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7/29/2019 PV systems and components.pdf
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1FSEC
2002
Solar Pho tovol taic Systems
and Components
7/29/2019 PV systems and components.pdf
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2FSEC
2002
Solar Pho tovo ltaic Sys tem (SPS)
! Solar Photovoltaic System (690.2)
" The total components and subsystems that, in combination,convert solar energy into electrical energy suitable for
connection to a utilization load.
load
utilization
energy
sourcepower
conditioning
energyconversion
Inverter
Charger
Controller
PV Arrayenergy
distributionload
center
batteryenergy
storage
electric
utility
network
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3FSEC
2002
Solar Pho tovo ltaic Sys tem (SPS)
Components
! PV Array: An electrical assembly of photovoltaic modules that convert
sunlight to DC electricity.
! Inverter:A device that converts DC power from batteries or PV arrays into
utility-grade AC power.
! Energy Storage:Electrical or other storage devices sometimes used to
store energy produced by PV arrays for later consumption.
! System Charge Con trol :A device used to protect batteries fromovercharge and overdischarge, sometimes provide load control functions.
! Load:Energy consuming electrical appliances served by the system.
! Balance of System (BOS) Components:Other equipment required to
control, conduct, protect and distribute power in the system.
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4FSEC
2002
Solar Cell
! Solar Cell (690.2)
" The basic photovoltaic device that generates dc electricity whenexposed to light. A typical silicon solar cell produces about 0.5
volt and up to 6 amps and 3 watts for larger area cells.
electrical load
typical crystalline silicon
photovoltaic cell
(-)
(+)
pho sphorous -doped (N-type)
si l ic on layer ~ 0.3 x 10-6mbo ron -doped (P-type)
si l ico n layer ~ 250 x 10-6m
dc cu rrent flow
sun
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5FSEC
2002
Pho tovo l taic Modu les
! Module (690.2)
" A complete, environmentally protected unit consisting of solarcells, optics, and other components, exclusive of tracker,
designed to generate dc power when expose to sunlight.
60 watt polycrystalline
module
75 watt crystalline
module
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6FSEC
2002
Pho tovo ltaic Panels
! Panel (690.2)
" A collection of modules mechanically fastened together, wired,and designed to provide a field installable unit.
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7FSEC
2002
Photovol taic A rrays
! Array (690.2)
" A mechanical integrated assembly of modules or panels with asupport structure and foundation, tracker, and other
components, as required, to form a direct-current power-
producing unit.
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8FSEC
2002
Defin i t ion s: Photovo l taic Cel ls,
Modu les, Panels and A rrays
cellmodule
panelarray
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9FSEC
2002
Solar cells
Blocking diodes
Module
Panel
Array
Fuses
Photovoltaic source circuits
Photovoltaic
output circuit
Ident i f icat ion of Solar Pho tovol ta ic
System Components
Adapted from NEC 2002
Figure 690.1(A)
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10FSEC
2002
Inverter
! Inverter (690.2)
" Equipment that is used to change voltage level or waveform, orboth, of electrical energy. Also known as a power processing
unit (PCU) or power conversion system (PCS), and inverter is a
device that changes dc input to ac output. Inverters may also
function as battery chargers that use alternating current fromanother course and convert it into direct current for charging
batteries.
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11FSEC
2002
B i-Polar A rray
! Bipolar Photovoltaic Array (690.2)
" A photovoltaic array that has two outputs, each having oppositepolarity to a common reference point or center tap.
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12FSEC
2002
Defin it ions (A rt. 690.2)
! Blocking Diode
" A diode used to block reverse flow of current into a photovoltaicsource circuit. Blocking diodes are not required by this Code,
although the instructions or labels supplied with the photovoltaic
module may require them.
! Charge Controller" Equipment that controls dc voltage or dc current, or both, used
to charge a battery.
! Diversion Charge Controller
" Equipment that regulates the charging process of a battery by
diverting power from energy storage to direct-current or
alternating current loads or to an interconnected utility service.
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13FSEC
2002
Defin it ions (A rt. 690.2)
! Electrical Production and Distribution Network
" A power production, distribution and utilization system, such asa utility system and connected loads, that is external to and not
controlled by the photovoltaic power system.
! Hybrid System
" A system comprised of multiple power sources. These powersources may include photovoltaic, wind, micro-hydro
generators, engine-driven generators, and others, but do not
include electrical production and distribution network systems.
Energy storage systems, such as batteries, do not constitute apower source for the purpose of this definition.
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14FSEC
2002
Defin it ions (A rt. 690.2)
! Inverter Input Circuit
" Conductors between the inverter and batteries in stand-alonesystems or the conductors between the inverter and
photovoltaic output circuits for electrical production and
distribution network.
! Inverter Output Circuit" Conductors between the inverter and an ac load center for
stand-alone systems or the conductors between the inverter
and the service equipment or another electric power production
source, such as a utility, for electrical production and distributionnetwork.
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15FSEC 2002
Defin it ions (A rt. 690.2)
! Photovoltaic Power Source
" An array or aggregate of arrays that generates dc power atsystem voltage and current.
! Photovoltaic Source Circuit" Circuits between modules and from modules to the common
connection point(s) of the dc system.
! Photovoltaic Systems Voltage" The direct current (dc) voltage of any photovoltaic source or
photovoltaic output circuit. For bipolar or multiwire installations,the photovoltaic systems voltage is the highest voltage between
any two dc conductors.
! Photovoltaic Output Circuit" Circuit conductors between the photovoltaic source circuit(s)
and the inverter or dc utilization equipment.
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16FSEC 2002
Types of Pho tovol taic Sys tems
! Stand-Alone Systems
" Operate independent of the utility grid, includes hybrid systems
! Utility-Interactive Systems
" Sometimes called grid-connected systems
" Operate interconnected (in parallel) with the utility grid, a bi-
directional interface is required
! Bi-Modal Systems
" May operate in either utility-interactive or stand-alone mode, but
not concurrently
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17FSEC 2002
Stand -A lone Sys tems
! Stand-Alone System (690.2)
" A solar photovoltaic system that supplies power independentlyof an electrical production and distribution network.
! Operate autonomously, or independent of the electric utility grid.
! Commonly used for back-up power and where the costs of
extending utility service and other power generating means arecost-prohibitive.
! May or may not use energy storage.
! Used to power DC loads and/or AC loads from an inverter.
! Hybrid stand-alone systems may include other energy producingequipment such as engine generators, wind turbines, fuel cells or
small hydro.
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18FSEC 2002
Stand-A lone Sys tem
Main supply equipment
for ac loadsInverter
Photovoltaic output circuit
Inverter output circuit
Inverter input circuit
Charge controller
Energy storage (battery)
Main supply equipment for DC loads
Adapted from NEC 2002
Figure 690.1(B)
7/29/2019 PV systems and components.pdf
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19FSEC 2002
Direct-Coupled
Stand -A lone Sys tems
! Simplest type of stand-alone PV system, common
applications include water pumps and fans.! DC load is directly connected to a PV array, no energy
storage.
! No overcurrent device typically required.
PV Array DC Load
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20FSEC 2002
Stand -A lone PV Sys tem w ith Battery
Storage
! PV array charges battery which supplies power to DC
electrical loads as needed.! Without charge control, battery is susceptible to
overcharge and overdischarge.
! Charge control may only be eliminated under special
circumstances the load is well defined and the battery is
oversized.
DC LoadPV Array Battery
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21FSEC 2002
Stand -A lone PV Sys tem w ith
Batter ies and Charge Con tro l
! Charge control is required whenever the load is variable
and the battery is not oversized.! Protects the battery from overcharge and overdischarge,
and may provide load control functions.
DC LoadPV Array
Battery
Charge
Controller
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22FSEC 2002
Stand -A lone PV Sys tem w ith
AC and DC Loads
! The addition of inverter is required to power AC loads
from the battery bank.! Inverter may incorporate a charger function, which
allows inverter to be connected to a generator or utility
grid to charge batteries or supplement the AC load.
" Note that there is no back-feed of power to the utility grid and
this is not a utility-interactive system the grid is used strictly for
back-up.
" The inverter charger AC input is separate from the AC output of
the inverter the AC output of stand-alone inverters operatingfrom batteries is never connected to the grid only the
dedicated AC loads served by the system.
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23FSEC 2002
Stand -A lone PV Sys tem w ith
AC and DC Loads
DC LoadPV Array
Battery
Charge
Controller
Inverter/
Charger
AC Load AC Source
(Charger Only)
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24FSEC 2002
Stand -A lone PV Hybr id Sys tems
! One or more energy sources are used in addition to the
PV generator.! Common hybrid sources used in stand-alone PV
systems include engine generators, wind turbines, small
hydro and fuel cells.
! Reliance on any single generating source is reduced,
battery storage capacity and size of PV array can be
minimized.
! Hybrid PV systems are often the least costly for remotepower applications.
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25FSEC 2002
Stand-A lone PV Hybrid Sys tem
DC LoadPV Array
Battery
ChargeController
Inverter
AC LoadEngine-generator,wind turbine or grid backup
Rectifier
DC Bus
AC Bus
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26FSEC 2002
Figure 690.1(B )
Hybrid System
Wind, engine-generator,
micro-hydro and otherpower sources
Photovoltaic output circuit
Inverter AC output circuit
Inverter
Energy storage, charge controller
and system control
DC loads
Inverter DC input circuit
Adapted from NEC 2002
Figure 690.1(B)
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27FSEC 2002
In terac t ive Sys tem
! Interactive System (690.2)
" A solar photovoltaic system that operates in parallel with andmay deliver power to an electrical production and distribution
network. For the purposes of this definition, and energy storage
subsystem of a solar photovoltaic system, such as a battery, is
not another electrical production source.
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28FSEC 2002
Bas ic Uti l i ty -In teract ive or
Grid-Connected PV Sys tem
Distribution
PanelPV Array Inverter/Power
Conditioner
AC Loads
Electric
Utility
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29FSEC 2002
In terac t ive Sys tem
Electric production
and distribution
network connection
Inverter
Photovoltaic source
circuits
Photovoltaic output circuit
Inverter output circuit
Inverter input circuit
Adapted from NEC 2002
Figure 690.1(B)
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30FSEC 2002
Uti l i ty-In teract ive Systems
! Operate in parallel with the utility grid, a bi-directional
interface is required! The inverter, or power conditioning equipment is the
primary component.
! Electrical loads are supplied by either the PV system or
utility.
! Generally do not use energy storage, but bi-modal
systems may use batteries for critical load backup.
! Electrical utilities may require accessible, visibledisconnects and special metering.
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31FSEC 2002
Uti l i ty-In teract ive System -
B i-Modal Con f igurat ion
PV Array
Inverter/Charger
Battery
Storage
Critical Load
Sub Panel
Backup
AC Loads
Main Panel
PrimaryAC Loads
Electric
Utility
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32FSEC 2002