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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
State Efforts In Early-Childhood
Education
With Support From the Pew Charitable Trusts
Building Blocks
For Success
Building Blocks
For Success
BUILDING BLOCKS FOR SUCCESS
Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Quality Counts Special theme each year
Focus on state policy
Comparable state-by-state data
Analysis of research and trends
States graded on standards and accountability, improving teacher quality, school climate, and adequacy and equity of education resources
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Why early-childhood education?
Children learn from the moment they are born
Just like in K-12 education, when we look at
early care and education, quality counts
Research shows that young children benefit academically and socially from high-quality early-childhood programs
The reality today is that the majority of preschool-age children are cared for outside the home for at least part of the day by someone other than their parents
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
During a typical week, about 62 percent of children under age 5 spend part of their day cared for outside the home – 30 hours per
week, on average …
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
These almost 12 million children are cared for in a variety of settings – from public schools
and Head Start centers to churches and private care homes …
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
What are states doing to ensure quality in early-
childhood education and care?
Access
Funding
Program standards
Teacher quality
School readiness and assessment
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Education Week’s Report Card on the States
For the 6th year, Quality Counts tracks the health of public education systems in the 50 states and, for the first time this year, the District of Columbia
This year, states are graded on standards and accountability, efforts to improve teacher quality, and education resources
States averaged a C across categories
States earning the highest overall grades include Connecticut, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and South Carolina
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Quality Counts provides a wealth of information, not only on early-childhood policies,
but on K-12 education – including how states will measure up on the new ESEA testing
requirements …
Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
State Efforts In Early-Childhood
Education
With Support From the Pew Charitable Trusts
Building Blocks
For Success
Building Blocks
For Success
BUILDING BLOCKS FOR SUCCESS
Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Quality Counts 2002 takes
a look at the uneven landscape of state efforts
in early-childhood education and care …
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Kindergarten
Every state and D.C. provides at least some funding for kindergarten
But 9 states – Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, and Pennsylvania – still don’t require districts to provide kindergarten
Only 8 states and D.C. require districts to provide full-day kindergarten
Just 13 states and D.C. require children to attend kindergarten
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Prekindergarten
39 states and D.C. have state-financed pre-K programs for 3- and 4-year-olds
In all, states are investing about $1.9 billion to help more than 765,000 children attend pre-K
But efforts are uneven – per-child expenditures range from just a few hundred dollars in Minnesota to almost $8,000 in Oregon
A quarter of the states with pre-K programs are serving at least 20,000 children. Four states are serving 500 or fewer children
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Head Start In 2000, states received approximately $4.5
billion in Head Start grants
21 states and D.C. are supplementing Head Start with state funds – Ohio has made the largest commitment to expanding Head Start access with about $100 million in added state funds
Head Start provides access to early care and education to more than 760,000 poor children
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Child Care
In 2001, states received $4.4 billion from the federal Child Care and Development Fund to subsidize child care
States transferred about 14 percent of their $24 billion in welfare funds (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) to bolster child-care efforts
States spent about $1.5 billion of their 2000 welfare allocation directly on child care
26 states and D.C. provide child-care tax credits to families
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Are state efforts adequate to meet children’s needs? In 19 states, a family of three earning as little as
$25,000 per year could not qualify for child-care assistance in 2000
A 2000 study by the federal Child Care Bureau indicates that nationwide, only about 12 percent of children eligible for federal child-care subsidies receive them. No state did better than serve 25 percent of eligible children with federal subsidies
Pre-K programs serve a range from about 2 percent to 50 percent of 4-year-olds in the states
Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
State Efforts In Early-Childhood
Education
With Support From the Pew Charitable Trusts
Building Blocks
For Success
Building Blocks
For Success
BUILDING BLOCKS FOR SUCCESS
Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Quality Counts 2002 finds great variability
in states’ efforts to ensure quality across
early-childhood settings …
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
State Licensing Standards
Traditionally, “quality” in early-childhood education has focused on ensuring basic protections such as physical safety – not on learning
20 states have no regulations for the maximum group size of child-care centers
18 states do not regulate child-care providers who care for up to four children
In many states, certain settings are exempt from state licensing entirely
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Standards for Pre-K Almost all states have standards for elementary
school, and 19 states and D.C. have specific expectations for kindergarten
Only 15 states and D.C. have specific standards for pre-K
5 states are drafting pre-K standards
But many of those states don’t require pre-K programs to adhere to the standards. Only 6 states – California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, and Washington – require programs to follow pre-K standards
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Efforts to Improve Program Quality
The federal government requires states to use 4 percent of their Child Care and Development Fund grants and 25 percent of new Head Start dollars for quality initiatives
7 states require state-financed pre-K programs to earn accreditation from the National Association for the Education of Young Children
26 states and D.C. offer tiered reimbursements to child-care providers that meet quality standards
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As a nation, the U.S. pays about as much to parking-lot attendants and dry-cleaning
workers as it does to those who care for children …
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Teacher Training Every state requires teachers to have at least a
bachelor’s degree, but only 20 states and D.C. with state-financed pre-K programs expect the same from pre-K teachers
With the exception of Rhode Island, no state requires teachers in child-care centers to hold a bachelor’s degree and have early-childhood training
30 states don’t have ANY preservice education requirements for child-care workers
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Efforts to Improve Teacher Quality
By 2003, 50 percent of Head Start teachers must have at least an associate’s degree in early childhood
18 states have Teacher Education and Compensation Helps (TEACH) programs. States spent more than $17 million to provide more than 14,000 scholarships in 2000-01
9 states have compensation programs that reward child-care providers for improving their education credentials
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Ensuring School Readiness
17 states mandate readiness testing for kindergartners, primarily to identify children with special needs or help plan instruction
6 states use kindergarten assessment to provide a snapshot of school readiness statewide
15 states and D.C. require diagnostic or developmental testing of prekindergartners
No state uses these assessments for high-stakes purposes
Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
State Efforts In Early-Childhood
Education
With Support From the Pew Charitable Trusts
Building Blocks
For Success
Building Blocks
For Success
BUILDING BLOCKS FOR SUCCESS
Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Quality Counts 2002 grades the states on standards
and accountability, efforts to improve teacher quality,
and the adequacy and equity of education
resources …
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Student Achievement
New math and science scores released in 2001
17 states showed significant gains in the percentage of 4th or 8th grade students scoring at or above proficient in math since 1996 – 9 states showed significant improvement for both 4th and 8th graders
7 states showed significant improvements in the percentage of 8th graders performing at or above proficient in science
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Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
Quality Counts continues to track developments over time on state accountability
policies ...
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Improving Teacher Quality 11 states have policies to
encourage pay-for-performance
11 states have incentives to encourage teachers to teach in low-performing schools
44 states provide professional development funds – three-fourths provide such funds to all districts
Up from 10 states in 1999, 15 states now have induction programs for new teachers
Three states have added subject-knowledge tests to their basic-skills tests required of teachers – bringing the total to 32
All but 2 states – Nebraska and Texas – have incentives for teachers to obtain National Board certification
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School Climate Ungraded for 2002 while we improve our
indicators
Current topics include: student engagement, parent involvement, school safety, choice and autonomy, class size, and school facilities
19 states require school safety information to be included on school report cards
31 states have implemented a class-size reduction program or limit class size by law
22 states track the condition of all school facilities in the state
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Resources Education Week refined the adequacy measures
this year
All 50 states and D.C. increased their average per-pupil spending from 2000 to 2001, but only 31 states increased spending enough to outpace inflation
4 states received a perfect score on the adequacy index: Delaware, New York, Wyoming, and New Jersey
Q U A L I T Y C O U N T S 2 0 0 2
State Efforts In Early-Childhood
Education
With Support From the Pew Charitable Trusts
Building Blocks
For Success
Building Blocks
For Success