk` |`dir |dp|tnh |rnfdv) ie |drjv {ìf` fneem| bd d~tn|dl {i|` srmkrdvviqd ld*

jnelv amr |`d rdamrj ma fmsyrik`| hn{% Otv| nv amr Ldrriln Fdhnev |dp|

Wde|rtv|vZ i|vdha |m |`d fnrd ma |`d m|`dr |m mtr fnrd nel st|WvZ i|vdha vdfrd|hy {i|ìe |`d rnekd ma |`d

m|`dr Wnel |mZ bdnr |ìv smdj iv |m st| medvdha {i|ìe i|v krnvs |m st| i| {i|ìe |`d m|`drv krnvs |m

kiqd i| |m |`d m|`dr |m bdnr (Ldrriln 2334n? >49)

vm |mm amr Sm|dh |`d rdfds|ime ma Ldrrilnv |rnfdv ijsmvdv ne mbhikn|ime ma fnriek {ìf` ie

mssmvi|ime |m DlJv fhnij ma fmsyrik`| ijshidv nf|v ma livvdjien|ime nel rdfirfthn|ime%

[ìhd Sìhis fhnijv |`n| nh|`mtk`

n sirn|d*v|nelsmie| dsiv|djmhmky jik`| maadr n vdltf|iqd fri|i~td ma fmrsmrn|d vyv|djv ma sm{dr |`n|

vddj |m msdrn|d dqdr jmrd mssrdvviqdhy |`rmtk` khmbnh ed|{mrgv ma |rnld nel hdknhi|y i| {mthl hiji|

tv |m n vijshd srd*Amtfnthline jmldh ma sm{dr nv |rnevsnrde|hy nel jmemhi|ìfnhhy

rdsrdvviqd (Sìhis 2334)

I nrktd |`n| by |ngiek vdrimtvhy Sm|dhv ldfmev|rtf|iqd fri|i~td {d fne ie anf| nrriqd n| n

smv|*Amtfnthline fri|i~td ma em| mehy |`d nt|`mr atef|ime bt| nhvm ma |`d livfmtrvdv ma sm{dr nel

26


24/44

hdki|ijn|ime |`n| v`nsd |`d amrjn|ime ma fmvjmsmhi|ne hi|drnry vtbodf|v ie Nrkde|ien% Sm|dhv fri*

|i~td ma |`d nt|`mr atef|ime iv sdr`nsv n| |ijdv eniqd yd| |`d rdhn|imevìs `d smvi|v bd|{dde

nt|`mr nel rdnldr jdlin|dl |`rmtk` |`d f`nekiek jn|drinhi|y ma {`n| Ldrriln |drjv |`d vts*

smr| ma |`d |dp| iv fhdnrhy med {ìf` iv jmrd |`ne n vijshiv|if n||djs| |m livsmvd ma |`d d|ìfnh

srmbhdjv ma fmsyiek by drnviek |`d enjd ma |`d nt|`mr%

Snkd nel Vfrdde

\`d snkd rdjniev n vfrdde I| iv srijnrihy n ktrd ma snsdr (ma |`d bmmg mr fmldp) bt| |`d snkd

em{nlnyv fme|ietdv ie jney {nyv nel em| mehy jd|meyjifnhhy |m kmqdre n hnrkd etjbdr ma vtranfdv

ma ievfris|ime dqde {`drd |`d bmly ma snsdr iv em hmekdr |`drd ie sdrvme vm |m vsdng |`tv fme|ietiek

|m `nte| |`d fmjst|dr vfrdde nel nhh ie|dred| enqikn|imev ie qmynkdv ma nhh gielv% Dqde {`de {d {ri|d

me |`d fmjst|dr i| iv v|ihh {i|` n qid{ |m |`d enh srie|iek me snsdr {`d|`dr mr em| |ìv |ngdv shnfd%

(Ldrriln 2334b? 990? 4)% \ng*

iek |ìv v|n|djde| nv |`dir smie| ma ldsnr|trd Smqiedhhi nel Knmegnr fnhh amr ne deknkdjde| {i|`

|`dvd amrjv nv jmbihd qdf|mrv ma fth|trnh nel vmfinh ijnkienridv W{ìf` lmdv em| rdhyZ edfdvvnrihy me

jd|`mlv ma rdnliek ldriqdl armj |`d |rnli|imev ma |`d bmmg7 mr ia Wi| rd|niev jd|`mlvZ ldriqdl armj |`d

|rnli|imev ma |`d bmmg W{ìf` fneZ |m rdnlns| |`mvd |rnli|imev vm nv |m amrdkrmtel |`d vmfinh hiad ma |`d

amrj rn|`dr |`ne rdnliek vmfinh hiad maa ma i|% (2336? 60;)

I| iv {i|` |ìv ie jiel |`n| I {iv` |m nssrmnf` |`d srmbhdjn|ifv ma jn|drinhi|y ie Sm|dhv vtr*

sriviekhy smhi|ifnh fri|i~td ma |`d bmmg amrj% Nv vtf` I {iv` |m bm|` shnfd ìv srmodf| ie i|v ìv*

|mrifnh fme|dp| nel |m amrdkrmtel |`d fri|i~td `d srmsmvdv ma |`d ìk`hy rdv|rif|iqd vmfinh hiad ma

|`d snsdr bmmg amrj fme|rn |`d |rnevamrjn|iqd smvvibihi|idv ma |`d liki|nh |dp|%

Sm|dh ldvfribdv |`d dpfi|djde| `d adh| n| |`d |ijd `d v|nr|dl |m frdn|d |`d vi|dv ie qiqil |drjv?

2


25/44

Dh 22 ld lifidjbrd ld >999 enfi Eid|zvf`d de fnv|dhhnem `nfd yn >3 nmv7 |mln ten qiln de dv|mv

|idjsmv ld jt|nfimedv th|rn nfdhdrnlnv% Em `nbn bneln nef`n ei bhmkv ei Anfdbmmg ei vi~tidrn

Kmmkhd sdrm ym smln smr srijdrn qdz nffdldr n ten vdrid ld fme|deilmv ~td onjv sdev ~td smlrn

livart|nr y snrn fmhjm krn|iv.Hn ld Eid|zvf`d atd vdktiln smr @dildkkdr de fnv|dhhnem de 2333 y

Ldrriln de fnv|dhhnem de 233>%62 (23>3? 3 ie|drqid{ me |`d fnvd?

Hmv hibrmv ld hmvman de snsdh stbhifnlmv smr fmrsmrnfimedv ie|drenfimenhdv vme fnrmv y vtdhde

|dedr ten qiln brdqvijn7 vd stbhifne jty smfmv dodjshnrdv ld hmv ftnhdv hhdkne n etdv|rm snv ne

jdemv%66 (23>3?


26/44

@iv f`nrnf|drivn|ime ma |`d jn|drinhi|y ma sìhmvms`y bmmgv jnld ma snsdr nv fth|trnhhy nel

vsn|inhhy liv|ne| srmltfdl by nemeyjmtv ie|dren|imenh fmrsmrn|imev nel anfiek n sdrihmtv

omtredy |m |`d sdris`dry fme|rnv|v nft|dhy {i|` ìv qivime ma |`d ijjnede| smvvibihi|idv ma |`d

liki|nh |dp| nv ne djnefisn|mry |dfèmhmky ma livvdjien|ime% Sm|dh hn|dr smvi|v |`d |rnevamrjn|mry

amrfd ma liki|izn|ime nv ne d|ìfnh fhnij |m n fth|trnh ie`dri|nefd {ìf` rdviv|v nel |rnevfdelv

vsdfifn|ime nel iev|i|t|imenhizn|ime?

hn {db emv l hn smvibihilnl ld ieldsdeliznremv ld |t|mrdv y defnrknlmv y smldr nv dvfmkdr emvm|rmv

jivjmv etdv|rn `drdefin dv nhkm ~td smed |ne edrqimvnv n hnv fmrsmrnfimedv ld hmv ne|iktmv

liv|ribtilmrdv ld hn fth|trn6< (23>3?


27/44

(23>3? 91)

\`n| Sm|dh {iv`dv |m |ngd |`d bmmg mt| ma d*bmmg v`m{v em| mehy |`d lds|` ma ìv livlnie

amr srie| nv n |dfèmhmky {ìf` ltd |m |`d iedqi|nbhd vfnrfi|y ma i|v mt|st| srmltfdv ied~tnhi|y

ma nffdvv bt| nhvm |`d ijsmr|nefd ma |`d vdsnrn|ime ma |`d jn|drinh nel vdjim|if ie ìv fri|i~td ma

fmsyrik`| nel |`d stbhivìek ieltv|ry% Ie lmiek vm `d bm|` v|risv |`d srie|dl bmmg ma i|v ìk`hy

ieqdv|dl ntrn|if ~tnhi|y nel djs`nvivdv |`d |deldefy ma |`d (mqdr)qnhtiek ma |`d srdvdefd ma |`d

|nekibhd amrj ma |`d bmmg |m rdieamrfd `dkdjmeif rdv|rif|imev me nffdvv (n fri|i~td {ìf` fhdnrhy

df`mdv Bdeonjiev f`nrnf|drivn|ime ma jdf`neifnh rdsrmltfibihi|y nv n| hdnv| n sm|de|inhhy hibdrn*

|mry amrfd)61

% Amr Sm|dh |`d fmjst|dr vfrdde iv n vtssmr| amr |`d |dp| {ìf` iv arddl armj |`d rd*

kijd ma srie|iek? ìv fnvd fne I nrktd bdv| bd vdde nv n jmjde| ie |`d fme|ietiek edkm|in|ime ma

|`d hdknh nel d|ìfnh nsmrinv ie Ldrrilnv |drjiemhmky dpsdridefdl ie |`d |rnevi|ime armj |`d

bmmg nv sriefishd qdf|mr ma hi|drnry fth|trd |m n smv|*srie|iek drn%

Fmsyrik`| nel Fdevmrvìs

Em ldbdjmv ijsmedr etdv|rn nt|mrilnl nh |dp|m ~td srmltfijmv y nh jivjm |idjsm em ldbdjmv

sdrji|ir ~td vd hd ijsmekn ten ie|drsrd|nfie ~td fidrrd |mln ie|drsrd|nfie de te vde|ilm eifm% Sdrm

dv|d dodrfifim ld rdvsmevnbihilnl vmbrd hm lnlm dv|d |rn|nr ld dqi|nr ~td vd hm fmeqidr|n de te srdvde|d

deqdedenlm em dv y em vd ldbd fmeatelir fme dh fmsyrik`| dh snrnloifm ldrdf`m ld fmsin fmjm vi

nhktide stlidrn vdr ltdm ld hn i|drnbihilnl jn~teifn dv|n srd|devie n|nd n hmv ~td qiqde ld qdeldr

hibrmv ld snsdh y dv te srmbhdjn ld dhhmv srmbhdjn ld fmrsmrnfimedv ie|drenfimenhdv ~td lifth|ne

etdv|rm ldrdf`m nh nrfìqm%%% nhkm ldbdre fnjbinr hnv dli|mrinhdv nhkm ldbdre iefmrsmrnr ld hn Rdl

vi em hn strn rdnffie iejtei|nrin ldh enln fme dh m|rm hn strn ldadevn hdknh ld temv ldrdf`mv

iedfnfdv y liqmrfinlmv ld hn otv|ifin em hmv hhdqn ei hmv hhdqnr n eieke vi|im%6; (Sm|dh 23307

djs`nviv mrikienh)

Ia liki|nh sirnfy kdetiedhy |`rdn|dev |`d jyv|ifnh amteln|ime ma nt|`mri|y by dpsmviek |`d

ldsdeldefd ma |`d srmltfdrv ma ne dvvde|inhhy jn|drinh ieltv|rinh srmltf| me n `dkdjmeif hmkif ma

firfthn|mry fme|rmh i| iv |`d rdsrdvviqd daadf|v ma |`d ijjnede| |`rdn| ma v|n|d qimhdefd ({ìf` te*

2;


28/44

ldrhidv dqdry fhnij ma fmsyrik`| me |`d teiqdrvi|idv ma |`d khmbnh Vmt|`) |`n| iv sdr`nsv |`d krdn|*

dv| |`rdn| ie Sm|dhv r`d|mrif |m |`d jmrnh hdki|ijnfy ma |`d edmhibdrnh IS rdkijd% Fmsyrik`| hn{

nv nsshidl ie |ìv fnvd nel nv n rdv|rif|ime me |`d firfthn|ime ma sìhmvms`y jmrd kdedrnhhy iv by

|ìv rdnliek em|ìek hdvv |`ne ne dpdrfivd ma fdevmrvìs60% Nv Ldrriln st|v i|

\`d jmjde| n livfmtrvd dqde ia i| iv em| amrbillde fneem| el |`d fmeli|imev amr ne dpsmvi|ime mr

amr ne tehiji|dl stbhif livftvvime med fne vsdng ma ne daadf| ma fdevmrvìs em jn||dr `m{ dpfdvviqd

|ìv jny vddjFdevmrvìs dpiv|v nv vmme nv fdr|nie amrfdv (hiegdl |m sm{drv ma dqnhtn|ime nel |m

vyjbmhif v|rtf|trdv) vijshy hiji| |`d dp|de| ma n dhl ma v|tly |`d rdvmenefd mr |`d srmsnkn|ime ma n

livfmtrvd% (Ldrriln 233


29/44

I srmsmvd |`n| {d v`mthl teldrv|nel |`d srmfdvv ma vtbodf| amrjn|ime ie {ìf` Sm|dh iv de*

knkdl nv em| jdrdhy |`d hdki|ijn|ime ma |`d v`nriek ma fth|trnh rdvmtrfdv {i|ìe |`d v|rtf|trdv ma

|`d teiqdrvi|y nv n ldvsdrn|d rdvsmevd |m dfmemjif dpikdefidv% Rn|`dr {`n| `d srmsmvdv fne bd|*

|dr bd teldrv|mml ie |drjv ma Ldrrilnv fnhh amr n Teiqdrvi|y {i|`mt| fmeli|imev% Hd| tv fmevildr

Ldrrilnv amrjthn|ime ma |ìv Teiqdrvi|y?

Od jd rard lmef ifi ted teiqdrvi| ~ti vdrni| fd ~t+dhhd ntrni| |mtomtrv l |rd mt sr|delt

rdsrvde|dr f+dv|**lird lv vme sriefisd d| de sriefisd ted f`mvd ted fntvd nt|memjd

iefmeli|imeedhhdjde| hibrd lnev vme iev|i|t|ime lnev vn snrmhd lnev vme fri|trd lnev vn sdevd% Lnev

ted sdevd ted fri|trd ted snrmhd ~ti ed vdrnide| snv vdthdjde| ldv nrfìqdv mt ldv srmltf|imev ld

vnqmir jniv hmie ld |mt|d edt|rnhi| t|msi~td ldv tqrdv sdramrjn|iqdv%? 66)

Tefmeli|imenh arddlmj ma vsddf` nel {ri|iek nel by dp|devime ma bm|` |`mtk`| nel fmsy*

iek nrd nv Ldrrilnv fri|i~td ma fmsyrik`| vtkkdv|v nel Sm|dhv dpsdridefd ihhtv|rn|dv ~ti|d ie*

fmjsn|ibhd {i|` |`d (edm)hibdrnh rdkijd% @drd mefd nknie Sm|dhv r`d|mrif ma jngiek mtrvdhqdv

ieldsdelde| ma |dnf`drv `nv n jmrd nenrfìf bde| |`ne Ldrrilnv jmrd jdnvtrdl fnhh amr ie|dh*

hdf|tnh hibdr|y {i|ìe |`d srdfief|v ma |`d iev|i|t|imenh teiqdrvi|y? ie |`d fth|trnh fme|dp| ma`mri*

zme|nhilnl |`d d|`mv ma ldfde|rnhivn|ime nel ne|i*ìdrnrfìfnh vmfinhi|y {ìf` `nv bdde ldvfribdl

ie smv|*friviv Nrkde|ien(Vi|rie 2331) Sm|dh fnhhv amr ne msdeedvv manffdvv nel firfthn|ime {ìf`

drmldv |`d bmtelnridv bd|{dde stbhif dltfn|imenh iev|i|t|imenhi|y nel n jmrd sriqn|d srnf|ifd ma

sìhmvms`y nel fth|trnh deknkdjde|%

Ievmanr nv |`d riqnhrmtv en|trd ie dfmemjif |drjv ma |`d snsdr bmmg |delv |m jnie|nie {`n|

nrd em{ tebdnrnbhy nr|ifinh rdv|rif|imev me nffdvv |m |`d nrfìqd i| iv fhdnr |`n| |`d fdliek ma

|`d sm{dr |m fdevmr |`d firfthn|ime ma sìhmvmsìfnh livfmtrvdv teiqdrvi|y |m |`d ieltv|rinhiv|v

ma |`d stbhivìek ieltv|ry iv |`d `dkdjmeif amrjn|ime {ìf` Sm|dh vddgv |m f`nhhdekd nbmqd nhh%

Ielddl i| iv sdr`nsv smvvibhd |m vdd Sm|dhv de|ird srmodf| nv n sdramrjn|iqd {mrg ma sìhmvms`y

29


30/44

ie |`d vdevd Ldrriln fnhhv amr? med {ìf` |`rmtk` |`d fmeotef|ime ma |`d vdjim|if fme|de| ma Ldr*

rilnv |dp|v |`d rdfmliek ma |`d jn|drinhi|y ma |`d bmmg nel rdnr|ifthn|ime ma |dp|tnhi|y nel

nt|`mrvìs ie |`d liki|nh nkd nel |`d fme|dv|n|ime ma |`d hdki|ijnfy ma Sm|dhv rdjdlin|ime nel

liaatvime ma |`dj `nv brmtk`| n ldfmev|rtf|iqd fri|i~td ma fmsyrik`| mt| ma |`d teiqdrvi|y nel

ie|m |`d stbhif vs`drd ie Nrkde|ien%

Bm|` Sm|dhv ldfivime |m djbnrg me ìv srmodf| malatvime nel ìv rdvsmevd |m |`d f`nrkdv

brmtk`| nkniev| ìj `nqd fme|ribt|dl |m |`d ldqdhmsjde| ma n tei~tdhy mride|dl fth|trd ma fmsy*

iek ie Nrkde|ien% By djs`nviviek |`d iefmjsn|ibihi|y bd|{dde |`d hibdrnh mrldr ma fmsyrik`| (nel

ielddl |`d hibdrnh nt|`mr atef|ime |mt| fmtr|) nel ie|dhhdf|tnh arddlmj ie |`d khmbnh Vmt|` Sm|dh

`nv bm|` srmqildl n rnlifnhhy djbmlidl fri|i~td ma |`d qimhdefd {ìf` nh{nyv v|nelv rdnly |m

deamrfd rdv|rif|imev me |`d firfthn|ime ma fth|trnh kmmlv% \ìv smvi|ime iv med ie {ìf` |`d si*

rn|dfmevtjdr lif`m|mjy iv rdeldrdl irrdhdqne| nel n ed{ mssmvi|ime bd|{dde |`mvd {`m fme*

|ribt|d |m |`d vsrdnliek ma fth|trd nel |`mvd {`m ieìbi| i| iv smvi|dl nv |`d fde|rnh srmbhdj ma

|`d smhi|ifv ma ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y% N| |`d vnjd |ijd Sm|dh vmhifi|v armj |`d rdnldr nv rdfiside|

ma |`d kia| ma fth|trd n srmamtel fmjji|jde| |m bm|` |`d |dp| nel i|v nt|`mr%

\`d v|nrg f`mifd srdvde|dl |m nfnldjifv ie Nrkde|ien nel dhvd{`drd ie |`d khmbnh Vmt|` |m

brdng |`d dpiv|iek hn{v kmqdreiek |`d rdsrmltf|ime ma |dp|v mr |m bd dpfhtldl armj nffdvv |m

|`dj iv amhhm{iek Sm|dhv ldfmev|rtf|iqd hmkif ne ihhtvmry mssmvi|ime? fmsyrik`| nv ìv fnvd

jngdv fhdnr `nv em|ìek |m lm {i|` otv|ifd n| hdnv| nv Ldrriln teldrv|nelv i|% Nffds|iek |`n| |m

rdv|rif| |`d firfthn|ime ma sìhmvmsìfnh livfmtrvd {i|ìe |`d teiqdrvi|y mr dhvd{`drd iv em|ìek

hdvv |`ne ne nf| ma fdevmrvìs vtbodf|v fmsyrik`| hn{ |m n tei~tdhy nft|d fri|i~td% Nv Sm|dhv fri*

|i~td v`m{v |`d rik`| |m sìhmvms`y iv med {ìf` iv ijsdrihhdl by fmsyrik`|? ie Nrkde|ien n|

hdnv| ìv fnvd `nv rd*nvvdr|dl |`d rik`| |m fth|trnh snr|ifisn|ime {i|` rdjnrgnbhd amrfd%

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Aiktrd >

6>


32/44

Aiktrd 2

62


33/44

Bibhimkrns`y

Snrdfd vdr dh vtdm ld jtf`nv rdqiv|nv liki|nhdv dh snvm nh snsdh( nh jtelm rdnh y dv|d snvm vd

netefin kdedrnhjde|d fme bmjbmv y shn|ihhmv fmjm vi ld te enfijide|m vd |rn|nrn( em ijsmr|nelm ~td

hn rdqiv|n rdnh( |dekn te |irnln ld 43 dodjshnrdv y ~tdld nrrtjbnln de ten bibhim|dfn rdnh de lmeld

enlid hn qivi|nr jide|rnv vt `drjnen qir|tnh vdn fmevth|nln smr 4333 hdf|mrdv nh ln% Y jty

srmbnbhdjde|d te krne ejdrm ld dvmv tvtnrimv n hn `mrn ld fi|nr hn srmfdldefin ld dvmv |dp|mv(

ieqde|nre te hibrm ld snsdh( te ane|nvjn qir|tnh onjv qiv|m%%%

Neldrvvme O%

2339 Amr |`d kmml ma |`d ed|? \`d Sirn|d Bny nv n v|rn|dkif vmqdrdike% Fth|trd Jnf`ied

>3?130%

Nssnltrni N% nel F%N% Brdfgderilkd

>900 [`y stbhif fth|trd= Stbhif Fth|trd >(>)?4*9%

Nta`dbde

2336 Sifgd| nel Sm| Bnekdr \mkd|`dr * Fhnvv rdfmjsmvi|ime ie Nrkde|ien= Nta`dbde >>%

Bdeonjie [%

2330 W>961Z

\`d {mrg ma nr| ie |`d nkd ma jdf`neifnh rdsrmltf|ime? Sdektie%

Binkimhi J%

23>> Kdeitv nkniev| Fmsyrik`|? Rdqivi|iek Aif`|dv Srmma ma |`d Ihhdknhi|y ma Rdsrie|*

iek% Em|rd Lnjd H% Rdq% 01?>09%

Btvneif`d B%

23>3 Nrkde|ien fmsyhda|? hn friviv ldh jmldhm ld ldrdf`m ld nt|mr y hnv srf|ifnv snrn

ldjmfrn|iznr hn fth|trn%Ie Nrkde|ien Fmsyhda|? Hn friviv ldh jmldhm ld ldrdf`m ld nt|mr y hnv

srf|ifnv snrn ldjmfrn|iznr hn fth|trn% A%e%Q%n% Hibrd dl? @dierif`*Bhh*V|ia|tek-Atelnfie Qn

Hibrd%

Fmhdjne D%K%

66


34/44

23>3 D|èmkrnsìf nssrmnf`dv |m liki|nh jdlin% Neetnh rdqid{ ma ne|`rmsmhmky

69? Jihhdeeinh Fnsi|nhivj nel |`d Fth|trd ma Edmhibdrnhivj? Ltgd Teiqdrvi|y Srdvv%

Fmmjbd R%O%

>990 \`d fth|trnh hiad ma ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|idv? Nt|`mrvìs nssrmsrin|ime nel |`d hn{?

Ltgd Teiqdrvi|y Srdvv Bmmgv%

Lnqidv K%

2332

Fmsyrik`| nel |`d Stbhif Ie|drdv|? V{dd| ! Jnp{dhh%

Lde| N%V%

23>2 Sirnfy firfthn|mry hdki|ijnfy nel edmhibdrnh vtbodf|iqi|y ie Brnzih% Fth|trnh Ne*

|`rmsmhmky 2;(>)?20*9;; Hiji|dl Ief? Emr|`{dv|dre Teiqdrvi|y Srdvv%

>992 Amrfd ma hn{? |`d jyv|ifnh amteln|ime ma nt|`mri|y%Ie Fmredhh L% Rmvdeadhl J%

Fnrhvme L%K% Bdeonjie E% (dlv) Ldfmev|rtf|ime nel |`d Smvvibihi|y ma Otv|ifd? Svyf`mhmky

Srdvv%

233>

H+teiqdrvi| vnev fmeli|ime? Knhihd%

233


35/44

2334n Vmqdrdike|idv ie ^tdv|ime? \`d Smd|ifv ma Snth Fdhne? Amrl`nj Teiq Sr%

2334b Snsdr jnfìed? V|neamrl Teiq Sr%

Liz A%N%Q%

23>> Sirn|drin ld hibrmv de dh de|mrem liki|nh% Sm{drsmie| srdvde|n|ime 6; Adrim ld Hi*

brmv Btdemv Nirdv% `||s?--{{{%fnlrn%mrk%nr-tshmnl-ANQL%sla

Aif`|d O%K%

>;96 Srmma ma |`d ihhdknhi|y ma rdsrie|iek? n rn|imenhd nel n snrnbhd%

Amtfnth| J%

>904(6)?604*690%

@np N%

2339 Arnefin ijsthv hn bnon ld te vi|im nrkde|iem ~td liateln mbrnv hmvfnv%

Fhnrie 20 Adbrtnry 2339%

Omèv N%

2339 Sirnfy? |`d ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y {nrv armj Kt|debdrk |m Kn|dv? Teiqdrvi|y ma Fì*

fnkm Sr%

Hnfhnt D% nel F% Jmtaad

233> @dkdjmey nel vmfinhiv| v|rn|dky? \m{nrlv n rnlifnh ldjmfrn|if smhi|ifv? Qdrvm

Bmmgv%

Hnrgie Brine

64


36/44

2331(2)?209*6>3 Hmv dvbirrmv ldh fmsyrik`| fme|rn hn fmjteilnl nfnljifn%Ie Nrkde|ien Fmsyhda|?

Hn friviv ldh jmldhm ld ldrdf`m ld nt|mr y hnv srf|ifnv snrn ldjmfrn|iznr hn fth|trn% A%e%Q%n%

Hibrd dl? @dierif`*Bhh*V|ia|tek-Atelnfie Qn Hibrd%

Edkri N%

2334 Smv|jmldre khmbnh kmqdrenefd nel |`d fri|ifnh hdknh srmodf|% Hn{ nel Fri|i~td

>1?2;*3

Sn|ry me Fmsyrik`|% Qmhtjd 2? \`mjvme-[dv|%

Sdhnyn H% nel N% Vnehhmrde|i

23>3 Hnv njdenznv n hn jivie ld hnv bibhim|dfnv y hn hdkivhnfie ld ldrdf`m ld nt|mr de

Nrkde|ien% Ie Nrkde|ien Fmsyhda|? Hn friviv ldh jmldhm ld ldrdf`m ld nt|mr y hnv srf|ifnv snrn

61


37/44

ldjmfrn|iznr hn fth|trn% @dierif`*Bhh*V|ia|tek-Atelnfie Qn Hibrd%

Sìhis G%

2334 [`n| iv n |dfèmhmkifnh nt|`mr= \`d sirn|d atef|ime nel ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y%

Smv|fmhmeinh V|tlidv 0(2)?>99*2>0%

Sm|dh @%

2330 Eid|zvf`d y Ldrriln de hn rdl%Ie Smr njmr n Ldrriln% J%B% Frnkemhiei dl% Btdemv

Nirdv? Hn Fdbrn%

23>3 Hnv jivdrinv fme|rn hn hmvman%Ie Nrkde|ien Fmsyhda|? Hn friviv ldh jmldhm ld

ldrdf`m ld nt|mr y hnv srf|ifnv snrn ldjmfrn|iznr hn fth|trn% @dierif`*Bhh*V|ia|tek-Atelnfie

Qn Hibrd%

Rdiemvm V%

2339 Hn TBN snknr ldrdf`mv smr hnv am|mfmsinv ~td tvde vtv nhtjemv% Hn Enfime >0 Jny 2339%

`||s?--{{{%is*{n|f`%mrk-2339-34->0-shnie|d*fme|rd*te*devdikene|*nrkde|ie*h$D2$03$99nffdv*

n*h$D2$03$99dltfn|ime*de*~tdv|ime-

Vihbdy O%J%

2330

Jy|ìfnh Bdkieeiekv ma Ie|dhhdf|tnh Srmsdr|y% Kdmrkd Jnvme Hn{ Rdqid{

>4(2)?6>9*6;9%

Vi|rie J%

2331 @mrizme|nhivj? qmifdv ma smsthnr sm{dr ie Nrkde|ien? NG Srdvv%

6;


39/44

Em|dv

69

> N fmjshd|d hibrnry ie dqdrymedv `mjd n hibrnry {ìf` lmdve| eddl |rnevhn|ime mr {ni|iek7 {`mvd

bmmgv fne bd hde| |m |`mtvnelv n| n |ijd nel vdnrf`dl amr nel amtel ie ne iev|ne|%

2 Sìhis ie nlms|iek |`d |drj bmtrkdmiv hn{ ie `dr livftvvime ma |`d sirn|d atef|ime fi|dv Fmhhidr Jntrdr nelVtnrdz*Enqnz?

[d f`mmvd |ìv |drj ie mrldr |m fnhh n||de|ime |m |`d ldds iv|mrifnh fmeedf|ime bd|{dde |`d ldqdhmsjde|

ma fnsi|nhivj nel |`d ldqdhmsjde| ma n hdknh vyv|dj ldvikedl em|nv teldr adtlnhivj|m deamrfd Kmlv

hn{v me dnr|` bt| |m deamrfd |`d rthd ma hn{v frdn|dl by jde amr jde% Nh|`mtk` m|`dr vf`mhnrv snr*

|ifthnrhy |`mvd ie fri|ifnh hdknh v|tlidv % % % nqd tvdl |drjv vtf` nv hibdrnhivj mr hibdrnh hdknhivj {d

srdadr |`d Vmqid| vf`mhnr Snv`tgneiv |drj bmtrkdmiv hn{ bdfntvd i| ilde|idv |`d srijnry frdn|mr nel

bdedfinry ma hn{ nv ne ieliqiltnh {`m m{ev srmsdr|y% % %% Jmrdmqdr |`d |drj bmtrkdmiv hn{ defmj*

snvvdv vtf` smvvibhd mssmvi|dv ma hibdrnhivj nv fmevdrqn|ivj hibdr|nrineivj nel vmfinhiv| hdknh*

ivj dqde nv i| iefhtldv qnrine| |rnli|imev vtf` nv Fmjjme Fiqih nel Vmfinhiv| hdknh vyv|djv%

[ìhd |`d |drj bmtrkdmiv hn{ nel i|v fmken|dv {ihh bd tvdl mffnvimenhhy `drd |m ldem|d iev|nefdv {`drd |`d srm*

ltf|iqd qnhtd ma ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|idv iv snr|ifthnrhy vnhide| I {ihh kdedrnhhy rdadr |m |`d hibdrnh rdkijd ie

rdfmkei|ime ma |`d vikeifnefd ma |ìv nvsdf| ma fmsyrik`| ie jy nenhyviv ma {`n| Fmhdjne |drjv |`d |rnev*

amrjn|imev nv {dhh nv fme|ieti|idv {i|ìe hibdrnh nel Dehik`|dejde| ildnhv%

6 Amr vdqde ydnrv Sm|dh st| mehied ardd nel {i|`mt| nt|`mrivn|ime fmjshd|d qdrvimev ma vdqdrnh ma Onf*

~tdv Ldrrilnv {mrgv vmjd|ìek {ìf` iv `nrjath |m |`d liaatvime ma ìv |`mtk`|%

< \`d snsdr {nv rv| ldhiqdrdl n| |`d Nhhinefd Arnefnivd Btdemv Nirdv me 23|` Mf|mbdr 2331% @m{dqdr

ie |`d vsiri| ma Sm|dhv {ry fmjjde|nry me |`d bibhimkrnsìf srijnfy ma srie| |`d qdrvime rdadrrdl

|m ie |`d |dp| iv |`d med stbhiv`dl ie Smr Njmr n Ldrriln ie 2330%

4 \`d smhifd fnjd ie |`d jillhd ma |`d eik`| bnekiek me jy lmmr |m f`dfg jy nllrdvv% N `mrribhd vi|tn*

|ime? nhh |`d smhifd vnil |m jd {nv ymthh gem{ {`n| |ìv iv nbmt|%

1 Neymed {`m stbhiv`dv vdhhv mr rdsrmltfdv by ney jdlitj mr iev|rtjde| ne testbhiv`dl {mrg mr n

stbhiv`dl med {i|`mt| |`d nt|`mrivn|ime ma |`d nt|`mr mr rik`|v `mhldrv%

; \`d |rnevamrjn|ime ma |`d mrikienh |dp|v ie|m n liki|nh amrjn| by Sm|dh fmthl bd teldrv|mml teldr |`d

rtbrif ma rdsrmltf|ime%

0 [i|`mt| srdotlifd |m |`n| {ìf` lmdv em| amhhm{ ie |`d vnjd rdhn|ime |m ne maadriek armj |`d ie|dred|

snkdv ma |`d nfftvdl |`d nf|ime ma frdn|iek n ed{ fmsy iv srmltfdl {`de vmjdmed nffdvvdv |`d vi|d

nel iei|in|dv |`d lm{ehmnl ma |`d liki|nh hd%

9 \`d ievikeifne| lnjnkd {ìf` fmthl rdvth| |m |`d srmsdr|y ma |`d m{edr ma |`d {mrg lmdv em| d~tn|d |m

|`d vdqdri|y ma |`d steiv`jde| ma |ìv rdsrdvviqd otv|ifd%

>3 \ìv hn{ dpiv|v |m srm|df| fth|trnh srmltf|ime% \`d F`njbdr jnie|niev n fme|ietnh nf|ime |m ldadel ie*

|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y rik`|v% [i|`mt| ie|dhhdf|tnh srmsdr|y rik`|v |`d smvvibihi|y ma stbhivìek {mthl

em| dpiv|% Nel I bdhidqd dqde hdvv |`d smvvibihi|y ma ie|dhhdf|tnh srmltf|ime%


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> \`d v|ijthtv |m frdn|iqi|y nrktjde| amr fmsyrik`| fne bd |rnfdl |m |`d V|n|t|d ma Need |`d hn{ {ìf`

ientktrn|dl |`d jmldre rdkijd ma fmsyrik`| {`de i| {nv snvvdl ie >;39 (Lnqidv 2332? >>*>1)

>2 [`n| `nssdedl iv n qimhn|ime ma fth|trd nv n `tjne rik`|% Ne mbvfded ldjmev|rn|ime ma |`d jdf`n*

eivjv ma fme|rmh vtrqdihhnefd nel steiv`jde|%

>6 \ìv mrkneivn|ime iv fhmvdhy nhikedl {i|` |`d hibdrnh frdn|iqd fmjjmev jmqdjde| nel iv |`d d~tiqn*

hde| ma |`d TV Ardd Vma|{nrd Amteln|ime7 nv vtf` |`d nlms|ime ma {`n| iv ie |`d |drjv ma jnie*

v|rdnj livfmtrvd me |`d smhi|ifv ma fmsyiek ne ne|i*IS v|nefd {i|` rdvsdf| |m bmmgv iv ne tetvtnh

ldsnr|trd fmjsnrdl |m |`d srmkrdvviqd-hibdr|nrine nkdeln ma krmtsv higd |`d Dhdf|rmeif Arme|idr

Amteln|ime%

>< `||s?--{{{%deftde|rm%kmq%nr-Dqde|%nvsp=Il:660

>4 \`d srmbhdjn|ifv ma fmsyrik`| |`d frijienhivn|ime ma nffdvv |m dltfn|imenh jn|drinhv me |`d snr| ma

v|tlde|v nel |dnf`drv |`d ed{ |dfèmhmkidv {ìf` anfihi|n|d |`d firfthn|ime ma gem{hdlkd%

`||s?--{{{%ldrdf`mnhddr%mrk-23>>-30-`mrnfim*sm|dh*de*fnenh*deftde|rm%`|jh

>1 \nriekn.v jm||m iv vikeifne|hy Ie|dhhikdefin Fmjsnr|iln (Ie|dhhikdefd V`nrdl)? |`d vi|d fne bd vdde

nv nem|`dr nvsdf| ma |`d fth|trd ma v`nriek {ìf` nssdnrv |m bd djdrkiek ie |`d fmte|ry nel ma

{ìf` Sm|dh `nv bdfmjd |`d anr armj te{ihhiek ie|dhhdf|tnh ktrd`dnl%

>; Ie Nrkde|ien i|v hdknh |m tshmnl hdv {i|`mt| rik`|v%

>0 Rdjdjbdr |`n| v`nriek fth|trd iv em| n frijd |`n| fth|trd iv em| n fmevtjdr kmml nel |`n| i| lmdve|

bdhmek |m neymed%

>9 `||s?--{{{%|nriekn%ed|-smv|v-ieam->3140>>> nel 044%146-2339%

2> N| |`d |ijd ma {ri|iek |`d Sirn|d Snr|y `nl otv| rdfmrldl vikeifne| kniev ie rdkimenh dhdf|imev ie Kdr*

jney%

22 Nh|`mtk` i| iv em| jy jnie mbodf|iqd `drd |`d {ny ie {ìf` Ldrrilnv |`mtk`| `nv fmjd |m iefltdefd

n||i|tldv |m fmsyrik`| ie Nrkde|ien |`rmtk` |`d Sm|dh fnvd `nv |`d sm|de|inh |m vdrqd nv |`d bnviv amr n

rd*dqnhtn|ime ma Edkriv v|n|djde|%

26 Sm|dhv rdstbhifn|ime fne ie n fmeqde|imenh hibdrnh nenhyviv em| bd otv|idl nv di|`dr anir tvd (nv |`d

{mrgv {drd nqnihnbhd ie |`dir de|ird|y amr nhh {`d|`dr v|tlde|v dltfn|mrv mr m|`drv) dqde by rd*

fmtrvd |m Aif`|dv em{ vtrsriviek nhhm{nefd amr |`d {mrg ma |rnevhn|ime (Binkimhiv dhdkne| fmjshi*

fn|ime ma |`d fmvjmkdey ma fmsyrik`| em|{i|`v|neliek)% Atr|`drjmrd {d v`mthl em|d |`n| `d {nv

em| |`d |rnevhn|mr ma |`d Vsneiv` qdrvimev ma Ldrrilnv |dp|v {ìf` nrd nqnihnbhd me |`d vi|d%
http://www.taringa.net/posts/info/10658142/En-Argentina_-es-legal-subir-archivos-sin-derechos.htmlhttp://www.taringa.net/posts/info/10658142/En-Argentina_-es-legal-subir-archivos-sin-derechos.htmlhttp://www.taringa.net/posts/info/10658142/En-Argentina_-es-legal-subir-archivos-sin-derechos.html


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2< N stbhif vi|d amr |`d livvdjien|ime ma |`d |rnfdv ma Onf~tdv Ldrriln%

24 Amr ie |`dvd |dp|v |`mvd {ìf` {d rdatvd |m fnhh {mrgv iv |`d vtrqiqnh ma Onf~tdv Ldrriln |`d shnfd

armj {`drd nhh ìv k`mv|v km mt| |`d shnfd {`drd |`d ieadf|ime |`d jdlitj ma |rnevjivvime ma vm

jney strvtiek s`ne|mjv nhh fnhhdl Onf~tdv Ldrriln nel emed |`d vnjd nv nem|`dr%

21 Sm|dh iv em| nhmed ìv|mrifnhhy vsdngiek ie srdvde|iek ìv {mrg ma liatvie nv liv|ief| armj |`n| ma

jdrd sirnfy me |`d krmtelv |`n| i| iv dvvde|inh |m jnie|nieiek |`d firfthn|ime ma |`d fth|trnh amrj

ie ~tdv|ime% Ie vmjd rdvsdf|v ìv ldadefd iv nenhmkmtv |m |`n| ma |`d `mjd |nsdrv ma onzz rdfmrl*

iekv (ie |`d dnrhy drn ma |nsd rdfmrldrv) {`m nffmrliek |m Omèv fmev|rtf|dl |`dir nf|iqi|idv nv n

|nf|if ma mssmvi|ime |m |`d `dkdjmey ma |`d jtvif ieltv|ry ievmanr nv |`d btviedvv srnf|ifdv ma |`d

hnbdhv |`rdn|dedl |`d qdry vtrqiqnh ma rdfmrliekv?

n sdrfds|ime WdjdrkdlZ njmek n vjnhh bt| ldlifn|dl fmjjtei|y |`n| |`d ieltv|ry {nv `msd*

hdvvhy nllif|dl |m bik btviedvv srnf|ifdv nel |`n| |`mvd srnf|ifdv delnekdrdl |`d frdn|imefirfthn|ime nel nbmqd nhh srdvdrqn|ime ma nr|% WNfimenlmvZ `nl jnld sirnfy ne dpdrfivd ie

fmevdrqn|ime vnef|idl by |`d njn|dtr qir|tdv ma ldlifn|ime nel livie|drdv|% wOmèv 2339

&6;?


42/44

\`d {mrhl `nv kmed I jtv| fnrry ymt WKdrjneZ I jtv| fnrry ymt I `nqd |m fnrry ymt WArdef`Z I

mtk`| |m I `nqd |m i| iv edfdvvnry |m hia| ymt ie jy nrjv fnrry ymt bdnr ymt jngd jyvdha ie

f`nrkd% \ìv fnrryiek W|rnkdeZ iv edi|`dr nssrmsrin|ime emr dpsrmsrin|ime nel rdvsmelv |m |`d te*

ani|àth ldhi|y {ìf` `nv bdde ldjneldl ma tv |m |ngd ts |`d m|`dr nv |`d jm|`dr bdnrv `dr vme |m

bir|` |m |ngd f`nrkd ma |`d nv`dv bt| vm |`n| |`d |rnfd fme|ietdv i|v hied W|rnzmZ {i|`mt| del%

62 Me 22el Ldfdjbdr >999 Eid|zvf`d ie Vsneiv` {nv bmre |de ydnrv nkm7 n {`mhd hiad|ijd ie |`dvd

|ijdv ma th|rn*nffdhdrn|dl f`nekd% \`drd {nv em brmnlbnel em bhmkv em Anfdbmmg em| dqde Kmm*

khd bt| I {nv nbhd amr |`d rv| |ijd |m nffdvv n vdridv ma fme|de| {ìf` I edqdr |`mtk`| I {mthl bd

nbhd |m deomy nel {`n|v jmrd amr ardd. \`d med amr Eid|zvf`d {nv amhhm{dl by @dildkkdr ie

Vsneiv` ie 2333 nel Ldrriln ie Vsneiv` ie 233>%

66 Sìhmvms`y bmmgv me snsdr stbhiv`dl by ie|dren|imenh fmrsmrn|imev nrd dpsdeviqd nel |del |m `nqd n

qdry v`mr| hiad? |`dy nrd stbhiv`dl ie qdry v`mr| rtev ma {ìf` ne dqde vjnhhdr etjbdr rdnf` mtr

fmte|ry%

6< \`d {db kiqdv tv |`d smvvibihi|y ma jngiek mtrvdhqdv ieldsdelde| ma |t|mrv nel mafinhv nel |m bd nbhd

|m f`mvd mtr ie`dri|nefd mtrvdhqdv iv vmjd|ìek {ìf` jngdv |`d fmrsmrn|imev |`d mhl liv|ribt|mrv

ma fth|trd edrqmtv%


43/44


44/44

I| vddjv |m bd |`d lrdnj ma jney liki|nh omtrenhv |m |ngd |`d v|ds |m snsdr |m |`d rdnh {mrhl nel |`iv

v|ds iv kdedrnhhy neemtefdl {i|` rd{mrgv nel fyjbnhv higd n bir|` em jn||dr |`n| |`d rdnh omtrenh

`nv n rte ma 43 fmsidv nel delv ts v|tfg ie n rdnh hibrnry {`drd em*med {ihh vdd i| {`drdnv i|v qir*

|tnh viv|dr {ihh bd fmevth|dl by 4333 rdnldrv n lny% Nel qdry higdhy n krdn| etjbdr ma |`dvd tvdrv

{`de |`d |ijd fmjdv |m fi|d |`dvd |dp|v nv srdfdlde|v {ihh ieqde| n snsdr bmmg n qir|tnh s`ne|nvj

|`n| `nv edqdr bdde vdde%

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
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Purloining Derrida? Authority, materiality and the right to philosophy in Argentina

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