PV-HYBRID SYSTEM FIELD-TEST MONITORING AT

STAR

Bob HammondPrincipal Investigator

Arizona State University

FY2002 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS PEER REVIEW NOVEMBER 19-20, 2002

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Agenda

FY2002 11-19-02 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• DOE Energy Storage Program -Funding source

• SNL: Garth Corey, Technical Liaison• Arizona Public Service: Herb

Hayden• EECI: Dr. Phil Symons• Spencer Everingham, Co-author

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OVERALL GOALS

• Enhance a Partnership With a Progressive Electric Utility [APS] with Mutual Interests

• Support the Development of the “Alternative Configuration” to Equalize Individual Strings of a Battery Bank

• Monitor Batteries in Large Remote Hybrid PV Systems• Evaluate Battery Test Equipment• Support IEEE SCC21 Energy Storage Subsystem

Working Group

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WHY

• Reduce the Life-Cycle Cost of Remote Hybrid Systems

• Increase the reliability, durability and confidence in Remote Hybrid Systems

• Make above information available to users (e.g., via IEEE Standards)

• Determine which battery test equipment can best predict battery failure

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PROJECT HISTORY• Dec. 1996: APS Hybrid Test Facility Completed• Q1 1997: SNL-APS “Partnership” Formed• Jun. 1997 - Jun. 2000: First Hybrid System • May 1998 - SNL-ASU Contract • Jul. 1999: San Juanico, Mexico; Fishing Village

– 17 kW PV, 10 10-kW Wind, 80 kW Diesel, 70 kW Trace, L16 Bat.

• Jan. 2000: YPG, 105 kW, ABS IIP • Jan. - Aug. 2001: Dangling Rope Sys. at STAR• Aug. 2001 -Present: AES Inverter Evaluation• Jan. 2001 - Support Alternative Configuration

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THE SITE - STAR

DedicatedJan. 1988

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THE SITE - STAR

Ocotillo Power Plant

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HYBRID “EXPERIENCE” - CSM

InstalledOct. 1995

AbacusInverter, S/N #1

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New Battery: GNB ABS IIP, 05/13/02

05/16/02

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CSM Cell Voltage ReadsCarol Springs Mountain Battery

String 3 Jar Voltage Comparison Midtronic vs Cell Corder Reads

2.05

2.06

2.07

2.08

2.09

2.10

2.11

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91Jar Number

Vdc

Midtronic Jar Voltage (May 16, 2002)Sandia Cell Corder Jar Voltage (May 16, 2002)

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CSM Cell Resistance ReadsCarol Springs Mountain Battery

String 3 Jar Resistance Comparison Midtronic vs Cell Corder Reads

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91

Jar Number

Cel

l Res

ista

nce,

m

icro

-ohm

s

Sandia Cell Corder Jar Resistance (May 16, 2002)Cell Corder #2 Jar Resistance (May 13, 2002)Midtronic Jar Resistance (May 16, 2002)

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CELLTRON VS. CELLCORDER

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CELLTRON VS CELLCORDERSPECIFICATION COMPARISON

PARAMETER MIDTRONICS CELLTRONCTM-300

ALBER CELLCORDER

Application 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 V Jars 2V, 6V, and 12V BatteriesVoltage Accuracy 2% 0.1% of reading +/- 1 LSDVoltage Resolution 10 mV [20 mV actual] 1 mvMemory 252 Test Results 1792 Test Results

7 Strings of 256 CellsWeight (tester) 1 pound (500 grams) 8.5 pounds, not including leads or

carry caseSize 9” x 4” x 2.5” w/case 11” x 10” x4”

Ease of use (10 = easiest) 8 5Data collection & storage time 55 seconds 40 seconds

Battery Life 1 hour 6 hoursCost (including software) $4935 $5400Software sold separate Yes, $620 NoAbility to predict battery failure UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

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THE HYBRID TEST FACILITYEstablishedDec. 1996

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YUASA EVALUATION: JUNE 1997 - JUNE 2000

TRACE 30kWBI-DIRECTIONAL

INVERTER

with

PEAK POWER TRACKER

BATTERY CHARGER

30 KWKOHLER

GENERATOR

HYBRID TESTFACILITY

LOAD BANK

0 - 100 kW

STAR CENTER

APS GRID

PV SUB-ARRAY1

10 kW

PV SUB-ARRAY2

10 kW

BANK AYUASA DT85-11120 2V-CELLS

425AH BATTERY

BANK BYUASA DT85-11120 2V-CELLS

425AH BATTERY

80A

80A

80A

80A

CR9000DATALOGGER

COMPUTERand

MODEM

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CR9000 DAS, SIGNAL CONDITIONER

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D.R. TEST BATTERIES AT STAR

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ALTERNATIVE CONFIGURATION

• Support the Development of a New Proprietary Technique to Equalize Individual Strings of a Battery Bank– Test site located at the APS STAR Center

– Support via data collection, data quality control, data processing and on-site system management/repair as required by:

• Dr. Phil Symons (EECI) and

• Mr. Garth Corey (SNL Program Manager)

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ALTERNATIVE CONFIGURATIONEquipment Building

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ALTERNATIVE CONFIGURATION

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GENSET STARTING BATTERY

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A.C., LOAD SHACK - EXTERIOR

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A.C., LOAD SHACK - INTERIOR

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A.C., CHECKLISTAlternate Configuration Project Checklist. 11-Oct

12:00Are the lights ON (Timer: 6-9 PM)? NIs the refrigerator running? YIs the swamp cooler running? NIs the load shed door latched? NIs the battery shed door closed? YWhat is the generator state? [ON or OFF] OffWhat is the fuel level in percent of full? 78%Does the monitor turn on? YAre the fans running? YWhat is the start time of the current battery cycle? 10/10/01 17:40What is the state of the battery? DischargeIf in FINISH CHARGE, are charger lights active? N/A

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IEEE STANDARDS

1. IEEE P1361/D15. Draft Guide ForSelection, Charging, Test and Evaluationof Lead-acid Batteries Used in Stand-AlonePhotovoltaic (PV) Systems

2. IEEE P1561/D5. Recommended GuideFor Optimizing the Performance and Lifeof Lead-Acid Batteries In Hybrid RemoteSystems

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IEEE 1561: USER QUESTIONSCAROL SPRINGS MOUNTAIN

REMOTE HYBRID SYSTEM

: How do the battery characteristics change with age.

1. For a nominal load, what is the relationship between State ofCharge (SOC) and Vbb?

2. What methodology should be used to measure SOC? AmpHourcounting? Vbb? Both?

3. What is the recommended charging technique? Equalizationfrequency?

4. For the Remote Solar Electric System (RSES), how should thosebatteries be managed?

5. Temperature compensation – charge set points only? Discharge set points?

6. VRLA/CSM7. CSM: Equalization frequency? Finish charge every two weeks?

5% Overcharge (Ah)?8. Why is there not a smart controller that can anticipate daytime

PV availability and decide when to start the genset?

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IEEE 1561: USER QUESTIONS

GRAY WOLF HYBRID REMOTE SYSTEM1. How does load affect genset start/stop and Low Battery cutoff

(LBCO) set points? How do we compensate for the effects of load?2. What is an authoritative reference for temperature compensation of

Charge and Discharge set points?3. Equalization: How often? Procedure?4. Where do you measure Temperature, Voltage, Current? How do

you measure these parameters?5. How are above answers affected by battery age?6. How is battery resistance measured?7. How effective is Amp-hour counting? Pros and cons? Procedure?

When is counter reset?

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IEEE STANDARDS: P1561CHARGE ACCEPTANCE AT 40C (FLOODED LA BATTERY)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00Charge Time, Hours

Cha

rge

Acc

epta

nce,

%

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

Volta

ge, V

dcPos. PlateNeg. PlateCell Voltage

Source:Figure 5.7, pg 147: Rand, D., R. Woods and R.M. Dell, Batteries for Electric

Vehicles, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1998

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CONCLUSIONS - 1

• Lead-acid Battery Technology is Mature. Battery Management in PV Systems is still in the early stages of development.– Need charge controllers that include amp-hour counting– The Alt. Config. management system is a major step

forward

• Proper Battery Management Information is not readily available to the System Integrator/User.– System Integrators still have more questions than answers

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CONCLUSIONS -2

• The Alber Cellcorder has 20 times greater voltage resolution than the Midtronics Celltron. Time will tell which instrument is better at predicting battery failure.

• The partnership between APS and DOE/SNL is an excellent means of leveraging the resources of both organizations in order to improve function and reliability of hybrid systems, and to reduce the costs of hybrid systems

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PLANS FOR THE FUTURE

• CONTINUE TO SUPPORT:– Alternative Configuration Development– STAR, Hybrid Test Facility– STAR, CSM Battery

Management/Optimization– Battery Standards– On site Liaison between APS and DOE/SNL

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THANK YOU

QUESTIONS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Hammond, R., et. al., Photovoltaic Hybrid Test Facility: System Evaluation of Yuasa VRLA/GEL Batteries, EESAT 2000 Conference: September 18-20, 2000, Orlando, FL

2. Bryan Hill, Pinnacle West &Y Dangling Rope Solar Hybrid System, Pinnacle West, October 2001

3. Rosenthal, A., Dangling Rope Marina: A Photovoltaic-Hybrid Power System, SNL Quarterly, Volume 1, 1998

4. Rosenthal, A., Dangling Rope Marina: Preliminary Results, Photovoltaic Performance and Reliability Workshop, Las Cruces, NM, 1997

5. Thomas, M. and Post, H., Photovoltaic Systems Performance and Reliability: Myths, Facts, and Concerns - A 1996 Perspective, PV Performance and Reliability Workshop, 1998

6. Post, H. and Thomas, M., Photovoltaic Systems Costs for Stand-Alone Systems with Battery Storage, PV Performance and Reliability Workshop, 1998

7. Newmiller, J. and Farmer, B., PVUSA Operations Experience With Trace Technologies PV Inverters, 26th IEEE PVSC, Anaheim, CA, Sep. 29- Oct. 3, 1997

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