Completion

Production

Intervention

Drilling

Evaluation

Production optimization

Artificial lift Control systems Flow measurement Reservoir monitoring Software• AnalysisWorkbenchartificial-liftanalysis• CygNet®EOPenterpriseoperationplatform• CygNetMeasurementelectronicflowmeasurementandreconciliation•CygNetSCADAproductionmidstreamandpipelineoperations• DataMart™analyticaldata• DTSPlus™temperatureprofiling• DynaLift™dynamicgas-liftoptimization• i-DO®real-timeoptimizationsolution• LOWIS™life-of-wellinformationsoftware• MatBal®reservoiranalysisandproductionforecasting• PanMesh™numericalwell-testanalysis• PanSystem®well-testanalysis• PetroAtlas™petroleumengineeringknowledgebase• PVTflex™fluidpropertyanalysis• ReO®networkmanagementoptimization• ReOForecast™productionforecastingandfieldplanning• RigPlan™resourcescheduling• RMSreservoirmonitoringsystem• Verge™productionsurveillance• WellFlo®wellanalysis• WellScribe™mobiledatacollection• WSMwell-servicemanager

Subsea production

PVTflex™CompositionalandBlack-OilPVTAnalysisSoftware

GeneratehighlyaccuratePVTmodelsforefficientprocessingofcriticalreservoirfluiddata

©2011Weatherford.Allrightsreserved.2

PVTflex™modelingsoftwareexploitslaboratoryexperimentaldataonreservoirfluidstogiveengineersatoolforpre-processingcriticalreservoirfluiddata,enablingittobehandledmoreefficientlyinproductionoptimizationsoftwareandfortuningequations-of-state(EoS)modelsandblack-oilcorrelations.Theresultingdatasetprovidesawealthofinformationaboutthebehaviorofthereservoirfluidatvariouspressuresandtemperatures.

GenerateHighlyAccuratePVTModels

PVTflex Advantages

• Integrationwithallproductionoptimizationapplications

• Unifiedcompositionaldatapre-processing

• FastandefficienttuningofEoSorblack-oilcorrelationsusinglaboratorydata

• Singleentryofalllaboratorydata

• Supportformultipleexperimentsofthesametype(forexample,CCEandCVD)

• MultipleEoS/correlationscomparisonforselectionofthemostaccurate

• User-friendly.NETapplicationsimplifiesintegration

• Wizard-basedworkflow

Athoroughunderstandingofreservoirfluidcharacteristicsisimperativeforallareasofpetroleumandreservoirengineering.Thesuccessfulmanagementandassetvalueofanyoilandgasoperationdependslargelyonhavingthecapacitytoaccuratelypredictgas/oil/waterphasebehaviorandfluidproperties.Today,sophisticatedsoftwareprogramsspecificallydesignedforpressure/volume/temperature(PVT)modelingandanalysisareusedthroughouttheindustrytoprovideengineerscriticalinformationaboutfluidcharacteristics.Whilecorrelation-basedmodelsarewidelyusedforblack-oilfluids,EoS-basedmodelshaveprovedtobemoreaccuratefornear-criticalfluidssuchasgascondensateandvolatileoil.

PVTflex software gives engineers a single tool for building both black-oil and compositional fluid PVT models.Forblack-oilPVT,PVTflexsoftwareoffersarangeofindustrystandardcorrelationsincludingStandingandGlaso.ThecompositionalPVTisbasedonEoSandpredictsthecorrectphasebehaviorforcondensatesandvolatileoilfluids.PVTflexsoftwareincorporatessixdifferentEoS-basedcalculations,includingPeng-Robinson(PR)andSoaveRedlichKwong(SRK).

PVTflex software, tightly integrated in the Field Office™ suite of production optimization software,offersengineersaunifiedandstreamlinedmechanismforgeneratinghighlyaccuratePVTmodels.TheresultingPVTmodelscanthenbeusedinmultipleFieldOfficemodulesforavarietyofcalculationsandfordeterminingtheoptimalsetpointsforwellsandallofthevarioussegmentsintheproductionsystem.UsingPVTflex software as part of the Field Office suite minimizes redundant efforts, thereby ensuring application of a consistent methodology across all modules.TheseadvancedPVTmodelsformthefoundationofallintegratedproductionoptimizationstudies—fromindividual-welltofull-fieldoptimization.

©2011Weatherford.Allrightsreserved.

PVTflex™CompositionalandBlack-OilPVTAnalysisSoftware

3

FieldOffice™2011SoftwareSuiteRelationshipDiagram

The PVTflex wizard-based graphic interface,coupledwithawideselectionofmodelsandtuningoptions,enablesengineerstoenterandanalyzedataswiftly.Thepropertiesofmanycommonlyfoundinorganicandorganiccomponents—uptoC45—arecontainedwithinthebuilt-influid-datalibrary,givingengineersaneasilyaccessibletoolforquickselection.

ReO®

Field Network Optimization

ReO Forecast™

ProductivityForecasting

MatBal®

ReservoirSimulation

Verge™

Field Visualization

LOWIS™

Real-Time Well Monitoringand Analysis

i-DO®

Real-Time Welland NetworkEngineering

Analysis WorkbenchArti�cial-Lift Analysis

RigPlan™

Asset Scheduling

WSMWell Service Manager™

WellScribe™

Wellsite Activity Capture

PanSystem®

Downhole Well-Test Analysis

PanMesh™

Downhole Well-Test Simulation

RMSReservoir

Monitoring System

DTSPlus™

Distributed TemperatureData Acquisition

DynaLift™

Gas-Lift DynamicSimulation

WellFlo® Nodal Analysis

LinkBox™

DataCommunicator

CygNet® EOPEnterprise Operation

Platform

PetroAtlas™

Petroleum Engineering Knowledgebase

DataMart™

Analyzed Data

PVT�ex™

Flow AssuranceCygNet® Measurement

Electronic Flow Measurementand Reconciliation

CygNet® SCADA Production Midstream and Pipeline Operations

FluidDataPre-Processing:LabFluidDescriptionsforCompositionalFluidEntry

FluidDataPre-Processing:LabReportInformationEntry

©2011Weatherford.Allrightsreserved.4

FluidPre-ProcessingTypically,thecompositionalfluiddescriptionthatlaboratoriesprovideisfartoodetailedtobeofuseforaworkablesimulation;thechallenge,therefore,istofirstmodifythedescriptionwithoutsacrificingaccuracy.Thepre-processingsectionofPVTflex™softwareeliminatesthisrequirement,givingengineersasingleandeasilyinterpretedsourceforbuildingaprecisefluidmodelineithercompositionalorblack-oilmode.Byprovidingaseriesofcalculationsteps,includingsplittingoftheplusfraction,thepre-processingsectionhelpsengineersincompletingtheformulationofcriticalreservoir/processsimulation.

Compositional PVT

InthePVTflexcompositionalPVTmode,fluidisfirstdescribedintermsofmolefractionsofthevariouscomponentspresentinthefluid.AnEoSisthenusedtopredictthephasesplitandotherphysicalpropertiesofthefluid.Thiscompositionalapproachisflexibleandsophisticatedand,ifusedcarefully,ismoreaccurateoverarangeofoperatingconditionsandcompositions.Asthereservoirfluidmaycontainhundredsofcompounds,thepredictionsbyEoScanbeunreliableunlesstunedtotheexperimentaldata.Typically,theiterativeprocessesinvolvedinthecalculationsforthecompositionalPVTmakeperformingflashcalculationsatime-intensiveprocess.Toexpediteandsimplifytheeffort,PVTflexsoftwareprovidesavarietyofwell-knownEoS,including

• Soave-Redlich-Kwongwithvolumeshifts;

• Peng-Robinsonwithvolumeshifts;

• Peng-Robinson;

• Soave-Redlich-Kwong;

• Patel-Teja;

• Patel-Teja-Valderrama.

Key Features of the Compositional Fluid Pre-Processing Sections

• Systemfluid-componentlibraryincludingorganicandinorganiccomponentsandtheirproperties

• Abilitytospecifythenumberofpseudo-componentsintowhichtheplusfractionshouldbesplit

• Abilitytoviewandeditthermodynamicpropertiesofallcomponents,includingpseudo-components

• Abilitytoenterstandardlaboratorydata:– Constantcompositionexpansion(CCE)– Differentialvaporization(DV)– Constantvolumedepletion(CVD)– Separatortest(SEP)– Dry-gasdata(DG)

• Abilitytocomparesimulatedresults,usinguntunedEoSwithmeasuredvalues

FluidDataPre-Processing:PlusFractionSplittingforCompositionalFluidEntry

FluidDataPre-Processing:ExperimentalDataEntry

©2011Weatherford.Allrightsreserved.

PVTflex™CompositionalandBlack-OilPVTAnalysisSoftware

5

Black-Oil PVT

WhenPVTflexsoftwareisusedforblack-oilPVT,thefluidisexpressedintermsofmeasuredquantities:gasgravity,oilgravityandgas/oilratioorcondensategasratio.Basedonmeasureddata,theblack-oilPVTcorrelationsareobtainedbyregressionanalysisofthedatafromalimitednumberoffields,usuallyfromaspecificgeographicregion.Consequently,similartothecompositionalPVT,theblack-oilPVTcorrelationsshouldbetunedusingexperimentaldataforaccuratepredictionsofphasesplitandproperties.Asthecorrelationcalculationsusuallyarenon-iterative,thetimerequiredforcalculationisconsiderablylessthanthatrequiredforthecompositionalPVT.

PVTflexsoftwareoffersthefollowingblack-oilcorrelations:

• Bubble-pointpressure(Pb),solutiongas’oilratio(Rs),andoilformationvolumefactor(Bo)– Glaso– Standing– Lasater– ModifiedVazquez-Beggs

• Oilviscosity– BealChew– Beggs– ASTMChew– ASTMBeggs

• Gasviscosity– Carr– Lee

SimilartocompositionalPVT,PVTflexsoftwareenablestheengineertoentervariouslaboratorydata,simplifyingtheprocessofcomparingtheuntunedcorrelationresultswiththemeasureddata.

FluidDataPre-processing:LabFluidDescriptionsforBlack-OilFluidEntry

ComparisonofExperimentalandUntunedResults

©2011Weatherford.Allrightsreserved.6

ThetuningcapabilityofPVTflex™software,whichisapplicableforbothblack-oilandcompositionalPVT,providesreservoirengineers,flow-assurancespecialists,productionengineersandprocessengineerstheabilitytocombineexperimentaldatawiththephase-behaviorpredictioncalculationenginetoaugmenttheaccuracyofpredictionsofthereservoirfluidbehavior.Thiscapacityisachievedusingarobustandefficientregressionalgorithm.

Selection of Experiments and Tuning Variables for Tuning

TheexperimentselectionsectionofPVTflexsoftwareoffersarangeoffeatures,includingtheoptiontoexcludeanexperimentinthetuningprocessand/orassignahigherweighttooneormoreexperimentstoensurethosedatasetsareaccuratelymatched.

InthecompositionalPVTmode,theuserhasfullflexibilityinselectingthetuningparametersaswellasthelimitstowhichtheirvaluescouldbealteredasapartofthetuningprocess.Fortuningpurposes,thefollowingpropertiesareavailable:

• Criticalpressure

• Criticaltemperature

• Criticalvolume

• Binaryinteractioncoefficient

• EoSconstantsOmegaAandOmegaB

Toovercomethedemandsinvolvedinatypicaltuningprocess,thePVTflexapplicationenablestheusertomaintainthetrendsofcriticalpropertiesofcomponentswiththeirmolecularweightsbygroupingthetuningvariablesofthesametype.

Intheblack-oilPVTmode,tuningvariablesareselecteddynamically,dependingonthecorrelationsandnumberofdatasetsavailablefortuning.Themethodologyforselectingthesetuningvariablesensuresthattheoveralltrendsofthecorrelationwiththekeyvariables,suchaspressure,temperatureandAPI,areretainedevenaftertuning.

Tuning

SelectingVariousInputDataBeforeTuning

ResultsafterTuningforBlack-OilFluidModel

©2011Weatherford.Allrightsreserved.

PVTflex™CompositionalandBlack-OilPVTAnalysisSoftware

7

Tuning of Correlation or Equation of State

NosingleEoSorblack-oilcorrelationsetisapplicableforallfluids.Accordingly,atypicaltuningexerciseinvolvestuningbyusingmultipleEoSorblack-oilcorrelationsets,followedbyrunningananalysisofeachoftheresultsets.PVTflexsoftwareisdesignedtoenabletheusertoveryeasilyrunmultiplescenarioswithdifferentinputdatasetsandcomparetheirresults.Theusercanvarytheselectedexperimentsandtheirweights,tuningvariablesandbounds,suchasEoSorblack-oilcorrelations.

Theresultsofthetuningexercisearedisplayedclearlyinaconstructivelayout.Keyresults,suchasoverallrootmeansquare(RMS)errorvalues,aredisplayedalongwiththeplotsdelineatingtheexperimental,tunedandun-tunedvalues.Thetuningfactorscomputedbythetuningalgorithmarealsoavailabletoengineersfordetailedanalysis.ThedatacanbeexportedtoMicrosoft®Excel®softwareforuseinotherapplications.

MicrosoftandExcelareregisteredtrademarksofMicrosoftCorporation.

ResultsafterTuningforCompositionalFluidModel

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PVTflex™CompositionalandBlack-OilPVTAnalysisSoftware