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WHAT IS NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION?

According to concise oxford dictionary proliferation means reproduce itself grow by

multiplication of elementary parts or increase rapidly. The term nuclear proliferation means

spreading virus of nuclear weapons

According to comprehensive definition of nuclear proliferation is;

The process by which one country after another comes into possession of some form of nuclear

weaponry and with it develops the potential of launching a nuclear attac! on other countries.

TYPES OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION:

There are two main types of nuclear proliferation.

VERTICAL PROLIFERATION:

"ertical proliferation may be defined as an increase in number and types of nuclear weapons

possessed by nuclear weapons states #$%&'(. )i!e *'A *''+ , *- etc. it has the efforts of

super powers to increase and perfect their huge arsenals. "ertical proliferation is a threat to

man!ind and has opened the ways for horiontal proliferation.

HORIZENTAL PROLIFERATION:

/oriontal proliferation refers to ac0uisition of nuclear weapons by a country which had no

hitherto been in possession of such states. 1t is the spread of nuclear weapons to non2nuclear

weapons states #%&'( or their ability to ma!e them. 1t involves the countries li!e 3+A%45

4/1%A 6A-1'TA% and 1%71A etc.

BACKGROUND:

A$5+14A% 586)9'19%:

5arly in the morning of august ? an American @2= dropped a single bomb on the

Bapanese city of /iroshima. 'ome

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@ritain becomes the third number of the nuclear club on 9ctober E

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DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAME:

1ndia started its nuclear program by establishing an atomic energy commission #A54( in G

one year later its independence to conduct its exploration of uranium 9re. Then in C$& 4anadian 1ndian reactor *' #41+*'( reachedreactors were completed and united states agreed to supply heavy water which was used as

moderator to control nuclear fission in the reactor. 1n the

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now complete. 1ndias struggle for nuclear power were consist of ?C years and till now it is

advancing its nuclear technology.

INDIAN MISSILE DEVELOPMENT:

Although 1ndia had started its nuclear program in G but it started missile developmentprogram in -$.$! PRITHVI:

'urface to surface ballistic missile.

$1''1)5 TJ65 +A%F5 #-$( 6AJ)9A7

6+1T/"1 1#A+$J(

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9utside powers 4A%A7A 3+A%45 F5+$A%J +*''1A 1'+A5) *%1T57 -1%F79$

and *%1T57 'TAT5' have played an important role in the development of 1ndias nuclear

weapons program.

ARM RACE:

&hile 1ndia aims to become a dominant power in south Asia on the basis of its military and

industrial strength 6a!istan is not prepared to live as a surrogate of its large neighbor. 'o when

1ndia alerts the strategic balance 6a!istan ma!es every effort to re2establish it even though that

results in severe economic hardship for its people. /ence force levels !eep on rising and new

weapons continue to be inducted while defense expenditures spiral upwards as military arsenals

of both 1ndia and 6a!istan increase in sie. The

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domination and hegemony. 6a!istan remain suspicious of 1ndias intentions and good will as

long as 1ndia refuses to settle the dispute over the state of Bammu and -ashmir in accordance to

right self determination given by united nation resolution.

THREAT PERCEPTION:

6a!istans effort to ac0uire nuclear capability as deterrence against a real military threat from its

larger and hostile neighbor. &hen 1ndia annexed 'i!!im and Foa 6a!istan starting showing

concern about it and began developing army to be recognied. The tension and threat perception

was spar!ed by -ashmir crises and accelerated into nuclear proliferation trends. 3ailure to

resolve the dispute the current tension will !eep alive a danger of a maDor war. The possibility of

such war is bound to influence decision ma!ing on the critical security issues on both sides. 3or

6a!istan the real nuclear threat to its security originated primilary from 1ndia and not from any

other nuclear state. 3or 6a!istan non proliferation in south Asia is largely a regional issue and

6a!istan is willing to go along with any non proliferation related measure as long as 1ndia also

accepts. 9n the other hand 1ndia regarded non proliferation as global problem and will agree toaccept restraints norms only in the context of a global arrangement which gives 1ndia as a

special recognition. 1t wants a compromise on its position on the retention of nuclear options.

BALANCE OF POWER PROBLEMS:

@alance of power problems also exist compounded by the difference in sie between two

countries. 1n the absence of arms control threat perception will persist regarding each others

intentions and ambitions. &hile defense expenditure will continue to rise and competitive arms

buildup will !eep enlarging the military arsenal of both sides with more lethal weapon systems.

1ndias dealings with its south Asian neighbors and its overall military buildup especially itsexertion in the navel field has also raised concerns in and around the region about the countrys

ambitions. 1n order to maintain balance powers both countries see importance of nuclear

weapons. 3or 1ndia wanted to maintain the status 0uo on the fulcrum of balance of power

whereas 6a!istan plays the role of revisionist. 9ther countries argue that the nuclear activities of

1ndia and 6a!istan pose gave ris!s to peace and stability in south Asia and threaten the present

fire bac! against the spread of nuclear weapons of regional powers.

TERRITORY:

The issue of territory is one factor that has led to the conflict between 1ndia and 6a!istan. The

regions of -ashmir +an of -utch and 'iachin have brought hated tension to both nations that

have resulted in conflicts. 1ndia conceded Bammu and -ashmir as an integral part of 1ndia where

as 6a!istans stance is that it is a dispute between them and it should be resolved according to

the resolutions of *nited %ations. Across the line of control in the disputed area of Bammu and

-ashmir 1ndia and 6a!istan endemically exchanged artillery fire. 1n $ay

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nuclear powers with a missile alert warning of barely a few minutes to avert an accidental and

misperceived nuclear confrontation. The volatility of the indo 6a!istan conflict and the

propensity of the two states to use military force have made international community led by *'

regard the subcontinent as the most dangerous place in the world.

IDENTIFICATION WITH ISLAM:

1dentification with 1slamic values is an important component of 6a!istans policies. $any a

times 6a!istan tried to be the leader of 1slamic world but these efforts were not appreciated by

many states who thin! themselves better for this position. as far defense policies are concerned

they mostly remained free of this influence.

PAKISTAN NUCLEAR DEVELOPMENT:

6a!istan started its nuclear program when 6a!istan atomic energy commission #6A54( was

created in

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NUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE:

6a!istanPs nuclear program is based primarily on highly enriched uranium #/5*( which is

produced at the A. L. -han research laboratory at -ahuta a gas centrifuge uranium enrichment

facility. The -ahuta facility has been in operation since the early

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This treaty permits all those states to retain and possess their nuclear power capability who have

ac0uired nuclear power status before

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was ready to sign and rectify the treat when all the signatories had signed and rectify 4T@T.

6a!istan on the other hand had also put a moratorium on the nuclear testing after her nuclear

tests of may

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'APAN:

Bapan pursuant to the guidelines of its official development assistance #97A( which put on hold

economic assistance to countries that have developed countries that have developed nuclear

weapons and other &$7 has imposed three point economic sanctions on 6a!istan.

'uspension of any new grant aid except emergency and humanitarian aid and grant aid

for grass2root proDects.

'uspension of new 97A yen loan

4aution approach to giving loans to 6a!istan thorough international financial institutions

and development ban!s.

US SANCTION IMPOSED ACCORDING TO THE LAWS:

PAKISTAN:

'anctions imposed under the Flenn Amendment

'anctions under the

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'tates which have newly ac0uired nuclear weapons are li!ely to be more vulnerable to the

destruction and more liable to accident and miscalculation for lac! of experience. 3or example

during the early period of the 4old &ar the ris! and li!elihood of a nuclear war between the

*nited 'tates and the 'oviet *nion was fairly high and one example can be that of the 4uban

$issile 4risis of

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RECOMANDATIONS:

As long as 4hina and 1ndia retain their arsenals so will 6a!istan. 1mproving the relationship

between 1slamabad and %ew 7elhi and stabiliing the region is the only way to avoid the rapid

growth of 6a!istans nuclear arsenal and the proliferation ris!s such growth entails.

REDUCE INCENTIVES TO TEST AND DEPLOY NEW NUCLEAR WEAPONS:

The first step in preventing a new nuclear arms race between 1ndia and 6a!istan is reducing

incentives to test and deploy new nuclear weapons which can be accomplished if the *nited

'tates ta!es the lead in ratifying the 4T@T and urges 1ndia and 6a!istan to follow its example.

RESOLVE THE KASHMIR ISSUE:

The *nited 'tates should also continue to support of ongoing 1ndian and 6a!istani efforts to

resolve the -ashmir issue.?> &ashington should avoid creating an impression that one or the

other country gets preferential treatment as occurred after the *'21ndia nuclear cooperationagreement was signed. 'uch double standards only erode *' credibility and send reassuring

signals to nuclear proliferate see!ing easy profit without considering the gravity of

conse0uences. @eing strict with its own allies li!e 6a!istan is a sure test of *' nonproliferation

commitment.

URGE PAKISTAN TO MAKE ITS NUCLEAR TRADING RECORD TRANSPARENT

TO IAEA:

@ecause of 6a!istans involvement in the nuclear blac! mar!et in the past the country must be

urged to ma!e its nuclear trading record transparent to the 1A5A so the international community

can !now with whom and what 6a!istan trades.?? Additionally greater intelligence sources

should be devoted to 6a!istans export activities and expanding the scope of the 6roliferation

'ecurity 1nitiative #6'1( including ta!ing measures to stop illicit nuclear shipments and

eradicating nuclear blac! mar!et networ!s.

IMPROVE THE SECURITY OF PAKISTANI NUCLEAR ARSENAL:

3inally the *nited 'tates should continue to assist 6a!istan with improving the security of its

nuclear arsenal in ways that do not encourage new testing and moderniation. 1t should also

stress that the smaller the arsenal the lower the ris!s of weapons getting into the wrong hands

and the lower the costs of protecting and maintaining the arsenal.

CONCLUSION:

%uclear proliferation is the problem prevailing all over the world due to multiplication of nuclear

weapons the nuclear are not Dust proliferating in advanced countries but developing or less

developed countries are also involved in it. 6roliferation of arms whether vertical or horiontal

is harmful for man!ind. 5ven though vertical proliferation has destroyed man!ind on a large

FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN Page 13

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scale when America dropped its nuclear bomb on /iroshima or %agasa!i. %uclear proliferation

vertical or horiontal has its aims and incentives. 'tates which are proliferating their arms do it

either for their security progress and deterrence or to increase their status and economic

stability.

'outh Asian region is the focus of attention for the world because of its geography and politics.The super powers are trying to ma!e it a nuclear free one while on the other hand 1ndia and

6a!istan the two neighbors and traditional rivals are advancing their nuclear program. Their

nuclear explosion of