qarTul-evropuli tipis axali saswavlo leqsikonebis...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

inglisuri filologiis departamenti

leqsikografia

sofiko daraselia

qarTul-evropuli tipis axali saswavlo leqsikonebis Sedgenis

sakiTxebi korpusuli meTodologiis gamoyenebiT

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati,

profesori TinaTin margalitaZe

sadisertacio naSromis konsultanti: lidsis universitetis

asocirebuli profesori

sergei Sarovi

Tbilisi

2015

avtoris stili daculia

2

Sinaarsi

Sesavali ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4

I Tavi. literaturis mimoxilva ............................................................................................................ 10

1.1 saswavlo leqsikografiis ganviTarebis istoria......................................................... 10

2. korpusuli lingvistika da korpusebi ................................................................................. 14

2.1 korpusuli lingvistika ....................................................................................................................... 14

2.2 korpusi..................................................................................................................................................................... 17

2.3 enaTa korpusebi ...............................................................................................................................................20

2.3.1 qarTuli enis korpusebi...................................................................................................................... 21

2.3.2 qarTuli dialeqturi korpusi.....................................................................................................22

2.3.3. qarTuli enis korpusi sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis programaSi.........23

2.3.4 qarTuli enis paraleluri korpusi.......................................................................................25

3. vebi rogorc korpusi...................................................................................................................................27

3.1 zogadi mimoxilva ..........................................................................................................................................27

3.2. vebkorpusebi .......................................................................................................................................................28

II Tavi. qarTuli enis vebkorpusi - KaWaC................................................................................... 33

1.1 zogadi mimoxilva .......................................................................................................................................... 33

1.2 qarTuli enis vebkorpusi - KaWaC................................................................................................. 33

1.3 vebgverdebis lingvisturi damuSaveba...................................................................................... 36

1.4 reprezentaciuloba qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi............................................................40

2. Janruli klasifikacia qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi.......................................................42

3. multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebi.................................................................47

3.1 metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema qarTuli enisaTvis.....................48

3.2 morfologiuri analizi.........................................................................................................................56

4. sixSiruli sia (Frequency List) ................................................................................................................62

3

III Tavi. qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvra ..............................................64

1.1 zogadi mimoxilva ..........................................................................................................................................64

1.2 korpusze dafuZnebuli sixSiruli leqsikonebi...........................................................64

2. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis lematizeba da qarTuli enis sixSiruli

leqsikis gansazRvra ...........................................................................................................................................70

2.1 qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo leqsikonis sixSiruli sityvani.......72

2.2 qarTuli sixSiruli leqsikis sityvanis Sedareba „qarTul

leqsikonTan“ ...............................................................................................................................................................78

IV Tavi, qarTuli enis vebkorpusi –KaWaC, rogorc wyaro qarTul-

evropuli tipis saswavlo leqsikonis sityva-statiis Sesadgenad.................... 83

1.1 zogadi mimoxilva .......................................................................................................................................... 83

1.2 sixSiruli principiT gaanalizebuli „en-gramebi“ (n-grams) qarTuli

enis vebkorpusis mixedviT ............................................................................................................................ 83

2. qarTuli enis vebkorpusi, rogorc qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo

leqsikonis wyaro...................................................................................................................................................93

2.1 qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenili saleqsikono sityva-

statiebi da maTi Sedareba qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonTan da

„qarTul leqsikonTan“ ...................................................................................................................................94

daskvna .............................................................................................................................................................................156

gamoyenebuli literatura..........................................................................................................................162

4

Sesavali

sadisertacio naSromSi warmovadgenT qarTul-evropuli tipis

axali saswavlo leqsikonebis Sedgenis sakiTxebs korpusuli

meTodologiis gamoyenebiT.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, eleqtronuli

resursebisa da enaTa erovnuli korpusebis Seqmnam mTlianad Secvala

damokidebuleba rogorc enebis kvlevisadmi, ise leqsikonebis

Sedgenisadmi. Tanamedrove midgomebiT enis kvleva warmoudgenelia

korpusuli monacemebis gareSe. korpusze dafuZnebuli da korpusiT

warmarTuli meTodologia gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria leqsikografiuli

saqmianobisaTvis _ erTenovani Tu orenovani leqsikonebis, gansakuTrebiT

ki saswavlo tipis leqsikonebis SedgenisaTvis.

sadoqtoro kvlevis mniSvnelovani nawili Sesrulda did

britaneTSi, lidsis universitetSi, amave universitetis profesoris

sergei Sarovis monawileobiT. lidsis universitetSi kvleva or etapad

ganxorcielda: pirvel etapi moicavda 3-Tvian periods (2014 wlis marti-

maisi). sadoqtoro kvlevis pirveli etapi dafinansda SoTa rusTavelis

erovnuli samecniero fondis mier gamocxadebuli doqtoranturis

saganmanaTleblo programebis sagranto konkursis farglebSi, xolo

kvlevis meore etapi ganxorcielda 2015 wlis martSi.

sadoqtoro kvlevis mizani iyo qarTul-evropuli tipis axali

saswavlo leqsikonebis Sedgenis Teoriuli sakiTxebis damuSaveba

korpusuli meTodologiis gamoyenebiT. kerZod, miznad davisaxeT, erTi

mxriv, dagvedgina leqsikonebis makrostruqtura, anu qarTul-evropuli

tipis saswavlo leqsikonebis qarTuli nawilis sityvani sixSiruli

principis mixedviT; meore mxriv ki, gangvesazRvra sakuTriv saleqsikono

sityva-statiis Sedgenis efeqturoba korpusuli meTodologiis

gamoyenebiT, qarTuli sityvebis polisemiuri mniSvnelobebis sixSiruli

principiT gamovlena, yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli Sesityvebebis, idiomebis

dadgena da sxva sakiTxebi.

aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad saWiro gaxda qarTuli enis vrceli

vebkorpusis Seqmna. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qarTuli enis vebkorpusi

5

Seiqmna lidsis universitetSi da sadoqtoro kvlevis mier miznad

dasaxuli amocanebi swored Cven mier Seqmnili vebkorpusis bazaze

ganxorcielda: ganisazRvra 10 000 yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli qarTuli

sityva, romelic gaxdeba qarTul-evropuli saswavlo leqsikonebis

makrostruqturis Seqmnis safuZveli; aseve, gamovikvlieT qarTuli enis

vebkorpusis efeqturoba qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo leqsikonebis

qarTuli nawilis sityva-statiebis Sedgenisas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom korpusuli meTodologiis gamoyeneba siaxles

warmoadgens qarTul leqsikografiaSi. sadoqtoro naSromis ZiriTadi

siaxleebia:

1. qarTuli enis vebkorpusi – KaWaC. pirveli da am etapze

erTaderTi vebkorpusi qarTuli enisaTvis, romelic Seiqmna

vebkorpusebis uaxloesi meTodebisa da standartebis Sesabamisad.

qarTuli enis vebkorpusi asaxavs Tanamedrove, cocxal qarTul enas.

kerZod, enis ganviTarebis bolo 10-15 weliwads. qarTuli enis vebkorpusi

moicavs 150 milionze met sityvas da ganTavsebulia lidsis

universitetis vebgverdze (http://corpus.leeds.ac.uk/internet.html);

2. qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsika. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis

mixedviT ganisazRvra yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 10 000 sityva, romelic

winamdebare sadisertacio naSroms eleqtronulad aqvs darTuli ori

versiis saxiT: pirvel versiaSi aRniSnuli sityvani dalagebulia

sixSiruli zrdis mixedviT, xolo meore versia anbanTrigzea

dalagebuli da miTiTebuli aqvs Sesabamisi sixSiruli indeqsi.

garda amisa, sadoqtoro naSromis siaxleebia:

a) funqciuri mniSvnelobis mqone 300 qarTuli sityva (Function

Words), rac winamdebare sadoqtoro naSroms eleqtronuli saxiT aqvs

darTuli.

funqciuri sityvebi ama Tu im enis yvelaze xSirad xmarebul leqsikas

warmoadgens. funqciuri sityvebis gansazRvra uSualod vebgverdebidan

teqsturi masalis CamotvirTvamde Zalian mniSvnelovan etaps

warmoadgenda korpusis Seqmnis procesSi, raTa gamogvericxa araqarTuli

gverdebi, animaciebi da lingvisturad sxva ararelevanturi informacia.

6

b) vebkorpusis dabalanseba / Janruli klasifikacia. qarTuli enis

vebkorpusSi teqsturi masalis dabalanseba ganxorcielda, e.w.

„funqciuri Janruli ganzomilebebis“ (Functional Genre Dimensions) mixedviT,

rac am naSromis mniSvnelovan siaxles warmoadgens.

g) qarTuli enisaTvis metyvelebis markerebis sistemis, e.w.

tagsetebis (tagset) Seqmna „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebis“

(MULTEXT-East Morphosyntactic Specifications - MTE) meoTxe versiis mixedviT.

aRniSnuli versia, romelic warmoadgens mravalenovan monacemTa bazas

enis lingvisturi damuSavebisaTvis da moicavs 16 centralur da

aRmosavleT evropul enebs (http://nl.ijs.si/ME/V4/msd/html/index.html),

pirveladaa gamoyenebuli qarTuli enisaTvis. qarTuli enis metyvelebis

markerebis sistema sruli saxiT warmodgenilia winamdebare sadoqtoro

naSromSi.

d) qarTuli enis sixSiruli „en-gramebi“ qarTuli enis vebkorpusis

mixedviT. sadoqtoro naSromis erT-erTi ZiriTad siaxles warmoadgens

sixSiruli „en-gramebi“, rac gulisxmobs momijanve / mosazRvre /

mezobeli fonemebis, sityvebis, sityvaTa wyvilebis erTad realizebis

sixSirul gaanalizebas. sadoqtoro kvlevaSi sixSirulad gavaanalizeT

da warmovadgineT orkomponentiani, samkoponentiani, oTxkomponentiani da

xuTkomponentiani sixSiruli „en-gramebi“ qarTuli enis vebkorpusis

mixedviT, rac winamdebare sadoqtoro naSroms eleqtronuli saxiT aqvs

darTuli.

e) qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenili saleqsikono

sityva-statiebi. sadisertacio naSromSi sailustraciod warmodgenilia

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenili saleqsikono sityva-

statiebis nawili, romlebic Sedarebulia qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi

leqsikonisa da „qarTuli leqsikonis“ Sesabamis sityva-statiebTan.

Sedarebis safuZvelze miRebuli Sedegebis gaanalizebam aCvena, rom


statiebi gacilebiT moculobiTia, rogorc sailustracio masalis

mravalferovnebis, aseve Sesityvebebis TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa,

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-statiebSi asaxulia

7

qarTuli sityvebis axali mniSvnelobebi, rac zemoxsenebul leqsikonebSi

araa dadasturebuli da vfiqrobT, rom am mniSvnelobebis Setana

leqsikonebSi da gansakuTrebiT ki, saswavlo leqsikonebSi aucilebelia.

disertaciis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvelia saswavlo

/sixSiruli leqsikonebis, vebkorpusebis Sesaxeb arsebuli literatura,

uaxlesi kvlevebi da samecniero naSromebi. sadoqtoro kvlevis TiToeul

etapze daveyrdeniT mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebul uaxles

meTodologias. 1. upirveles yovlisa, sadoqtoro disertaciis –

„qarTul-evropuli tipis axali saswavlo leqsikonebis Sedgenis

sakiTxebi korpusuli meTodologiis gamoyenebiT“ Tematikidan

gamomdinare gaviTvaliswineT saswavlo leqsikografiis Janruli

Taviseburebebi, romlebic leqsikuri erTeulebis sixSirul SerCevas

ukavSirdeba. garda saswavlo leqsikografiis meTodologiisa,

sadoqtoro disertaciis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvelia

uaxlesi korpusuli midgomebi. Cvenს kvlevaSi gamoviyeneT „sixSiruli

leqsikonebis|“ gamocdileba da am kuTxiT arsebuli kvlevebi da

gavaanalizeT arsebuli sixSiruli leqsikonebi: rusuli, franguli,

Cexuri da sxva enebis sixSiruli leqsikonebi. sixSiruli leqsikonebis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia ama Tu im enis sixSiruli leqsikis

gansazRvra vebkorpusebis bazaze.

2. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis Seqmna ramdenime etapad warimarTa.

Sesabamisad, kvlevis calkeul etapze gamoviyeneT Sesabamisi

meTodologiebi, kerZod:

1) vebmasalis CamotvirTvis procesSi gamoviyeneT specialuri

korpusuli programa - “wget” (World Wide Web get);

2) vebgverdidan CamotvirTuli masala lingvisturad damuSavda aseve

specialuri korpusuli instrumentis “BootCatTools”-is saSualebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom vebresursebis lingvisturi damuSavebisaTvis

gamoviyeneT, e.w. „klinivalis“ (CleanEval: cleaning webpages) gamocdileba

(Baroni et al 2008);

3) qarTuli enis vebkorpusis dabalansebisaTvis da Janruli

klasifikaciisaTvis gamoviyeneT meleris, Sarovisa da santinis

8

(Mehler et al 2010) vebis Janruli klasifikaciebi – „funqciuri

Janruli ganzomilebebi“ (Functional Genre Dimensions);

4) qarTuli enis vebkorpusis morfologiuri anotirebis platformad

gamoyenebulia „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebis“

(MULTEXT-East Morphosyntactic Specifications - MTE) meoTxe versia;

5) qarTuli enis vebkorpusis lematizebis procesSi gamoviyeneT CST

lematizebis instrumenti (CST Lemmatiser), romelic SemuSavebulia

kopenhagenis universitetis enis teqnologiis centrSi.

amgvarad, winamdebare disertaciis Teoriul da meTodologiur

safuZvels warmoadgens saswavlo da sixSiruli leqsikonebisa da

vebkorpusebis Sesaxeb arsebuli uaxlesi kvlevebi da samecniero

naSromebi. sadoqtoro kvleva exmianeba gamoyenebiTi enaTmecnierebis

dRevandel mdgomareobas, kerZod, leqsikografiisa da korpusuli

lingvistikis sinTezs.

winamdebare sadisertacio naSromi „qarTul-evropuli tipis axali

saswavlo leqsikonebis Sedgenis sakiTxebi korpusuli meTodologiis

gamoyenebiT“ Sedgeba 4 Tavisagan, rac Tavis mxriv, 30 qveTavad aris

dayofili naSromSi.

I Tavi. literaturis mimoxilva. sadoqtoro naSromis pirveli Tavi

exeba literaturis mimoxilvas, am TavSi aRwerilia saswavlo

leqsikografiis ganviTarebis istoria da pirveli saswavlo leqsikonebi,

korpusuli lingvistikis ganviTarebis istoria, korpusis raoba,

korpusebis klasifikacia da enaTa iseTi korpusebi, rogorebicaa, braunis

korpusi, britanuli nacionaluri korpusi. aseve, qarTuli enisaTvis

Seqmnili korpusebi: Tanamedrove qarTuli enis korpusi (GEKKO),

qarTuli dialeqturi korpusi, qarTuli enis korpusi sityvaSexamebiTi

modelebis programaSi da qarTuli enis paraleluri korpusi. amave

TavSi ganxilulia korpusebis axal mimarTuleba – WaC, „vebi rogorc

korpusi“ (Web as a Corpus).

II Tavi. qarTuli enis vebkorpusi - KaWaC. sadoqtoro naSromis meore

Tavi exeba qarTuli enis vebkorpusis – KaWaC-is Seqmnis etapebsa da am

mizniT lidsis universitetSi Sesrulebul samuSaoebs, magaliTad,

9

rogoricaa vebgverdebis lingvisturi damuSaveba, kerZod, vebgverdebis

anotireba da gasufTaveba; vebkorpusis dabalanseba, metyvelebis

nawilebis markerebis sistemebis Seqmna, morfologiuri anotireba da a.S.

III Tavi. qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvra. aRniSnuli

Tavi exeba sixSirul leqsikonebsa da qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsikis

gansazRvirsaTvis Catarebul samuSaoebs, kerZod, qarTuli enis

vebkorpusis lematizebas.

IV Tavi. qarTuli enis vebkorpusi - KaWaC, rogorc wyaro qarTul-

evropuli tipis saswavlo leqsikonisaTvis. meoTxe TavSi ganxilulia

qarTuli enis vebkorpusi da misi teqsturi masala da warmodenilia


statiebi. naSromis Sedegebi daskvnaSia ganzogadebuli. naSroms darTuli

aqvs gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa da damatebiTi masala.

winamdebare sadisertacio naSromi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes

rogorc qarTul-evropuli tipis axali saswavlo leqsikonebis, aseve

sixSiruli leqsikonebis SedgenisaTvis da qarTuli enis didi

ganmartebiTi leqsikonis SevsebisaTvis. naSromSi warmodgenili uaxlesi

korpusuli meTodebi da midgomebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sxva

qarTveluri enebis korpusebis, korpusuli resursebis SeqmnisaTvis da

msgavsi korpusuli kvlevis gansaxorcieleblad.

10

I Tavi. literaturis mimoxilva

1.1 saswavlo leqsikografiis ganviTarebis istoria

XX saukunis pirveli naxevaridan inglisuri enis swavlebis

moTxovnis gazrdam mniSvnelovanad Seuwyo xeli leqsikografiis axali

Janris - saswavlo leqsikografiis ganviTarebas. inglisuri enis

SemswavlelTaTvis aucilebeli gaxda, e.w. „minimaluri leqsikis“

(Controlled Vocabulary -VC) gansazRvra, vinaidan inglisuri enis ganmartebiT

leqsikonebSi mocemuli saleqsikono sityva-statiis ganmartebebi

rTulad gasagebi iyo inglisuri enis SeswavliT dainteresebuli

ucxoelebisaTvis da saWiro iyo inglisuri enis „leqsikuri minimumis“

gansazRvra, romelic maT enis Seswavlas gauadvilebda.

saswavlo leqsikografiis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia iseTi

enaTmecnierebis saxelebTan, rogorebicaa: albert hornbi, maikl vesti da

harold palmeri. swored maTi iniciativiT Seiqmna moZraoba, e.w.

„minimaluri leqsikis gansazRvrisaTvis“ (The Vocabulary Control Movement) da

maT savsebiT samarTlianad, britaneTis gamoyenebiTi enaTmecnierebis

mamebsac ki uwodeben (“the fathers of British applied linguistics”).

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is faqti, rom pirveli saswavlo

leqsikonebi ara inglisSi, aramed iaponiaSi, tokios institutis

inglisuri enis swavlebis centrSi (Tokyo Institute for Research in English

Teaching (IRET) momzadda da gamoica. aRniSnuli centri daarsda 1923 wlis

maisSiHharold palmeris mier. Hharold palmeri dainteresebuli iyo im

minimaluri leqsikis gansazRvriT, rac yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneboda

yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi da aucilebeli iyo minimaluri komunikaciis

dasamyareblad. Hpalmeri da misi Tanamoazreebi efuZnebodnen maT

uSualod sakuTar gamocdilebas swavlebis procesSi (Palmer 1920) da maTi

meTodologia, e.w. „subieqtur“ (subjective approach) xasiaTs atarebda,

gansxvavebiT maTi amerikeli kolegebisgan, romelTa Soris unda

aRiniSnos eduard Torndaiki kolumbiis universitetidan. igi, e.w.

„obieqtur“ (objective approach) midgomas uWerda mxars. „obieqturi“ midgoma

gulisxmobda dabalansebuli teqstebis bazaze sixSiruli principiT

11

sityvanis SerCevas (Thorndike 1921). 1934 wels, niu-iorkSi Catarda karnegis

konferencia inglisuris, rogorc ucxo enis swavlebisaTvis leqsikis

SerCevis Taobaze (the Carnegie Conference on Vocabulary Selection for the Teaching of

English as a Foreign Language), sadac konferenciis monawileebma miiRes

gadawyvetileba SeejerebinaT „obieqturi“ da „subieqturi“ midgomebi

inglisuri enis sabazo leqsikis gansazRvrisaTvis (Palmer, West, Faucett,

1936).

1938 wels, harold palmerma albert hornbisTan erTad SeimuSava

1000 minimaluri sityva (Thousand-Word English), romelic miznad isaxavda

inglisuri enis SemswavlelTaTvis enis Seswavlis gaadvilebas (Palmer &

Hornby 1938). Mmaikl vestma ki ufro vrceli leqsika warmoadgina,

daaxloebiT 1,500 erTeulis Semcveli „minimaluri leqsika“ inglisuri

enisa. saswavlo leqsikografiis istoriaSi,Ppirvel saswavlo leqsikons

warmoadgens „axali meTodebis mixedviT Sedgenili inglisuri enis

leqsikoni“ (A New Method English Dictionary), romelic ekuTvnis maikl vestsa

da jeims endikots (West & Endicott, 1935). aRniSnuli leqsikoni gamoica 1935

wels da moicavda 23,898 saleqsikoni sityva-statias, romlebic maikl

vestis mier gansazRvruli 1,490 minimaluri leqsikiT /sityviT iyo

ganmartebuli.

amave periodSi, gamoica araerTi saswavlo leqsikoni inglisuri

enis „minimaluri leqsikis“ mixedviT, maT Soris aRniSvnis Rirsia

palmeris (Palmer 1938) „inglisuri sityvebis gramatika“ (A Grammar of English

Words), hornbis da iSikavas (Hornby & Ishikawa 1940) „inglisur-iaponuri

leqsikoni damwyebTaTvis“ (A Beginner’s English-Japanese Dictionary).

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ogdenis (Ogden 1935) „zogadi inglisuri enis

leqsikoni“ (The General Basic English Dictionary), ogdenis leqsikoni moicavda

20,000 saleqsikono erTeuls, romlebic 850 sabazo inglisuri sityviT

iyo ganmartebuli.

ufro mogvianebiT, 1953 wels, vestma (West 1953) warmoadgina „zogadi

gamoyenebis leqsika“ (General Service List), romelic moicavda rogorc

calkeuli sityvebis, aseve Sesityvebebisa da idiomebis sixSirul

12

indeqsebs (frequency ratings), ramac calsaxad mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia

saswavlo leqsikografiis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.

inglisuri enis saswavlo leqsikonebis Semdgomi ganviTareba aisaxa,

e.w. „did xuTeulSi“ (“Big-Five”), romlebic warmoadgenen inglisuri enis

yvelaze mniSvnelovan da ZiriTad saswavlo leqsikonebs (Tarp 2008). esenia:

1) oqsfordis saswavlo leqsikoni (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary);

aRniSnuli leqsikoni pirvelad gamoica 1948 wels, xolo bolo, me-

9 gamocema, 2015 wels;

(http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/);

2) longmenis Tanamedrove inglisuri enis leqsikoni (The Longman

Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE)); aRniSnuli leqsikoni pirveli

pirvelad gamoica 1978 wels, xolo bolo, me-6 gamocema, 2014 wels

(http://global.longmandictionaries.com/);

3) kolinz qobildis inglisuri enis leqsikoni (The Collins COBUILD

English Language Dictionary); leqsikoni pirvelad gamoica gamovida 1987

wels, xolo bolo, me-6 gamocema, 2009 wels;

(http://www.collins.co.uk/category/English+Language+Teaching/COBUILD+Reference);

4) kembrijis inglisuri enis saerTaSoriso leqsikoni (The Cambridge

International Dictionary of English); leqsikonis pirveli gamocema gamovida

1995 wels, xolo bolo me-3 gamocema 2013 wels kembrijis

universitetis gamomcemlobis mier;

(http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/);

5) “makmilanis inglisuri enis leqsikoni“ (The Macmillan English Dictionary);

makmilanis leqsikoni pirvelad gamoica 2002, xolo meore, bolo

gamocema, 2007 wels. 2012 wlis gadawtyvetilebiT makminalanis

leqsikoni ar gamoicema beWduri saxiT, xelmisawvdomia mxolod

onlain da elqtronuli versia (http://www.macmillandictionary.com/).

amgvarad, XX saukunis pirveli naxevridan iwyeba muSaoba pirvel

saswavlo leqsikonebze da viTardeba leqsikografiis axali Janri –

saswavlo leqsikografia, romelsac misTvis damaxasiaTebeli principebi

Camouyalibda, rac saleqsikono sityva-statiebis sixSiruli principiT

SerCevas ukavSirdeba. kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis

13

kvaldakval daixvewa saswavlo leqsikonebis Sedgenis meTodologia da

saswavlo leqsikografia ganviTarebis sxva etapze gadavida. korpusisa da

kompiuteruli lingvistikis ganviTarebis kvaldakval iqmneba

mravlmilioniani da miliardsityviani enaTa korpusebi, romlis bazaze

Seqmnil leqsikonebs „sixSirul leqsikonebs“ (Frequency Dictionaries)

„korpusze dafuZnebul“ (corpus-based) da „korpusiT warmarTul“ (corpus-

driven) leqsikonebs uwodeben, xolo korpusebis gamoyenebas

leqsikografiul saqmianobaSi ki „korpusze dafuZnebul leqsikografias“.

winamdebare sadoqtoro naSromi efuZneba, rogorc saswavlo

leqsikografiis, aseve korpusul meTodologias, e.w. „sixSiruli

leqsikonebis“ principebs, razec ufro detalurad, qvemoT III TavSi

visaubrebT.

14

2. korpusuli lingvistika da korpusebi

2.1 korpusuli lingvistika

korpusuli lingvistika aris gamoyenebiTi enaTmecnierebis axali

dargi da gulisxmobs lingvisturi kvlevis axali, korpusuli meTodiT

ganxorcielebas. termini „korpusuli lingvistika“. gamomdinareobs

inglisuri “Corpus Linguistics”-idan, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul enaSi

termin „korpusuli lingvistikis“ paralelurad gamoiyeneba „korpusis

lingvistika“, agreTve „korpuslingvistika“, romelic frankfurtis

skolam SemogvTavaza. korpusuli lingvistka aris cocxali da bunebrivi

enis Seswavla da kvleva vrceli moculobis korpusebis safuZvelze.

Cveulebriv, korpusuli kvleva xorcieldeba kompiuteris saSualebiT, ama

Tu im kvlevisaTvis specialurad Seqmnili instrumentis daxmarebiT da

iTvaliswinebs Sesabamisi lingvisturi movlenis sixSiruli principiT

Seswavlas da a.S. rogorc viciT, enis Seswavlis procesSi teqstebidan

cocxali magaliTebis gamoyeneba ar aris siaxle lingvistikis

istoriaSi. Tumca, korpusuli lingvistika ganviTarda da mas axali

sicocxle SesZina kompiuteruli teqnikis ganviTarebam. kompiuterma da

eleqtronul formatSi mocemulma teqstebma SesaZlebeli gaxada didi

moculobis masalis swrafad da advilad Segroveba, damuSaveba da

gaanalizeba. amitom, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom korpusulma

lingvistikam miiRo Tavisi Tanamedrove forma mxolod kompiuteruli

revoluciis Semdgom, 1980-ian wlebSi.

adam kilgarifi (Kilgarriff 2001) korpusuli leqsikografiis istoriaSi

gamoyofs oTx periods:

1) pirveli periodi, es aris periodi kompiuteris gamogonebamde,

rodesac leqsikografebi agrovebdnen / abaraTebdnen citatebs,

magaliTad, rogorc es didi oqsfordis 20-tomeuli ganmartebiTi

leqsikonis (Oxford English Dictionary- OED) magaliTze xdeboda;

2) meore periodi ki aris qobildis leqsikonis Sedgenis periodi

adreul 1980-ian wlebSi, rodesac leqsikografebi agrovebdnen

yvela saxis monacemebs korpusidan da iyeneben SedarebiT mcire

moculobis korpusul monacemebs (Sinclair 1987);

15

3) mesame periodi aris gviani 1990-iani wlebi, rodesac korpusi gaxda

imdenad vrceli, rom korpusuli masalis damuSavebisa da

gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro gaxda garkveuli kompiuteruli

instrumenti monacemebis Sesabamisad warmodgenisaTvis.

4) meoTxe periodi aris ukve Tanamedrove kompiuteruli programebiTa

da instrumentebiT aRWurvili korpusuli lingvistikis periodi.

zogadad, korpusuli lingvistika or periodad iyofa: adreuli

korpusuli lingvistika, aseve cnobilia rogorc xomskimdeli korpusuli

lingvistika da Tanamedrove korpusuli lingvistika. korpusuli

lingvistikis adreuli magaliTebi TariRdeba gviani XIX saukuniT da

germaniaSi iRebs saTaves. 1897 wels germanelma lingvistma j. kadingma

(Käding 1897) gamoiyena sakmaod vrceli moculobis korpusi, romelic

daaxloebiT 11 milion sityvas moicavda (McEnery & Wilson 1996). aseTi vrceli

moculobis korpusis gamoyeneba, romelic Tanamedrove korpusis

moculobas Seesabameba, im dros revoluciuri movlena iyo. im lingvistTa

Soris, romlebmac gamoiyenes enis korpusebi da korpusuli meTodologia

rogorc enis swavlebisaTvis aseve, kvlevisaTvis XIX saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi, aRniSvnis Rirsia franc boasi (Boas 1911), zeling harisi (Harris

1951), Carlz fraizi (Fries 1952), leonard blumfildi (Bloomfield 1933) da

sxvebi. Carlz fraizma daiwyo korpusis gamoyeneba ucxo enis pedagogiur

swavlebaSi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi pirveli korpusi gamoCnda 1920-

ian wlebSi. pirveli, Tanamedrove, didi inglisuri enis korpuss leqsikuri

kvlevebisaTvis mimarTa eduard Torndaikma, man gamoiyena 4.5 milioni sityva

Tavis „maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo wignSi“ (Teacher’s Word Book), romelic

1921 wels gamosca (Thorndike 1921). meore didi moculobis korpusi iyo

ernest hornis „weris ZiriTadi leqsika“ (A Basic Writing Vocabulary), romelic

1926 wels gamovida da moicavda 10,000 sityvas (Horn 1926). unda aRiniSnos,

rom korpusis adreuli kvlevebi britaneTsa da safrangeTSi miznad

isaxavda mxolod sityvis gamoyenebis sixSiris dadgenas.

1961 wels henri kuCeram da nelson francisma braunis universitetidan

daiwyes Tanamedrove amerikuli inglisuri enis braunis korpusze muSaoba.

aRniSnuli korpusi cnobilia rogorc braunis korpusi (Brown Corpus) da

16

aris pirveli Tanamedrove, eleqtronuli korpusi. braunis korpusi Sedgeba

1 milioni amerikuli inglisuri sityvisagan, romlebic sxvadasxva

Tematikis teqstebidanaa aRebuli da dajgufebulia 15 Tematur kategoriad

(http://clu.uni.no/icame/brown/bcm.html). unda aRiniSnos, rom korpusuli

lingvistikis Tanamedrove standartebisaTvis braunis korpusis moculoba

aris mcire. Tumca, braunis korpusi miCneulia rogorc erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani naSromi korpusuli lingvistikis istoriaSi.

1950-ian wlebSi amerikasa da sxva qveynebSi korpusi naklebad

popularuli iyo xomsikisa da misi mimdevrebis gavlenis gamo, romelTa

azriT korpusi iyo araswori mimarTulebis mimcemi. xomskis azriT,

korpusSi asaxuli iyo is, rac ama Tu im enis matarebelma Tqva da ara is,

rac unda eTqva. miuxedavad amisa, korpusuli lingvistikam kvlav moipova

popularoba 1970-iani wlebidan. pirvelad termini „korpusuli

lingvistika“ gamoiyenes 1980-ian wlebSi, es aris teqnologiis

ganviTarebis axali xana da swored am periodidan iwyeba korpusuli

lingvistikis, rogorc dargis aRorZineba da ganviTareba.

ra gansxvavebaa korpusul lingvistikasa da „tradiciul“ lingvistikas

Soris? am sakiTxze vrclad saubrobs prof. marine beriZe, misi azriT:

„korpusuli lingvistika ZiriTad yuradRebas metyvelebis Seswavlas

uTmobs, „tradiciuli“ lingvistika ki enas; erTi arCevs kvantitatiur

meTodebs meore kvalitatiurs; pirveli eyrdnoba kvlevis empiriul, meore

racionalistur meTodebs; pirveli teqsts ganixilavs, rogorc garkveul

fizikur mocemulobas, meore rogorc abstraqcias; pirveli statistikur

masalas aanalizebs, meore logikur msjelobas amjobinebs da empiriul

masalasac intuiciaze dayrdnobiT arCevs; erTi monacemTa bazas iyenebs,

meore xelovnur magaliTebs, an teqstidan izolirebul sityvaxmarebebs;

erTi induqciur meTods arCevs, meore deduqciurs, erTi empiriul masalaze

dafuZnebul aRmoCenebs aRiarebs, meore procedurebze, Sedarebebze,

Sefasebebze da a. S. dafuZnebuls. korpusuli lingvistikis ideologiis

mTavari orientirs warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli yuradReba teqstisadmi

(diskursisadmi), enis raodenobrivi (kvantitatiuri) komponentisadmi, enis

sinqroniuli da diaqroniuli variaciulobisadmi, gansxvavebuli midgoma

enobrivi normisa da enobrivi faqtisadmi“ (beriZe 2013).

17

2.2 korpusi

sityva korpusi warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan “corpus”, rac niSnavs

„sxeuls“, „tans“. Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi „korpusi“ gamoiyeneba

teqstebis eleqtronuli krebulis aRniSvnisaTvis. Mmakenerisa da

uilsonis mixedviT korpusi SeiZleba vuwudoT erTze meti teqstis

krebuls (McEnery & Wilson 1996), Tumca enaTmecnierebaSi „korpuss“ Tavisi

aucilebeli parametri da sazomi gaaCnia. ETanamdrove enaTmecnieruli

gagebiT korpuss gaaCnia oTxi ZiriTadi parametri, makenerisa da

uilsonis mixedviT es parametrebia:

1) SerCeva da reprezentaciuloba (“Sampling and Representativness:);

2) sasruloba (“Finite size”);

3) eleqtronulad wakiTxvadoba (“Machine-readable”);

4) standartuloba (“Standard Reference”).

msoflios TiTqmis yvela enisaTvis Seqmnilia da iqmneba sxadasxva

tipis korpusebi. erTi-erTi klasikuri da tradiciuli korpusia

britanuli nacionaluri korpusi (British National Corpus -BNC), romelic

araerTi enis korpusis Seqmnis modelad aris gamoyenebuli, maT Soris

slavur enaTa korpusebisaTvis, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Cexuri enis

nacionaluri korpusi (The Czech National Corpus -CNC).

ra aqcevs teqstebis krebuls korpusad? upirveles yovlisa,

korpusisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia reprezentaciuloba. mniSvnelovania

rogorc teqsturi masalis moculoba, aseve proporciuloba da

dabalanseba korpusis teqsturi bazisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom korpusi

warmoadgens enis Semcirebul models. amitom, korpusSi mocemuli

teqsturi masala unda iyos kargad dabalansebuli da moicavdes

sxvadasxva periodis, Janris, stilis, avtoris da a.S. teqstebis krebuls.

kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare gamoyofen korpusis sxavdasxva tipebs

(Kennedy 1998). qvemoT warmodgenilia korpusis Semdegi tipebi:

1) zogadi korpusebi (general/reference corpora), magaliTad, rogorica

britanuli nacionaluri korpusi (BNC – British National Corpus). zogadi

korpusi miznad isaxavs ama Tu im enis an mis romelime variaciis

18

modelis warmodgenas, igi moicavs rogorc werilobiT, aseve zepiri

metyvelebis teqstebs, sxavdasxva Janrsa Tu stils da a.S.;

2) dargobrivi/specializebuli korpusebi (specialized corpora), ama Tu im

konkretuli dargis korpusi, magaliTad, biologiuri da a.S.;

3) istoriuli korpusebi (historical corpora), magaliTad, rogoricaa

helsinkis korpusi (Helsinki Corpus, ARCHER

http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/HelsinkiCorpus/).

istoriuli korpusebSi warmodgenilia enis ganviTarebis adreuli

etap[eb]i;

4) regionuli korpusebi (regional corpora), regionuli korpusebi imiT

gansxvavdeba zogadi tipis korpusebisagan, rom igi moicavs ama Tu

im enis ramdenime regionalur variacias. regionuli korpusis erT-

erT magaliTs warmoadgens axali zelandiuri inglisuris

velingtonis korpusi – WCNZE (Wellington Corpus of Written New Zealand

English) - http://clu.uni.no/icame/manuals/WELLMAN/INDEX.HTM;

5) saswavlo korpusebi (learner corpora VS Native speaker corpora), rogoricaa,

saswavlo inglisuris saerTaSoriso korpusi – ICLE (International

Corpus of Learner English) - https://www.uclouvain.be/en-cecl-icle.html. am tipis

korpusebi moicavs teqstebs mocemuli enis SemswavlelTaTvis,

romelTaTvis es ena ar aris mSobliuri ena;

6) mravalenovani/paraleluri korpusebi (multilingual/parallel corpora)

asaxvs, sul mcire, ori sxadasxva enis korpuss, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

identur teqstebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba SedarebiTi analizisaTvis;

7) zepiri metyvelebis korpusebi (spoken corpora), am tipis korpusebSi

mocemuli mxolod zepiri metyvelebi, aseTi korpusia, magaliTad,

LLC – zepiri metyvelebis inglisuris londoni-lundis korpusi

(London-Lund Corpus of Spoken English) -

http://clu.uni.no/icame/manuals/LONDLUND/INDEX.HTM.

8) werilobiTi korpusebi (written corpus), aseTi tipis korpusebSi

mocemulia mxolod werilobiTi xasiaTi teqstebi, aseTi erT-erTi

yvelaze gamorCeuli korpusia BAWE – britanuli akademiuri

19

inglisuris korpusi (British Academic Written English Corpus) -

http://www.coventry.ac.uk/bawe.

amgvarad, korpusi SeiZleba asaxavdes ama Tu im enis zepir metyvelebas

mxolod, an werilobiT enas, an orives erTad, aseTi tipis korpusebs,

rodesac mocemulia rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi masala „Sereul

korpusebs“ (mixed corpora) uwodeben. Sereuli tipis korpusis erT-erT

TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens britanuli nacionaluri korpusi,

romelic moicavs rogorc zepiri metyvelebis, aseve werilobiTi xasiaTis

teqstebs.

zemoT warmodgenili korpusis klasifikacia warmodgenilia teqstis

tipebis mixedviT. Ggarda amgvari klasifikaciisa, korpusuli

lingvistikaSi gamoyofen klasifikacias teqsturi masalis damuSavebis

mixedviT, magaliTad, rogoricaa:

1) anotirebuli korpusebi (annotated corpora), am tipis korpusSi

ganxorcielebulia garkveuli lingvisturi analizi, rogoricaa

morfologiuri, sintaqsuri analizi, lematizeba da a.S.;

2) orTografiuli korpusebi (orthographic corpora), amgvar korpusebSi

morfologiur anotirebasTan erTad mocemulia ama Tu im fonemis

sixSiruli statiska da a.S. orTografiuli tipis korpusis erT-

erTi magaliTia kolfis (Colfis Orthographic Corpus) orTografiuli

korpusi (Laudanna, Thorton, Brown, Burani, & Marconi, 1995; Bertinetto et al.,

2005), http://linguistica.sns.it/CoLFIS/Home.htm.

20

2.3 enaTa korpusebi

winamdebare qveTavSi mimovixilavT im korpusebs, romlebic dRevandeli

korpusuli lingvistikis gadmosaxedidan warmoadgens, e.w. „klasikur“

korpusebs, romlebic gamoyenebulia da gamoiyeneba mravali enis korpusebis

SeqmnisaTvis. erT-erT aseT korpuss warmoadgens braunis korpusi -

Tanamedrove amerikuli inglisuri enis braunis standartuli korpusi (Brown

Corpus (the Brown Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English). aRniSnuli korpusi

1963-64 wlebSi Seiqmna braunis universitetSi henri kuCerasa da nelson

francizis mier da korpusze muSaoba 1967 wels dasrulda. braunis korpusi

Sedgeba daaxloebiT inglisuri enis 500 teqstisagan, romelic 15 Janrad

aris dayofili da jamSi Seadgens 1 milion sityvas. braunis korpusma

mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia sxva korpusebis SeqmnaSi, romelTa Soris unda

aRiniSnos LOB-is (Lancaster, Oslo, Bergen) korpusi, romelic lankasteris

universitetSi Seiqmna 1978 wels. braunis korpusi Tanamedrove korpusebTan

SedarebiT aris mcire moculobis, magram yovelTvis warmodgenilia cnobil

da mniSvnelovan korpusTa Soris, radgan braunis korpusi aris pirveli

Tanamedrove da eleqtronuli korpusi.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania britanuli nacionaluri korpusi (British

National Corpus - BNC), romelic dResac gamoiyeneba da miCneulia inglisuri

enis reprezentaciul korpusad. britanuli nacionaluri korpusis

konsorciumi Seiqmna 1990 wels, romelsac oqsfordis universitetis

gamomcemloba xelmZRvanelobda. aRniSnul proeqtze muSaoba 1991 wels

daiwyo da sam weliwadSi 100 milioni Tanamedrove britanuli inglisuri

sityva Sevida britanul nacionalur korpusSi, aqedan 90% aris

werilobiTi da 10% sasaubro. pirveli gamocema gamovida 1994 wels, xolo

evropeli mkvlevrebisaTvis britaneTis erovnuli korpusi xelmisawvdomi

gaxda 1995 wlis TebervalSi, korpusis redaqtirebuli versia “BNC World“

gamovida 2001 wels, xolo 2007 wels ki gamovida mesame gamocema.

britaneTis nacionaluri korpusi Sedgeba ori qvejgufisagan: 1) BNC

Sampler (1 milioni werilobiTi da 1 milioni sasaubro inglisuri) da 2)

BNC Baby (4 milioni sityva oTxi gansxvavebuli Janridan). britaneTis

nacionaluri korpusis mesame gamocema moicavs 4049 teqsts, rac Seadgens

21

5,228,040 kilobaits, an daaxloebiT 5.2 gegabaits. saerTo jamSi ki moicavs

100 milion sityvas, ufro zustad, 96,986,707 sityvas.

2.3.1 qarTuli enis korpusebi

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, XX saukunis oTxmociani wlebidan

moyolebuli ganviTarebuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela enisTvis, Seiqmna

nacionaluri enis korpusebi, vebkorpusebi, Seiqmna rigi korpusuli

programebi da instrumentebi, romlebic Zalian aqtiurad gamoiyeneba

dRes korpusul kvlevebSi. rac Seexeba qarTul enas, dResdReobiT

Seqmnilia Semdegi korpusebi:

1) TITUS - ARMAZI - kavkasiuri enebi da kulturebi: qarTulenovani

teqstebis pirveli akademiuri eleqtronuli monacemTa baza,

romelic aerTianebs sxvadasxva periodis qarTuli literaturis

teqstur masalas (http://armazi.uni-frankfurt.de/framee.htm). proeqtis

xelmZRvanelia cnobili germaneli qarTvelologi, frankfurtis

universitetis SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis institutis direqtori,

profesori iost giperti, romlis saxelsac ukavSirdeba

qarTveluri da kavkasiuri enebis, gansakuTrebiT Zveli qarTuli

enis beWduri Tu xelnaweri memkvidreobis umdidresi bazebis Seqmna;

2) Tanamedrove qarTuli enis korpusi - moicavs or subkorpuss:

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis korpuss (124,055,170 erTeuli) da qarTul

literaturul korpuss, morfologiuri anotirebiT (20,903,850

erTeuli). proeqtis xelmZRvanelia paul moireri bergenis

universitetis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli.

http://clarino.uib.no/gekko/corpus-list.

22

2.3.2 qarTuli dialeqturi korpusi

saqarTvelos lingvisturi portreti - qarTuli dialeqturi

korpusis proeqts xelmZRvanelobs arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis

institutis enobriv monacemTa kompiuteruli damuSavebis ganyofilebis

xelZRvaneli, mTavari mecnieri TanamSromeli marine beriZe. qarTuli

dialeqturi korpusi warmoadgens qarTuli lingvokulturuli sivrcis

eleqtronuli portretis Seqmnis cdas. saqarTvelos lingvisturi

portreti warmodgenilia sami qarTveluri eniTa (qarTuli, svanuri,

zanuri) da maTi dialeqtebiT. korpusi Tavisi struqturiT iZleva

qarTuli enobrivi sinamdvilis srulyofilad warmoCenis SesaZleblobas.

korpusi Seicavs ara mxolod teritoriuli dialeqtebis, aramed enis

sxvadasxva sinqroniuli Tu diaqroniuli variaciis aRweris potenciur

SesaZleblobasac. korpusis Seqmnis idea da dialeqturi monacemebis

Seswavala Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gaTvaliswinebiT Caisaxa jer kidev

adreul kvlevebSi, romlebic korpusuli lingvistikas efuZneboda da es

sakmaod bunebrivi iyo. dialeqtologia Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare

yovelTvis ufro ,,korpusuli’’ iyo enaTmecnierebis sxva dargebTan

SedarebiT, radgan igi efuZneba garkveul Segrovebul teqstur masalas.

Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturuli ena efuZneba qarTvelur enebsa da

mis dialeqtebs;

qarTuli dialeqturi korpusi – rogorc saZiebo–sainformacio

sistema Seicavs misi aqtiuri gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs

multidisciplinuri xasiaTis kvlevebisaTvis. eleqtronulad

warmodgenilia korpusis sacdeli samomxmareblo versia. korpusi

eyrdnoba proeqtis samuSao jgufis mier momzadebul eleqtronul

teqstur bazas. qarTul dialeqtur korpusSi erTiandeba gasuli

saukunis qarTuli dialeqtologiis monapovari mTeli sityvieri masala:

yvela, xelmisawvdomi da ramdenadme Rirebuli, dialeqturi teqsti;

saleqsikono erTeulebi da sailustracio masalebi; dialeqtologiur

literaturaSi damowmebuli nimuSebi, Sinamrewvelobis masalebi da a. S.

TiToeul teqsts eZleva detaluri metadaxasiaTeba. mravalmxrivi

metaanotirebis sistema SemuSavda imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom korpusis

informaciuli monacemTa baza advilad gamosayenebeli yofiliyo

23

multidisciplinuri kvlevebisaTvis. korpusSi teqstis aRsawerad

gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva eqstralingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi:

regionaluri (miTiTeba regionis, raionis, soflis, enis, dialeqtis,

qvedialeqtis Sesaxeb), anketuri (cnobebi teqstis Camweris Sesaxeb,

mTqmelis sqesisa da asakis, dabadebis adgilis, masalis Caweris droisa

da adgilis Sesaxeb, migraciuli procesebis amsaxveli monacemebi),

tipologiuri (teqstis tipi, Tematika), qronologiuri – teqstebSi

gadmocemul movlenaTa periodizaciisaTvis. miTiTebulia teqstis saxe

(nabeWdi, xelnaweri, audiotranskrifti, videotranskrifti). Zieba qarTul

dialeqtur korpusSi martivi da mosaxerxebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom

gramatikuli anotireba dasrulebuli ar aris, korpusis saZiebo sistema

saWiro formebis moZiebisa da lingvisturi kvlevis saSualebas am

etapzec iZleva. segmenturi Zieba (afiqsis, zmniswinis, nawilakis, aso-

bgeris mixedviT) uzrunvelyofs leqsemebisa da sityvaformebis sruli

konkordansis mowodebas, konteqstebze da teqstze gasvlis

SesaZleblobebiT (beriZe 2013).

2.3.3. qarTuli enis korpusi sityvaTSexamebiTi

modelebis programaSi

sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis programa (Sketch Engine) Seiqmna 2003 wels

Sps „leqsikal kompiutingis“ (Lexical Computing LTD) damaarseblisa da

direqtoris, korpusuli da kompiuteruli lingvistis adam kilgarifis

mier. sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis saZiebo sistema vrceli korpusuli

monacemebis swrafad da zustad damuSavebis SesaZleblobas iZleva

sxvadasxva korpusuli instrumentebis gamoyenebiT, rac Zalian

mniSvnelovania leqsikografiuli saqmianobisaTvis. sityvaTSexamebiTi

modelebis programas iyeneben leqsikonebis wamyvani gamomcemlebi

rogorc did britaneTSi, ise mis sazRvrebs gareT. dReisaTvis

sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis saZiebo sistema moicavs 200-ze met enis

korpuss, maT Soris, qarTuli enis korpuss. sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis

24

programaSi qarTuli korpusis Seqmna dakavSirebulia devid Taguelis

saxelTan (Taguwell 2011). dReisaTvis, qarTul korpusSi daaxloebiT 24

milioni sityvaa, romelic ZiriTadad efuZneba werilobiT teqstebs.

Uunda aRiniSnos, rom korpusi nawilobriv anotirebulia.

sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis saZiebo sistema aris korpusis

analizatori, romelic ara mxolod avtomaturad agebs sityvaTSexamebiT

modelebs, aramed masStaburi korpusis analizis mravalferovan

saSualebebsac moicavs:

1) sityvaTa CamonaTvali (Word list), ZiriTadi saZiebo (KWIC) funqciebi,

korpusisa da qvekorpusis Sedarebebi;

2) gansxvavebebi (Sketch differences) - ori sityvis gansxvavebul

maxasiaTeblebze dakvirveba. Ziebis am instrumentis saSualebiT

SesaZlebelia warmoCindes is SemTxvevebi, rodesac sityvebs aqvT

saziaro kolokaciebi, aseve SemTxvevebi, rodesac kolokacia

sityvaTa wyvilidan mxolod erT-erTisTvis aris relevanturi;

3) Tezaurusi (thesaurus) - TiToeuli sityvisaTvis calkeulad

gamoiTvleba distribuciuli Tezaurusi. es gviCvenebs korpusSi

sityvaTa CamonaTvals, romelic gawyobilia konkretuli sityvis

realizebis yvelaze xSiri konteqstebis mixedviT;

4) „veb-buT-qeTi“ (WebBootCat) – es aris sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis

programis erT-erTi Zlieri instrumenti, romlis saSualebiT

SesaZlebelia ama Tu im dargobrivi/specializebuli korpusis

Seqmna Zireuli sityvebis bazaze avtomaturad (Baroni, Kilgarriff,

Pomikalek, Rychly 2006).

sitvaTSexamebiTi modelebis programaSi ganTavsebuli qarTuli enis

korpusisaTvis zemoT CamoTvlili Ziebis SesaZleblobidan am etapze

SesaZlebelia konkordansebis / sityva-simfoniebis (Concordance) mixedviT

Zieba, sityvanis (wordlist) amoReba rogorc anbanuri rigiT, aseve

sixSiruli ganawilebis mixedviT; SesaZlebelia aseve „sityvis

portretebisa“ (word sketch) da gansxvavebebis (sketch diff) mixedviT Zieba.

garda amisa, SesaZlebelia ama Tu im sityvis Tezaurusis (thesaurus) naxva.

25

2.3.4 qarTuli enis paraleluri korpusi

2013 wlidan ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis leqsikofrafiul centrSi mimdinareobs muSaoba

paralelur korpusze (inglisur-qarTuli), romlis Seqmna ariane

Wanturias samecniero statiebis reziumeebis paraleluri qarTul-

inglisuri teqstebiT daiwyo.

qarTuli enis paralelur korpusSi Seiqmna jgufebi, romlebic

daiyo krebulebad, xolo krebulebi teqstur wyvilebad. krebulebi

moicavs samecniero JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis inglisur-

qarTul Tezisebs. korpusis meore jgufia arqeologia, romlis

krebulebi moicavs: dmanisis gaTxrebis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul statiebs

inglisuri TargmanebiTurT, vanis gaTxrebs da sxva. krebulebSi

Setanili teqstebi avtomaturad iSleba teqstur wyvilebad, inglisur-

qarTul winadadebebad, romlebic redaqtirdeba xeliT, raTa

avtomaturad danawevrebuli winadadebebi gaTanabrdes da Ziebis dros

miviRoT idealuri inglisur-qarTuli winadadebebis wyvilebi.

korpusSi Setanili teqstebi mecnierebis TiTqmis yvela dargs

moicavs da am teqstebisa da dargebis raodenoba yoveldRiurad izrdeba.

dReis mdgomareobiT korpusSi aris 1908 krebuli, 28,000 xeliT

gaTanabrebuli teqsturi wyvili da 1 milionamde sityva-forma.

korpusSi damuSavda dargebis mixedviT terminologiis tagirebis /

moniSvnisa da korpusidan aRniSnuli terminologiis amoRebis

meTodologia. am mizniT Seiqmna, e.w. terminologiuri moduli, romelic

saSualebas iZleva korpusSi arsebuli masalidan amoikribos winaswar

moniSnuli dargobrivi terminologia. am etapze qarTuli enis

paralelur korpusis marTvis panelSi SesaZlebelia:

korpusebis jgufebis Seqmna da redaqtireba;

krebulebis Seqmna da redaqtireba;

teqsturi wyvilebis damateba da redaqtireba;

teqstis avtomatur danawevreba, gaTanabreba da teqsturi wyvilebis

generireba Semdgomi redaqtirebis SesaZleblobiT;

teqstSi tagirebuli / moniSnuli terminebis aRqma da Zieba

korpusSi.

26

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom samecniero teqstebis inglisur-qarTul

paralelur korpuss ukve aqvs saZiebo interfeisi, maT Soris, detaluri

Ziebis interfeisi dargobrivi terminologiisaTvis, romelic

gankuTvnilia korpusis monacemTa bazaSi sasurveli qarTuli an

inglisuri sityvis an Sesityvebis Ziebisa da Sesabamisi Sedegebis

Semcveli paraleluri teqsturi wyvilebis gamotanisTvis. Zieba

xorcieldeba ormxrivad - rogorc nawarmoebis original, aseve, naTargmn

teqstSi. Zieba SesaZlebelia rogorc mTlian masalaSi, aseve, sxvadasxva

parametris mixedviT, maT Soris, nawarmoebis jgufebis, krebulebis,

tipebis, Janrebis, avtorebis, wlebis da a.S. filtraciiT. Ziebis

SedegebSi aseve, xelmisawvdomia informacia nawarmoebis Sesaxeb, maT

Soris, avtoris, Targmanis avtoris, gamocemis wlisa da a.S. Sesaxeb (T.

margalitaZe, qereWaSvili 2013).

27

3. vebi rogorc korpusi

3.1 zogadi mimoxilva

winamdebare qveTavSi mimovixilavT korpusuli lingvistikis axal

mimarTulebas, romelic exeba vebis lingvistur korpusad gamoyenebas.

aris Tu ara vebi korpusi?

am SekiTxvaze rom vupasuxoT, upirveles yovlisa, unda gavigoT ra

aris TviTon korpusi? makenerisa da uilsonis mixedviT korpusi SeiZleba

vuwodoT erTze meti teqstis krebuls (McEnery & Wilson 1996), Tumca

enaTmecnierebaSi „korpuss“ Tavisi aucilebeli parametri da sazomi

gaaCnia. ETanamdrove enaTmecnieruli gagebiT korpuss gaaCnia oTxi

ZiriTadi parametri: SerCeva da reprezentaciuli, sasruli,

eleqtronulad wakiTxvadi, standartuli. aqve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

Zalian bevri teqstebis krebuli, romlebsac korpusi ewodeba, ver

akmayofilebs zemoT CamoTvlil parametrebs. adam kilgarifis mixedviT,

korpusi, romelic moicavs jein ostinis mTlian Semoqmedebas, ar

SeiZleba iyos reprezentaciuli raimes mimarT (Kilgarriff 2003). Mmaningisa

da Suces mixedviT ki statistikuri, bunebrivi enis damuSavebaSi (Statistical

NLP) korpusad ganixileba teqsturi monacemebis garkveuli raodenoba

kvlevis garkveuli interesisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor da ra

principiT aris korpusi Sedgenili. aseT SemTxvevaSi, damuSavebuli da

gafiltruli korpusuli masala bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre

korpusis dabalanseba (Manning & Schutze 1999).

makeneri da uilsoni (McEnery & Wilson 1996) erTad ganixilaven orive

SekiTxvas: „ra aris korpusi“ (“what is a corpus?”) da „ra aris kargi korpusi“

(“what is a good corpus?”) da aRniSnul sakiTxs SedarebiT martivi magaliTiT

xsnian: „aris Tu ara X korpusi kargi Y amocanis gadasaWrelad?“ (“is corpus

X good for task Y?”), amis sapirispirod maT SemoaqvT, e.w. „semantikuri“

SekiTxva, „aris ki X korpusi?“ (“is X a corpus at all?”), rogorc vxedavT,

„semantikur“ SekiTxvas yuradReba sxva rameze gadaaqvs, ufro naklebad

mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, maSin, rodesac korpusi unda ganvixiloT pirveli

SekiTxvis WrilSi – „aris Tu ara X korpusi kargi Y amocanis

28

gadasaWrelad?“ (“is corpus X good for task Y?”). gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan,

makeneri da uilsoni gvTavazoben „korpusis“ definicias, romelic

formulirdeba Semdegnairad: „korpusi aris teqstebis krebuli, rodesac

igi ganixileba enisa da literaturis kvlevis obieqtad“ (“a corpus is a

collection of texts when considered as an object of language or literary study”), amgvarad,

pasuxi kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara vebi korpusi, dadebiTia (Kilgarriff &

Grefenstette 2003).

3.2 vebkorpusebi

dRiTi dRe izrdeba interesi vebis mimarT da igi warmoadgens

yvelaze vrcel lingvistur wyaros. vebis bazaze Seqmnil korpusebs

ewodeba vebkorpusebi, romlebic korpusebis axal da did jgufs

warmoadgenen.

vebkorpusis Seqmnis pirvel mcdelobas warmoadgens 53-

miliardsityviani terabaitebis korpusi, romelic vaterloos

universitetSi Seiqmna (Clarke et al. 2002). aRniSnuli korpusi efuZneba

universitetebis da sxva saganmanaTleblo dawasebulebebisa da

organizaciebidan CamotvirTul internetmasalas. terabaitebis korpusis

analogs warmoadgens “GOV2 korpusi”, romelic efuZneba “.gov” domens

(Clarke et al. 2005).

vebkorpusebis erT-erT saintereso magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT

Telvalis vebkorpusebi, romlebic efuZneba avstraliaSi, axal

zelnadiasa da did britaneTSi akademiuri xasiaTis vebgverdebidan

CamotvirTul internetmasalas (Thelwall 2005). aqedan, yvelaze vrcelia

didi britaneTis vebsaitebidan Segrovebuli korpusi, romelic

daaxloebiT 1.5 miliard sityvas moicavs. Telvals detalurad aqvs

aRwerili am korpusis CamotvirTvasTan, vebgverdebis naxevrad avtomatur

damuSavebasTan da a.S. dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (Thelwall 2005).

29

sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvrisaTvis vebkorpusebi gamoiyena

kornaim (Kornai et al. 2006), romelic muSaobs ungrul enaze, aseve emersonma

da onilma (Emerson & O’Neil 2006), romlebic Cinuri enis vebkorpusze

muSaoben. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia „guglis terabaitebis engramebis

korpusi“ (Google Terabyte n-gram Collection), romelic Seiqmna 2006 wels (Brants

& Franz 2006).

lium da kuranma Seqmnes 10-milionsityviani inglisuri enis

vebkorpusi (Liu & Curran 2006), romelic sxvadasxva vebsaitebidanaa

SerCeuli Ria saZiebo sistemisaTvis (Open Directory Collection). liusa da

kuranis vebkorpusi winadadebis donezea CaSlili, gafiltruli da

tokenizebuli.

aranakleb sainteresoa Saulisa da vestburis vebkorpusi „iuzneti“

- USENET (Shaoul & Westburry 2007), aRniSnuli korpusi 2005-2007 wlebSi

iqmneboda da moicavs 13 miliard sityvas. Ggarda amisa, unda aRiniSnos,

katalaniuris vebkorpusi – CUCWeb (Boleda et al. 2006), romelic moicavs 166

milion sityvas, katalaniuri enis korpusi vebkorpusis Seqmnis yvela

paramatrebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganxorcielda, rogoricaa gafiltvra,

duplikatebis moxsna, morfosintaqsuri anotireba, garda amisa,

aRniSnuli vebkorpusi xelmisawvdomia da gaaCnia advilad gamosayenebeli

interfeisi momxmareblebisaTvis (http://www.catedratelefonica.upf.es/cucweb).

sergei Sarovma SeimuSava britanuli nacionaluri korpusis zomis

(“BNC-sized) vebkorpusebi, romlebic daaxloebiT 100 milion sityvas

efuZneba (Sharoff, 2006). sergei Sarovis mier Seqmnil vebkorpusebs Soris

unda aRiniSnos inglisuris, Cinuris, finuris, frangulis, germanulis,

iaponuris, polonurisa, portugaliuris, rusulisa da espanuris

vebkorpusebi, am CamonaTvals daemata qarTuli enis vebkorpusi, romelic

winamdebare naSromis Temas warmoadgens da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

sadoqtoro kvlevis nawili lidsis universitetSi gancxorcielda sergei

Sarovis meTodologiis gamoyenebiTa da uSualod misi monawileobiT.

garda zemoT CamoTvlili vebkorpusebisa, unda aRiniSnos WaCky-is

korpusebi (Baroni, Bernardini, Ferraresi and Zanchetta 2009). WaCky warmoadgens Web

as Corpus kool ynitiative-is proeqtis erT-erT nawils. aRniSnul proeqtSi

30

CarTuli iyo mecnierTa konsorciumi, romelTa interesis sferos swored

vebi da mis lingvistur wyarod gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi

warmoadgenda. WaCky-is proeqtis farglebSi Seqmnilia Semdegi enis

vebkorpusebi:

1) inglisuri enis vebkorpusi – UkWaC, korpusi moicavs 2 miliard

sityvas, ZiriTadad .uk domenidan da iyenebs britanuli

nacionaluri korpusis mixedviT saSualo sixSiris sityvebs

sakvanZo sityvebad (seed words), korpusi morfologiurad

anotirebulia da lematizebulia. UkWaC korpusi ZiebisaTvis

xelmisawvdomia sityvaSexamebiTi modelebis programaSi:

https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/documentation/wiki/Corpora/UKWaC;

2) inglisuri enis vebkorpusi PukWaC, igivea, rac UkWaC, magram

gansxvaveba mdgomareobs anotirebis niuansSi, kerZod, korpusi

srulad aris parsirebuli. parsireba ganxorcielda specialuri

parsirebis instrumentis saSualebiT, romelsac MaltParser

(http://maltparser.org/) ewodeba (Johansson 2007);

3) inglisuri enis vebkorpusi – WaCkypedia_EN, warmoadgens 2009 wlis

inglisuri vikipediis krebuls (daaxloebiT 800 milion tokens

moicavs), aRniSnuli korpusi warmodgenilia PukWaC-is formatSi.

igi lematizebuli da parsirebulia. teqstebis CamotvirTva da

gawmenda ganxorcielebulia specialuri instrumentis Wikipedia

extractor-is saSualebiT;

4) franguli enis vebkorpusi – frWaC, moicavs 1.6 miliard sityvas,

teqstebi ZiriTadad CamotvirTulia .fr domenidan da iyenebs

saSualo sixSirul sityvebs sakvanZo sityvebad. saSualo sixSiris

sakvanZo sityvebi aRebulia franguli enis diplomatiuri

korpusidan (Le Monde Diplomatique Corpus) da franguli enis ZiriTadi

leqsikidan (basic French vocabulary lists). korpusi morfologiurad

anotirebulia da lematizebulia (Baroni, Bernardini, Ferraresi, Zanchetta

2009);

5) germanuli enis vebkorpusi – deWaC, moicavs 1.7 miliard sityvas.

teqstebi ZiriTadad CamotvirTulia .de domenidan da iyenebs

31


sakvanZo sityvebi aRebulia germanuli enis korpusidan (SudDeutsche

Zeitung corpus) da germanuli enis ZiriTadi leqsikidan (basic German

vocabulary lists);

6) germanuli enis vebkorpusi – SdeWac, korpusi moicavs 0,88 miliard

sityvas deWaC-is bazaze. SdeWac gadayvanilia specialur unikodSi

da xelmisawvdomia korpusis ori versia, pirveli versia

morfologiurad anotirebuli da lematizebulia, xolo meore

versia ki winadadebis donezea anotirebuli Sesabamisi

metainformaciis miTiTebiT, magaliTad, parsirebis Secdomis

miTiTebiT.

7) italiuri enis vebkorpusi – itWaC, moicavs 2 miliard sityvas.

teqstebi ZiriTadad CamotvirTulia .it domenidan da iyenebs


sakvanZo sityvebi efuZneba italiuri enis korpussa (Repubblica) da

italiuri enis ZiriTad leqsikas (basic Italian vocabulary lists). italiuri

enis vebkorpusi morfologiurad anotirebulia, xolo lematizeba

ganxorcielbulia specialuri morfemebis leqsikonis saSulebiT

(Morph-it! lexicon).

eWvgareSea, vebkorpusebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove korpusuli

lingvistikaSi, razec vebkorpusebis mzardi ricxvi metyvelebs. dRiTi

dRe izrdeba vebkorpusebis raodenoba, iqmneba rigi korpusuli

instrumentebisa da izrdeba vebkorpusebis moculoba da ixveweba maTi

Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis meTodologia. Aam fonze, aSkaraa qarTuli enis

mdgomareoba, qarTuli enis vebkorpusi – KaWaC, romelic aRniSnuli

sadoqtoro kvlevis farglebSi Seiqmna, aris pirvel mcdeloba amgvari

korpusis Seqmnisa qarTuli enisaTvis qarTuli enis vebkorpussa da mis

SeqmnasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, qvemoT, II TavSi ganvixilavT.

***

amgvarad, sadisertacio naSromis pirvel TavSi mimovixileT saswavlo

leqsikografiis ganviTarebis istoria, pirveli saswavlo leqsikonebi,

inglisuri enis saswavlo leqsikonebiს „didi xuTeuli“: oqsfordis

32

saswavlo leqsikoni, longmenis Tanamedrove inglisuri enis leqsikoni,

kolinz qobildis inglisuri enis leqsikoni, kembrijis inglisuri enis

saerTaSoriso leqsikoni; makmilanis inglisuri enis leqsikoni. amave

TavSi warmodgenilia da ganxilulia korpusuli lingvistika da

korpusebi. kerZod, korpusuli lingvistikis ganviTarebis etapebi,

korpusis raoba, korpusis tipebi da enaTa iseTi korpusebi, rogoricaa:

braunis korpusi, britanuli nacionaluri korpusi, aseve qarTuli

enisaTvis Seqmnili korpusebi: TITUS - ARMAZI - kavkasiuri enebi da

kulturebi, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis korpusi, qarTuli dialeqturi

korpusi, qarTuli enis korpusi sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis programaSi,

qarTuli enis paraleluri korpusi. garda amisa, mimoxilulia axali

tipis korpusebi – „vebi rogorc korpusi“, misi ganviTarebis istoria da

aRwerilia iseTi enis vebkorpusi, rogoricaa UkWaC - inglisuri enis

vebkorpusi, frWaC - franguli enis vebkorpusi, deWaC germanuli enis

vebkorpusi da a.S.

33

II Tavi. qarTuli enis vebkorpusi – KaWaC


winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT qarTuli enis vebkorpuss, mis

SeqmnasTan dakavSirebul iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa korpusis

teqstualuri masalis SerCeva, CamotvirTva, morfologiuri anotireba da

aS. unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli enis vebkorpusi Seiqmna sadoqtoro

programis farglebSi lidsis universitetSi amave universitetis

profesoris sergei Sarovis uSualo monawileobiT. korpusi

ganTavsebulia lidsis universitetis vebsaitze da moicavs 150 milion

sityvas (http://corpus.leeds.ac.uk/internet.html).

1.2 qarTuli enis vebkorpusi - KaWaC

qarTuli enis vebkorpusi – KaWaC iSifreba Semdenairad: Ka -

Kartvelian - qarTuli da WaC – Web as a Corpus – vebi, rogorc korpusi, e.i.

qarTuli enis vebkorpusi. aRniSnuli korpusi Seiqmna lidsis

universitetSi samTviani sadoqtoro programis kvlevis farglebSi.

qarTuli enis vebkorpusi asaxavs bolo 10-15 wlis qarTul enas, am

periodis gansxvavebul Janrul Tu regionalur variacebs (regionalur

variaciSi igulisxmeba ara dialeqturi metyveleba, aramed vebresursebi

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionidan, magaliTad, rogoricaa Telavis,

zugdidis, goris saswavlo universitetebi, adgilobrivi

televiziebi/presa da a.S.) da moicavs 150 milion sityvas, ufro zustad:

• teqsti: 618468 vebgverdi - 697 vebsaitidan

• sityva: 182845341, 2865042 tipi

• tokeni: 23550807, 3447266 tipi

zemoT „sityvaSi“ igulisxmeba calkeuli sityvaformis xmarebis

SemTxveva, xolo „tipSi“ gansxvavebuli/unikaluri sityvaformebi. tokeni

ki moicavs rogorc sityvaformebs, aseve punqtuaciis niSnebs.

rogorc ukve iTqva, KaWaC ganTavsebulia lidsis universitetis

vebgverdze (ixileT suraTi 1) da aRWurvilia onlain saZiebo sistemiT,

am etapze SesaZlebelia sityvanis (Word List), konkordansebis Zieba

34

korpusSi da Sesabamisi konteqstis naxva. korpusSi SesaZlebelia Zieba

metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis – POS Tag (Part-of-Speech Tag) mixedviT.

garda amisa, Cveulebrivi (ara metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis) Ziebis

SemTxvevaSic gamotanilia ama Tu im sityvis Sesabamisi metyvelebis

nawilis markeri da lema (ixileT suraTi 2).

suraTi 1: qarTuli enis vebkorpusi – KaWaC

35

suraTi 2: saZiebo sistema qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi

me-2 suraTze naCvenebia korpusis saZiebo sistema, Ziebis velSi

saZiebo sityvad gamotanilia sityva-forma „qalma“, rasac Tan axlavs

mocemuli sityvis Sesabamisi markeri da lema. marcxniv mocemulia

markeri, e.w. “POS tagi - “Ncse” (e.i, Noun, Type = Common, Number = Singular, Case

= Ergative) da moicavs Semdeg informacias: arsebiTi saxeli, tipi =

sazogado, ricxvi = mxoloobiTi, brunva = moTxrobiTi, xolo marjvniv

ki mocemulia am sityvis lema „qali“.

36

1.3 vebgverdebis lingvisturi damuSaveba

qarTuli enis vebrkopusis Seqmnis procesSi pirvel etaps

warmoadgenda korpusis tipis gansazRvra da korpusisaTvis Sesabamisi

masalis SerCeva. qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi reprezentaciulobis miRwevis

mizniT SeirCa 697 vebsaiti, rac jamSi 618468 vebgverds Seadgens.

vebgverdebi programa wget-is (World Wide Web da get) gamoyenebiT

CamoitvirTa. Wget aris kompiuteruli programa, romelic vebserverebidan

teqsturi masalis CamotvirTvis SesaZleblobas iZleva da warmodgens

GNU proeqtis nawils, aRniSnuli proeqti iTvaliswinebs kompiuteruli

instrumentebis xelmisawvdomobas (Stallman 2003). unda aRiniSnos, rom

uSualod vebgverdebis CamotvirTvamde ganisazRvra 300 funqciuri sityva

(function words) qarTuli enisaTvis. funqciuri sityvebi ama Tu im enis

yvelaze xSirad xmarebul leqsikas warmoadgens da qarTuli enis

funqciuri 300 sityva SeirCa devid Taguelis qarTuli enis korpusis

mixedviT, romelic sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis programaSia

ganTavsebuli. Wget-s programaSi ganTavsda qarTuli enisaTvis SerCeuli

300 funqciuri sityva (ixileT suraTi 3). funqciuri sityvebis gansazRvra

uSualod vebgverdebidan teqsturi masalis CamotvirTvamde Zalian

mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgenda korpusis Seqmnis procesSi, raTa

gamogvericxa araqarTuli gverdebi, animaciebi da sxva lingvisturad

ararelevanturi informacia.

amgvarad, 697 vebsaitidan CamoitvirTa sul 618468 vebgverdi.

korpusis Seqmnis Semdeg etaps warmoadgens CamotvirTuli masalis

gasufTaveba. CamotvirTuli masali lingvisturi damuSaveba specialuri

korpusuli instrumentis – BootCatTools-is saSualebiT ganxorcielda.

vebresursebis lingvisturi damuSavebisaTvis aseve veyrdnobiT, e.w.

„klinivalis“ (CleanEval: cleaning webpages) gamocdilebas (Baroni, Chantree,

Kilgarriff, Sharoff 2008). „klinivali“ warmoadgens vebgverdis Sefasebas da

miznad isaxavs vebmonacemebis korpusul resursad gamoyenebas. unda

aRiniSnos, rom Cven mier vebgverdebis gasufTavebaSi gamoyenebuli

meTodologia aris uaxlesi da aris lidsis universitetis (didi

37

britaneTi), trentos universitetisa (italia) da „leqsikal kompiutingis“

(Lexical Computing LTD) erToblivi proeqti.

suraTi 3: qarTuli enis funqciuri sityvebis SerCevis procesi

dRes Zalian bevri iyenebs vebs, rogorc monacemTa wyaros

korpusisaTvis (Baroni & Bernardini 2006; Fairon 2007, Hundt 2007, Kilgarriff &

Grefenstette 2003), rac Tavis mxriv, garkveul problemebTan da

sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. vebgverdebis CamotvirTvisas Tavs iCens

Semdegi sakiTxebi:

1. rogor unda gamoiricxos lingvisturad ararelevanturi

informacia (“boilerplate”), magaliTad, rogoricaa specialuri niSnebi

da simboloebi, kolontitulebi (headers, footers) da sxv.;

2. rogor unda ganisazRvros paragrafebi da sxva struqturuli

xasiaTis informacia;

3. rogor unda miviRoT standartuli formatis teqsti, romelic

gamodgeba Semdgomi lingvisturi damuSavebisaTvis.

38

zemoT mocemuli sakiTxebi Zalian mniSvnelovani, vinaidan, rac ufro

kargad aris gaTvaliswinebuli aRniSnuli sakiTxebi, miT ufro kargi

Sedegis miRwevaa SesaZlebeli. lingvisturi damuSavebis Semdgomi

doneebi swored CamotvirTuli masalis „sisufTavezea“ damokidebuli. im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu lingvistur damuSavebamde vebgverdidan CamotvirTuli

masala araa „gasufTavebuli“, yvelaze xSirad ganmeordeba iseTi

bigramebi, rogoricaa „daaWireT aq“ (click here) da „vrclad“/ „damatebiTi

informaciisaTvis“ / „ixileT“ (Further information). rasakvirvelia, yovelive

es mniSvnelovnad Secvlis enis realur suraTs.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, qarTuli enis vebkorpusis Seqmnis pirvel etaps

swored masalis SerCeva (data selection) warmoadgenda - Sesabamisi

vebgverdebis SerCeva da misi momzadeba CamosatvirTad. aRsaniSnavia, rom

qarTuli enis vebkorpusisaTvis mxolod HTML formatis vebgverdebia

gamoyenebuli. PDF-isa da vordis (Word) failebis CamotvirTva sxva saxis

problmebTanaa dakavSirebuli, magaliTad, rogoricaa kodireba, teqstSi

gamoyenebuli specifikuri Sriftebisa da simboloebis Semdgomi

damuSaveba da a.S. am etapze aRniSnuli formatis vebresurebi ar aris

mocemuli korpusSi. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xeliT damuSavda

specialurad SerCeuli samecniero xasiaTis teqstebi (PDF, Word), sul 235

faili da gaerTianda korpusSi.

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis vebgverdebis anotireba da gasufTaveba

moicavda Semdeg punqtebs:

1. HTML-isa da javaskriptebis (JavaScript) kodebis moxsnas,

lingvisturad ararelevanturi informaciis waSlas

(kolontitulebi, saavtoro uflebis aRmniSvneli niSnebi, bmulebis,

calkeul vebgverdebSi gameorebuli masalebi da a.S.);

2. minimaluri simboloebis gamoyenebiT ZiriTadi kodebis miniWeba

(ixileT suraTi 3) teqstebis saTaurebisaTvis, paragrafebisaTvis

da a.S.

39

suraTi 4: qarTuli enis vebkorpusi Cveulebrivi teqstis

(plain text) formatSi

amgvarad, qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi vebidan miRebuli masalis

damuSaveba efuZneba uaxles meTodebsa da midgomebs, romelTa

gaTvaliswinebiTac warimarTa da momzadda korpusis masala Semdgomi

lingvisturi damuSavebisaTvis.

40

1.4 reprezentaciuloba qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi

nebismieri tipis korpusis erT-erT aucilebel kriteriums

reprezentaciuloba warmoadgens. Tumca, korpusis lingvistebs Soris ar

arsebobs saerTo azri imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris miCneuli

reprezentaciulad da zogadad, rogor SeiZleba reprezentaciulobis

miRweva. gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, termini „reprezentaciuloba“

naklebad an saerTod ar gamoiyeneba. am ukanasknelis nacvlad dRes

farTod gamoiyeneba termini „dabalanseba“ / „dabalansebuli“ (balance /

balanced).

qarTul enis vebkorpusis Seqmnis sawyis etapze mkacrad ganisazRvra

Semdegi:

1. korpusis tipi

2. SeirCa Sesabamisi vebsaitebi.

vinaidan sadoqtoro kvlevis mizans Tanamedrove qarTuli enis

sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvra warmoadgenda, qarTuli enis vebkorpusi

asaxavs Tanamedrove qarTul bunebriv enas, kerZod, enis ganviTarebis

bolo 10-15 weliwads. vebkorpusis teqsturi masalis CamotvirTva

ganxorcielda saxelmwifo, saganmanaTleblo, arasamTavrobo, kerZo

organizaciebis vebsaitebidan da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, piradi

blogebidan da forumebidan. imisaTvis, rom korpusSi maqsimalurad

asaxuliyo bunebrivi, cocxali, Tanamedrove qarTuli ena, Tavidanve

gamoiricxa poezia da Targmanebi. amgvarad, korpusSi ar aris Sesuli

poezia da Targmanebi. rogorc viciT, poeziisaTvis da TargmanebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia specifikurad SerCeuli leqsika, romelic ramdenadme

Sors dgas bunebrivi enisgan. qarTuli enis vebkorpusisaTvis winaswar

ganisazRvra da SeirCa 697 vebsaiti (ixileT suraTi 4), romlebmac

saboloo jamSi Seadgina 618468 vebgverdi. aRniSnuli vebgverdebidan

CamotvirTuli masala ki daaxloebiT moicavs 150 milion sityvas.

41

suraTi 5: KaWaC-is vebsaitebis SerCeva

me-4 suraTze naCvenebia qarTuli enis vebkorpusisaTvis vebsaitebis

gansazRvris da SerCevis procesi. rogorc suraTidan Cans,

vebkorpusisaTvis Zalian didi sifrTxiliT SeirCa TiToeuli vebsaiti,

e.i. is teqsturi masala, rac korpusSi unda Sesuliyo.

qarTuli enis korpusi moicavs teqstur masalas Semdegi

vebwyaroebidan:

1) saministroebi da sxva oficialuri vebsaitebi - 65 vebsaiti;

2) universitetebi, institutebi, kolejebi, profesiuli saswavleblebi

- 64 vebsaiti;

3) piradi blogebi da forumebi - 417 vebsaiti;

4) presa da axali ambebi - 124 vebsaiti;

5) arasmTavrobo organizaciebi, bankebi, kerZo kompaniebi - 72 vebsaiti;

6) mxatvruli literatura (proza) - 235 Tanamedrove qarTveli

avtoris Semoqmedeba;

7) samecniero naSromebi/statiebi, sadoqtoro /samagistro naSromebi:

246 naSromi da a.S.

42

2. Janruli klasifikacia qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, korpusul lingvistikaSi, kerZod, enis

korpusebis mimarT naklebad gamoiyeneba termini „reprezentaciuloba“,

vinaidan Znelia imis Tqma, Tu risi reprezentaciuli SeiZleba iyos

korpusi. amitom, aRniSnuli terminis nacvlad gamoiyeneba „dabalanseba“ /

„dabalansebuli“ (balanced). Sesabamisad, Seicvala midgomac, korpusis

mizani ar aris iyos reprezentaciuli, aramed SeiZleba iyos

dabalansebuli ama Tu im konkretuli sakvlevi miznebidan gamomdinare.

ram ganapiroba aRniSnuli cvlileba? pasuxi martivia, korpusis

lingvistikis ganviTarebam da Sesabamisad, axali tipis korpusebis

gaCenam, magaliTad, rogoricaa vebkorpusebi. vebkorpusebis mimarT

marTebulia termini „dabalansebulis“ gamoyeneba, vidre

„reprezentaciulis“, vinaidan vebkorpusi SeuZlebelia iyos raRacis

reprezentaciuli ramis mimarT. amgvarad, vebkorpusebSi dabalanseba

gansxvavdeba tradiciuli tipis korpusebis dabalansebisagan. magaliTad,

braunis (the Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English), LOB-

isa (Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus) da LCMC-is (the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin

Chinese) korpusSi mocemulia 15 Janruli kategoria, magaliTad, a) presa:

reportaJi, b) presa: sagamomcemlo, g) presa: mimoxilva, d) religia, e)

unarebi da hobi da a.S.

rac Seexeba britanul nacionalur korpuss, masSi mocemulia 4,000

teqsti, romelic 70 Janrul kategoriad aris dajgufebuli, mag.,

medicina, teqnika, presa da a.S. arsebobs ufro detaluri da vrceli

Janruli klasifikacia, magaliTad, adamcikTan (Adamzik 1995) 4000 Janruli

klasifikaciaa mocemuli. ixileT suraTi 6.

43

suraTi 6: adamcikis Janruli klasifikacia

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, vebkorpusebis Janruli klasifikacebi

gansxvavdeba tradiciuli korpusebisTvis SemuSavebuli

klasifikaciisagan, radgan internetma da vebresursebma ganapiroeba iseTi

Janrebis warmoSoba, romlebic tradiciul korpusebSi ar aris

warmodgenili. amgvarad, gaviTvaliswineT vebkorpusis Janruli

klasifikaciis uaxlesi meTodebi da midgomebi, kerZod, meleris,

Sarovisa da santinis (Mehler, Sharoff, Santini 2010) vebis Janruli

klasifikaciebi. ixileT suraTi 7.

44

suraTi 7: vebJanrebis magaliTebi: meleri, Sarovi, santini (2010)

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis teqstebis anotirebisaTvis gamoviyeneT

Sarovisa da forsis (Forsyth & Sharoff, 2014) funqciuri Janruli

ganzomilebebi (Functional Genre Dimensions), romlebic moicavs 17 Janrul

kategorias da kiTxvarebis saxiT aris Sedgenili da TiToeul kiTxvars

Sesabamisi saidentifikacio kodi aqvs miniWebuli. ixileT suraTi 8

funqciuri Janruli ganzomilebebisaTvis Sesabamisi kiTxvarebiTa da

kodebiTurT.

45

suraTi 8: funqciuri Janruli ganzomilebebi

funqciur Janrul ganzomilebebs gaaCnia Sefasebis Semdegi sqema:

0 qula - ara, saerTod ar ganekuTvneba am ketegorias (non or hardly at

all);

0.5 qula - odnav ganekuTvneba (slightly);

1 qula - nawilobriv ganekuTvneba (somewhat or partly);

2 qula - ganekuTvneba (strongly or very much so).

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis teqstebis anotireba swored funqciuri

Janruli kategoriebis mixedviT warimarTa da korpusSi mocemuli 618468

vebgverdidan SeirCa 1067 vebgverdi anotirebisaTvis. ixileT suraTi 9.

46

suraTi 9: funqciuri Janruli ganzomilebebis mixedviT

vebgverdebis anotireba

amgvarad, qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi Janruli klasifikacia

garCeulia funqciuri Janruli ganzomilebebis mixedviT. SerCeuli 1067

vebgverdidan met-naklebad xSirad xmarebuli Semdegi Janruli klasebia:

A3 - piradi emociebis gamomxatveli Sinaarsis vebgverdebi (piradi

blogebi, forumebi), A4 - mxatvruli literatura (proza), A7 -

instruqciuli (kulinaria, medicina da a.S.), A8 - presa: axali ambebi.

47

3. multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebi

korpusis masalis ama Tu im konkretuli lingvisturi kvlevebisaTvis

gamoyenebisaTvis, rogoricaa magaliTad sixSiruli leqsikis dadgena da

a.S. aucilebelia korpusis morfologiuri anotireba.

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis morfologiuri anotirebis platformad

gamoyenebulia „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebi“ (MULTEXT-

East Morphosyntactic Specifications - MTE), meoTxe versia.

(http://nl.ijs.si/ME/V4/msd/html/index.html). „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri

parametrebi“ aris mravalenovani monacemTa baza enis lingvisturi

damuSavebisaTvis, kerZod, orientirebulia morfosintaqsur anotirebaze.

am bazis resursebi moicavs centralur da aRmosavleT evropul enebsa

da EAGLES-ze (Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards) dafuZnebul

parametrebs, morfosintaqsur leqsikons, anotirebul paralelur,

SedarebiT (comaparable) da metyvelebis (speech corpus) korpusebs.

„multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebis“ meoTxe versiaSi

warmodgnilia XML-Si kodirebuli morfosintaqsuri parametrebi 16

enisaTvis: bulgaruli, xorvatuli, Cexuri, inglisuri, estonuri,

ungruli, litvuri, makedoniuri, iranuli, polonuri, rusuli, serbiuli,

slovakuri, slovenuri, ukrainuli da sxv. proeqti „mravalenovani

teqsturi instrumentebi da korpusebi aRmosavleT da centraluri

evropuli enebisaTvis“ (Multilingual Text Tools and Corpora for Eastern and Central

European Languages) xorcieldeba 1995/97 wlidan.

„multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebis“ meoTxe versia

Seesabameba teqstis kodirebis/anotirebis iniciativas (Text Encoding

Initiative) – TEI P5-s. „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebi“

moicavs mocemuli enis metyvelebis nawilebis kategoriebs, romelTac

ZiriTadi kategoriebi ewodebaT (main categories). ZiriTad kategoriebi

dajgufebulia metyvelebis nawilebis Taviseburebebis mixedviT da

miniWebuli aqvs Sesabamisi kodebi, rasac morfosintaqsuri aRwera (MSD –

morphosyntactic Description) ewodeba.

„multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebi“ gansazRvravs ZiriTad

morfologiur kategoriebs da maTTan dakavSirebul qvekategoriis

48

wyvilebs, e.i. „morfosintaqsur aRweras“ - (Morphosyntactic Description (MSD)).

magaliTad:

arsebiTi saxeli, tipi=sazogado, ricxvi=mxolobiTi, brunva=saxelobiTi

zemoT warmodgenili qvekategoriebis wyvilebis struqturas

Seesabameba „morfosintaqsuri aRweris“ (e.i. MSD) tagi/markeri: Ncsn (Noun,

Type=Common, Number=singular, Case=Nominative), rac gamoyenebulia

morfologiuri anotirebisas (Sharoff, et al, 2008).

amgvarad, qarTuli enisaTvis metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis

sistemebis, e.w. tagsetebis (tagsets) SemuSaveba da morfologiuri

anotireba „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebis“ meoTxe

versiis Sesabamisad ganxorcielda. es ukanaskneli Zalze mniSvnelovania

im TvalsazrisiTac, rom qarTuli enis vebkorpusi SeiZleba SevadaroT

morfosintaqsuri parametrebis bazaSi mocemuli 16 enis korpusebs.

3.1 metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema qarTuli enisaTvis

qarTuli enis tagsetebi, erTi mxriv, daefuZna „multiteqsturi

morfosintaqsuri parametrebis“ meoTxe versias, xolo, meore mxriv, ki

akaki SaniZis qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebs (SaniZe 1973).

qarTuli enis tagsetebis SemuSavebis procesSi gaviTvaliswineT

qarTuli enis morfologiis sirTule, Sesabamisad, SemuSavda zogadi

strategia, romelic moicavs qarTuli enis morfologiis yvelaze

mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs (ixileT cxrili 1). tagsetebSi maqsimalurad

gamoyenebulia morfosintaqsuri parametrebis kodebi. gamonakliss

warmoadgens mxolod qarTuli enis morfologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

Taviseburebani, romelTac morfosintaqsuri parametrebi ar moicavs, am

SemTxvevaSi SemuSavda axali kodebi qarTuli enis morfologiuri

Taviseburebebis asaxvis mizniT.

49

cxrili 1: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema:

arsebiTi saxeli

P Attribute Value Attribute Georgian

0 CATEGORY Noun N arsebiTi saxeli

1 Type Common C sazogado

Proper P sakuTari

2 Number Singular S mxolobiTi

Plural P mravlobiTi

3 Case nominative N saxelobiTi

Ergative E moTxrobiTi

Dative D micemiTi

Genitive G naTesaobiTi

instrumental I moqmedebiTi

Adverbial R viTarebiTi

Vocative V wodebiTi

4 Particles -c C –c (nawilaki)

-gha gha –Ra (nawilaki)

-ve ve –ve (nawilaki)

5 Adposition -vit V –viT (Tandebuliani)

tan T –Tan (Tandebuliani)

-ze Z –ze (Tandebuliani)

-shi H –Si (Tandebuliani)

-tvis S –Tvis (Tandebuliani)

-gan G –gan (Tandebuliani)

-ken K –ken (Tandebuliani)

-ebr B –ebr (Tandebuliani)

-tanave N –Tanave (Tandebuliani)

-gamo O –gamo (Tandebuliani)

-dami A –dami (Tandebuliani)

-dmi m –dmi (Tandebuliani)

-urt U –urT (Tandebuliani)

-idan I –idan (Tandebuliani)

-dan D –dan (Tandebuliani)

-mde E –mde (Tandebuliani)

50

cxrili 1.1: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema: zmna

P Attribute Value Code Georgian

0 CATEGORY Verb V zmna

VForm Indicative i ZiriTadi forma

imperative m brZanebiTi

1 Person first 1 I piri

second 2 II piri

third 3 III piri

2 Number singular s mxolobiTi

plural p mravlobiTi

3 Tense/Series present p awmyo

future f myofadi

imperfect i uwyveteli

conditional c xolmeobiTi

present subjunctive w awmyos kavSirebiTi

future subjunctive y myofadis kavSirebiTi

aorist a wyvetili

Optative (II

subjunctive)

o II kavSirebiTi

perfect (first evidential) e I TurmeobiTi

pluperfect (second

evidential)

l II TurmeobiTi

III subjunctive (third

evidential)

s III kavSirebiTi

51

cxrili 1.2: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema:

masdari


mimReoba


0 CETEGORY Masdar W masdari

1 Number singular s mxolobiTi

plural p mravlobiTi

2 Case Nominative n saxelobiTi

Ergative e moTxrobiTi

Dative d micemiTi

Genitive g naTesaobiTi

Instrumental i moqmedebiTi

Adverbial r viTarebiTi

Vocative v wodebiTi


0 CETEGORY Participle G mimReoba

1 Type Past g namyos mimReoba

Future f myofadis mimReoba

2 Case Nominative n saxelobiTi

Ergative e moTxrobiTi

Dative d micemiTi

Genitive g naTesaobiTi

Instrumental i moqmedebiTi

Adverbial r viTarebiTi

Vocative v wodebiTi

52


Sedgenili Semasmeneli


zedsarTavi saxeli


0 CATEGORY Adjective A zedsarTavi saxeli


ergative E moTxrobiTi

dative D micemiTi

genitive G naTesaobiTi


adverbial R viTarebiTi

vocative V wodebiTi


0 CATEGORY Compound Verb Z Sedgenili Semasmeneli

1 Form noun n arsebiTi saxeli

adjective a zedsarTavi saxeli

adverb r zmnizeda

adposition s Tandebuli

numeral m ricxviTi saxeli

pronoun p nacvalsaxeli

masdar w masdari

participle g mimReoba

particle q nawilaki

conjunction c kavSiri

53


ricxviTi saxeli

p Attribute Value Code Georgian

0 CATEGORY Numeral M ricxviTi saxeli

1 Number singular S mxolobiTi

plural P mravlobiTi



dative D micemiTi




vocative V wodebiTi


nacvalsaxeli


0 CATEGORY Pronoun P nacvalsaxeli

1 Number singular S mxolobiTi

plural P mravlobiTi



dative D micemiTi




vocative V wodebiTi

cxrili 1.8: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema: zmnizeda


0 CATEGORY Adverb R zmnizeda

54

cxrili 1.9: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema: kavSiri


0 CATEGORY Conjunction C kavSiri

cxrili 1.10: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema: Sorisdebuli


0 CATEGORY Interjection I Sorisdebuli

cxrili 1.11: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema: nawilaki


0 CATEGORY Particle Q nawilaki

cxrili 1.12: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema: Tandebuli


0 CATEGORY Adposition S Tandebuli

cxrili 1.13: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema: abreviatura

P Attribute Value Code

0 CATEGORY Abbreviation

abreviatura

Y

1 Number singular s

plural p

2 Case nominative n

ergative e

dative d

genitive g

instrumental i

adverbial r

vocative v

cxrili 1.14: metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis sistema: ucnobi

P Attribute Value Code

0 CATEGORY Residual/ ucnobi X

55

qarTuli enis tagsetebi moicavs 15 ZiriTad kategorias, esenia:

arsebiTi saxeli, zmna, zedsarTavi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, ricxviTi

saxeli, zmnizeda, Tandebuli, kavSiri, nawilaki, Sorisdebuli, masdari,

mimReoba, Sedgenili Semasmeneli, abreviatura da ucnobi (residual).

TiToeuli kategoriisaTvis gansazRvrulia Sesabamisi atributuli

jgufebi (attribute value pairs), sul 331 wyvili.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am sistemaSi sityva „kategoria” ar unda

avurioT „gramatikul kategoriaSi“. “kategoria” aq aris “multiteqsturi

morfosintaqsuri parametrebis” tagsetebis sistemaSi gamoyenebuli

termini, romelic mocemul sistemaSi ama Tu im metyvelebis nawilis

jgufebad ganlagebas gulisxmobs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, qarTuli enis

tagsetebisaTvis SevimuSaveT zogadi strategia, romelic moicavs

qarTuli enis morfologiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs. tagsetebSi

calke jgufad ar aris gamotanili narTaniani mravlobiTi. igi

mocemulia -eb-iani mravlobiTi formebis jgufSi.

qarTuli enis tagsetebSi aseve mocemulia Tandebuliani da

nawilakiani formebi, Tumca, am etapze mxolod arsebiT saxelTan.

qarTuli enis morfologiis erT-erT yvelaze did sirTules

warmoadgens zmna, amitom, misi sruli anotireba garkveul siZneleebTan

iyo dakavSirebuli. Cven mier SemuSavebuli zogadi strategiis mixedviT

zmnaSi aRwerilia Semdegi jgufebi: forma: mTavari da brZanebiTi; piri -

pirveli, meore, mesame; ricxvi: mxolobiTi da mravlobiTi da droebi:

awmyo, myofadi, uwyveteli, xolmeobiTi, awymos kavSirebiTi, myofadis

kavSirebiTi, wyvetili, II kavSirebiTi, I TurmeobiTi, II TurmeobiTi, III

kavSirebiTi.

aranakleb sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli masdarisa da mimReobis

anotireba. uSualod konteqstis gareSe SeuZlebelia masdarisa da

arsebiTi saxelis garCeva da mimReobisa da zedsarTavi saxelis garCeva.

amdenad, korpusSi omonimia ar aris moxsnili, amisaTvis aucilebelia

konteqstis naxva da xeliT miTiTeba/moniSvna, rasac bunebrivia

avtomaturi morfologiuri analizi ver uzrunvelyofs.

56

Sedgenili Semasmeneli calke kategoriad aris gamotanili da

jgufebSi ki mieTiTeba Sesabamisi metyvelebis nawilebi, romlebic

Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilSi arian warmodgenili.

rac Seexeba zmnizedas, kavSirs, Sorisdebuls, Tandebulsa da

nawilaks, isini tagsetebSi mocemulia ZiriTadi kategoriebis saxiT da

warmoadgenen iseT ZiriTad kategoriebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT

atributuli jgufebi da maTi morfologiuri analizi gacilebiT advili

iyo metyvelebis sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT.

metyvelebis nawilebis garda tagsetebSi calke kategoriebad

warmodgenilia ori damatebiTi kategoria: „abreviatura“ da „ucnobi“.

abreviaturaSi mocemulia calkeuli asoebi, abreviaturebi, punqtuaciis

niSnebi da a.S. rac Seexeba ucnob kategorias, am ukanasknelSi mocemulia

ucxo sityvebi, romelic zemoT mocemul arc erT kategorias ar

ganekuTvneba.

3.2 morfologiuri analizi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, qarTuli enis vebkorpusis morfologiuri

anotirebis platformad gamoyenebulia „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri

parametrebi“, versia meoTxe, romlis bazac moicavs 16 enas. aRniSnul

lingvistur bazas daemateba qarTuli enis parametrebi, mas Semdeg, rac

dasruldeba am ukanasknelze muSaoba.

morfologiuri analizisaTvis gamoyenebulia kris bimanis (Biemann

2010) programa „vebano“ (WebAnno 2.0), romelic uzrunvelyofs, rogorc

xeliT, aseve avtomatur morfologiur anotirebas (Unsupervised Part-of-

Speech Tagging). ixileT suraTi 10.

57

suraTi 10: qarTuli enis vebkorpusi WebAnno-Si

aRniSnul programaSi gaerTianda qarTuli enisaTvis Seqmnili tagsetebi.

ixileT suraTi 11.

suraTi 11: 8 tagsetebi WebAnno-Si

58

bunebrivi enis damuSavebaSi (NLP – Natural Language Processing) farTod

gamoiyeneba garkveul wesebze dafuZnebuli da statistikuri metyvelebis

nawilebis markerebis amomcnobi programa – tageri (POS Taggers),

romlisTvisac unda momzaddes garkveuli raodenobis xeliT

anotirebuli masala, ris Semdegac aRniSnuli programa iZleva

avtomaturi anotirebis SesaZleblobas. qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi xeliT

anotirebulia yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 5000 sityva (ixileT suraTi 12),

romelic specialur formatSi integrirda kris bimanis anotirebis

programaSi.

suraTi 12: zmnis xeliT anotirebis procesi

aRniSnul programaSi qarTul enis metyvelebis nawilebis

markerebTan erTad integrirda xeliT anotirebuli 5000 yvelaze xSirad

xmarebuli sityva qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT, ris Semdegac

programis saSualebiT gakeTda avtomaturi morfologiuri analizi

(ixileT suraTi 13). Uunda aRiniSnos, rom morfologiuri anotirebis

meore etapi Catarda ufro vrceli leqsikonis safuZvelze, kerZod, 35 000

sawvrTneli masalis (training data) bazaze. K35,000-sityviani sawvrTneli

59

masalis Sedegad ganxorcielda qarTuli enis vebkorpusis anotireba, ris

Semdgomac korpusidan amoviReT daaxloebiT 1 milioni avtomaturad

anotirebuli sityva, romelic Semowmda xeliT da gamovlinda is

statistikuri Secdomebi, romlebic qarTuli enis vebkorpusis pirvel

anotirebul versiaSia.

suraTi 13: avtomaturi anotireba WebAnno-Si

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, morfologiuri anotirebis pirvel

safexurze qarTuli enis vebkorpusidan amoviReT sixSiruli sia -

yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 5,000 qarTuli sityva da ganxorcielda am

masalis xeliT anotireba. meore etapze ki daaxloebiT erTi milioni

anotirebuli winadadebebis bazaze momzadda sawvrTneli masala

korpusis avtomaturi morfologiuri anotirebisaTvis da miRebuli

sawvrTneli masaliT ki ganxorcielda mTliani vebkorpusis

morfologiuri anotireba.

amgvarad, lidsis universitetSi ganxorcielebuli sadoqtoro

kvlevis meore etapze movaxdineT mTliani vebkorpusis avtomaturi

morfologiuri anotireba da Sedegad miviReT anotirebuli vebkorpusis

pirveli versia.

morfologiuri anotirebis Secdomebis gamosavlenad gamovikvlieT

avtomaturad anotirebuli masala (daaxloebiT 40 000 avtomaturad

60

anotirebuli winadadeba, ixileT suraTi 14) da gamovlenili Secdomebis

tipur analizebs qvemoT warmogidgenT.

suraTi 14: avtomaturi anotirebis Sedegebi

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis morfologiuri anotirebisas gamovlenili

tipuri Secdomebia:

a) leqsikuri uzustoba: SemTxveva, rodesac esa Tu is sityva

mocemulia sawvrTnel masalaSi, magram ara im markeriT, romelic

mas unda hqondes mocemul konteqstSi. qvemoT warmodgenil

magaliTSi SeiZleba aris zmna, sawvrTnel masalaSi ki igi

warmodgenilia mxolod rogorc nawilaki da avtomaturi

anotirebisas mocemuli sityvas aqvs araswori markeri: “Q” =

nawilaki:

darCa [Vi3sa]/ rame [Psn]/, risi [Psn]/ Wamac [Wsn]/ SeiZleba [Q]?

am sityvis swori markeri mocemul konteqstSi aris Vi3sp = Verb, 3rd

person, Singular, Present Tense (zmna, mesame piri, mxolobiTi ricxvi, awmyo dro).

b) ucnobi sityva: es aris sityva, romelic ar aris mocemul

sawvrTnel masalaSi da misi moniSvna xdeba avtomaturad konteqstidan

61

gamomdinare. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, programa erTmaneTisagan ver arCevs

sazogado da sakuTar arsebiT saxelebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac

saubaria istoriul adgilebze. magaliTad:

„awyuris RvTismSoblisa da zarzmis RvTismSoblis...”

mocemul magaliTSi awyuris da zarzmis moniSnulia, rogorc

sazogado arsebiTi saxelebi (Ncsg), maSin rodesac mocemuli

magaliTisaTvis swori markeria Npsg (Noun/proper/singular/genitive case).

g) bundovani sityva: morfologiuri anotirebisas erT-erT did

sirTules warmoadgens masdari da mimReoba, vinaidan konteqsti

arasakmarisia masdarisa da mimReobis sworad moniSvnisaTvis. magaliTad:

„Cven ar gvegebis amis codna“

mocemul konteqstSi codna aris masdari (markeri: Wsn), maSin

rodesac igi zemoT warmodgenil magaliTSi SecdomiT moniSnulia,

rogorc arsebiTi saxeli (Ncsn).

garda masdarisa da arsebiTi saxelisa, bundovani SemTxvevebi aseve

gamovlenilia zmnasa da masdars Soris, magaliTad:

„da [C] Seqmnis [Vi3sf] maTgan [Ppg] iseT [Psd] Zalas [Ncsd]“

am magaliTSi Seqmnis aris zmna (Vi3sf), magram moniSnulia SecdomiT

rogorc masdari naTesaobiT brunvaSi (Wsg = Masdar / singular/gentive case).

mocemuli sityvis swori markeri ki unda iyos “Vi3sf” (Verb / 3rd person,

singular/future tense): zmna, mesame piri, mxolobiTi ricxvi, myofadi dro.

meore magaliTSi ki piriqiT, masdari moniSnulia, rogorc zmna:

„ojaxis [Ncsg]/ Seqmnis [Wsg] / gadawyvetilebis [Ncsg] / miReba [Wsn]“

am konteqstSi Seqmnis aris masdari, romelsac Seesabameba markeri: Wsg

(= Masdar, number = Singular, Case = Genitive): masdari, mxolobiTi ricxvi,

naTesaobiTi brunva.

62

4. sixSiruli sia

sadisertacio naSromSi qarTuli enis sixSirul leqsikisTan erTad

sixSiruli principiT warmovadgineT sixSirul sias (frequency list), yvelaze

xSirad xmarebuli 17,000 sityva-forma (ara lema) qarTuli enis

vebkorpusis mixedviT. aRniSnuli sixSiruli sia ganisazRvra kvlevis

pirvel etapze, morfologiuri anotirebisa da lematizebis

ganxorcielebamde. qarTuli enis sixSiruli sia sainteresoa im

TvalsazrisiT, rom iZleva informacias yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli

sityva-formis Sesaxeb.

qarTuli enis sixSiruli sia, yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 17,000 sityva-

forma Sesabamisi sixSiruli indeqsis miTiTebiT winamdebare sadoqtoro

naSroms darTuli aqvs eleqtronuli saxiT. rac Seexeba qarTuli enis

sixSirul leqsikas, yvelaze xSirad xmarebul 10,000 sityvas (lema)

ganxilulia winamdebare naSromis III TavSi.

***

amgvarad, sadisertacio naSromis meore TavSi warmodgenilia kvlevis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi nawili - qarTuli enis vebkorpusis – KaWaC-is Seqmna.

naSromSi detaluradaa aRwerili aRniSnuli vebkorpusis Seqmnis

TiToeuli etapi, rogoricaa, 300 funqciuri mniSvnelobis mqone qarTuli

sityvis SerCeva, romelic korpusuli masalis Segrovebis procesSi

Zalian mniSvnelovania vebgverdebidan teqsturi masalis CamotvirTvamde

araqarTuli gverdebis, animaciebisa da sxva lingvisturad

ararelevanturi informaciis gamosaricxad; detaluradaa aseve aRwerili

vebgverdebis anotirebisa da gasufTavebis etapebi, romelic eyrdnoba

„klinivals“ - erT-erT uaxles meTodologias vebgverdebis gasufTavebis

kuTxiT. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa vebkorpusis dabalansebis sakiTxis

gadawyveta, romelic aseve efuZneba uaxles meTodologias „funqciuri

Janruli ganzomilebebis“ (Functional Genre Dimensions) saxiT. Sesabamisad,

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis Janruli klasifikaciis meTodologiur

safuZvels warmoadgens dRes vebrkopusebis dabalansebisaTvis farTod

gamoyenebuli „funqciuri Janruli ganzomilebebi“. amave TavSia

warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromis kidev erTi ZiriTadi siaxle,

63

kerZod, qarTuli enis metyvelebis markerebis sistema, romlis

platformad gamoyenebulia „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri

parametrebi“ (MULTEXT-East Morphosyntactic Specifications - MTE), meoTxe versia.

naSromSi sruli saxiTaa mocemuli metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis, e.w.

tagsetebis sistema. qarTuli enisaTvis metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis

sistemebis „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri parametrebis“ meoTxe

versiis Sesabamisad mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiTac, rom qarTuli

enis vebkorpusi SeiZleba SevadaroT morfosintaqsuri parametrebis

bazaSi mocemuli 16 enis korpusebs. naSromSi aseve aRwerilia qarTuli

enis vebkorpusis avtomaturi morfologiuri anotirebis procesi, kerZod,

sawvrTneli masalis momzadeba, morfologiuri anotireba,

gaanalizebulia morfologiuri anotirebisas gamovlenili Secdomebi.

garda amisa, warmodgenilia qarTuli enis sixSiruli sia (frequency list),

yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 17 000 sityva-forma (ara lema) qarTuli enis

vebkorpusis mixedviT. aRniSnuli sixSiruli sia ganisazRvra kvlevis

pirvel etapze, morfologiuri anotirebisa da lematizebis

ganxorcielebamde. qarTuli enis sixSiruli sia sainteresoa im

TvalsazrisiT, rom iZleva informacias yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli

sityva-formebis Sesaxeb, rac eWvgareSea, mniSvnelovania enis

kvlevisaTvis.

64

III Tavi

qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvra


XX saukunidan moyolebuli icvleboda saswavlo leqsikonebis

Sedgenis midgomebi da meTodologia. gansakuTrebiT aRniSnvis Rirsia

kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis epoqaSi korpusze

dafuZnebuli leqsikografia, mravalmilioniani da miliardiani

korpusebis bazaze Seqmnili leqsikonebi, sityvanis sixSiruli principiT

SerCeva da a.S.

winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo

leqsikonebis sityvanis gansazRvrisaTvis lidsis universitetSi

ganxorcielebul samuSaos, kerZod, qarTuli enis vebkorpusis

lematizebas da qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvras

vebkorpusis mixedviT.

1.2 korpusze dafuZnebuli sixSiruli leqsikonebi

winamdebare sadoqtoro naSromi – „qarTul-evropuli tipis axali

saswavlo leqsikonebis sakiTxebi korpusuli meTodologiiT“ efuZneba

rogorc saswavlo leqsikografiis, aseve korpusuli da sixSiruli

leqsikonebis meTodologiebsa da principebs.

kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis epoqaSi Seicvala

leqsikonis Sedgenis midgomebi da meTodebi. enaTa korpusebma axali

SesaZleblobebi misca leqsikografias, kompiuteruli programebis

saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda mravalmilioniani masalis swrafad da

ufro meti sizustiT damuSaveba, ramac, erTi mxriv, leqsikografis Sroma

gaaadvila, meore mxriv, axali SesaZleblobebi gamoavlina

leqsikografiuli kvlevisaTvis.

kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval,

eleqtronuli resursebisa da, zogadad, korpusisa da kompiuteruli

lingvistikis ganviTarebam axali gamowvevebis winaSe daayena

leqsikografia. korpusebi erT-erT upirveles da ZiriTad wyaros

warmoadgens leqsikografiisaTvis, ufro metic, Seiqmna axali

65

mimarTuleba - korpusze dafuZnebuli leqsikografia (corpus-based

Lexicography).

iqmneba mravali enis saswavlo sixSiruli leqsikonebi

mravalmilioniani da miliardiani korpusis bazaze dayrdnobiT, rac

gulisxmobs ama Tu im enis yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli leqsikis

gansazRvrasa da maT saleqsikono sityva-statiebad gamoyenebas.

korpusze dafuZnebul erT-erTi pirveli leqsikonia kolinz

qobildis leqsikoni, romelic gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gamovida.

aRniSnul leqsikonSi saleqsikono erTeulebi da sailustracio masala

korpusidan amoRebul masalas eyrdnoba. korpusebis leqsikografiul

wyarod gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia jon sinkleris saxelTan. jon

sinklerma 1980-ian wlebSi birmingemis universitetSi Seqmna inglisuri

enis korpusi, romelic im droisaTvis inglisuri enis yvelaze vrcel

korpusul masalas warmoadgenda. sinkleris mier Seqmnili korpusi

miznad isaxavda bunebrivi, cocxali enis Seswavlasa da gaanalizebas,

rac qobildis leqsikonis Sedgenisaas unda gaeTvaliswinebaT. 1990-iani

wlebidan korpusi gamoiyeneba ara marto leqsikonebisaTvis, aramed

inglisuri enis gramatikis SeswavlisaTvis. qolinz qobildis leqsikonis

pirvelad gamoica 1987 wels, xolo bolo, me-6 gamocema 2009 wels.

(http://www.collins.co.uk/category/English+Language+Teaching/COBUILD+Reference/).

suraTi 15: inglisuri enis pirveli leqsikografiuli korpusi,

kolinz qobildis leqsikoni, 1983 w.

66

rac Seexeba Tanamedrove leqsikonebs, unda aRiniSnos, e.w. „dante“

– Dante, romelic iSifreba Semdegnairad: „gaanalizebuli inglisuri

teqstebis monacemTa baza“ (Database of Analyzed Texts of English). aRniSnuli

leqsikoni xelmisawvdomia Semdeg onlain misamarTze: http://webdante.com/

(Atkins, Kilgarriff, Rundell 2010).

dantes saredaqcio kolegiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda msoflioSi

yvelaze cnobili da avtoritetuli oci leqsikografi, ingliseli

leqsikografis maikl randelis saerTo redaqtorobiT. dante moicavs

42,000 saleqsikono sityva-statias, 23,000 Sesityvebasa da 27,000-ze met

idiomsa da frazas. dante aris mTlianad korpusze dafuZnebuli,

leqsikonis sityvani amoRebulia 1.7-miliardiani inglisuri enis

korpusidan, romelic asaxavs Tanamedrove inglisur enas. aRniSnul

leqsikonSi mocemuli sailustracio masalac mTlianad korpusidanaa

amoRebuli.

suraTi 16: „dante” – korpusze dafuZnebuli leqsikoni

aseve, aranakleb sainteresoa sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis

programis (The Sketch Engine) mier Seqmnili inovaciuri leqsikoni - „skeli“

–SkELL, rac niSnavs: „sityvaSexamebiTi modelebis programa enis

SeswavlisaTvis“ (Sketch Engine for Language Learning). „skeli“ aris

67

sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis programaSi ganTavsebuli

mravalmiliardiani korpusis bazaze Seqmnili leqsikoni (Baisa, Suchomel,

Kilgarriff 2015), romelsac iyeneben iseTi avtoritetuli gamomcemlobebi,

rogorebicaa oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, kembrijis

universitetis gamomcemloba, makmilanis leqsikoni da a.S. garda

raodenobrivi masalisa, STambeWdavia leqsikonis saZiebo sistema,

aRniSnuli leqsikonis bazaze SesaZlebelia calkeuli sityvis, sityva-

simfoniis, e.w. „sityvis-portretis“ (word-sketch), msgavsi sityvebis,

Tezaurusis da sxva parametrebis mixedviT Zieba. leqsikoni

xelmisawvdomia Semdeg onlain misamarTze:

https://skell.sketchengine.co.uk/run.cgi/skell.

suraTi 17: „skeli - sityvaSexamebiTi modelebis programa enis

SeswavlisaTvis“

leqsikografiis dRevandel dRes asaxavs axali mimarTuleba –

sixSiruli leqsikonebi (frequency dictionaries). ra gansxvavebaa saswavlo

leqsikonebsa da sixSirul leqsikonebs Soris? upirveles yovlisa, am

or, TiTqos erTi SexedviT gansxvavebul leqsikonebs, aerTianebs

68

leqsikonis mkiTxveli. kerZod, rogorc saswavlo, aseve sixSiruli

leqsikonebi iqmneba ama Tu im enis SeswavliT dainteresebuli

pirebisaTvis da maqsimalurad cdilobs enis Semswavlels gauadvilos

enis Seswavlis procesi. rogorc viciT, saswavlo leqsikografiis

Camoyalibebis periodSi ar iyo enaTa korpusebi, Sesabamisad, igi

eyrdnoboda rogorc garkveuli teqsturi masalis sixSires, aseve

maswavleblebis pirad gamocdilebas da am ukanasknelze dayrdnobiT

gansazRvravda enis „minimalur leqsikas“ (controlled vocabulary).

kompiuterebisa da enaTa korpusuli bazebis Seqmnis kvaldakval

Seicvala aRniSnuli midgomebi, upirveles yovlisa, Seicvala teqsturi

masalis moculoba. maSin rodesac saswavlo leqsikonisaTvis 1 milioni

sityvis Semcveli teqsturi masala ganixileboda sakmaod vrcel masalad,

sixSiruli leqsikonebis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs aTeulobiT miliardi

sityvis Semcvel masalze , romelic efuZneba vebkorpusebs da sixSiruli

indeqsebi gamoiTvleba specialuri korpusuli programebiT.

maSasadame, saswavlo leqsikonebsa da sixSirul leqsikonebs Soris

gansxvaveba mdgomareobs, erTi mxriv, teqsturi masalis moculobasa da

meore mxriv, teqsturi masalis wyaroSi. sixSiruli leqsikonebisaTvis,

wyaro aris Tanamedrove mravalmiliardsityviani korpusebi da rac

mTavaria, sixSiruli indeqsebi, romlebic specialurad Seqmnili

kompiuteruli programis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba.

dRes sakmaod popularulia sixSiruli leqsikonebi. amas mowmobs

amgvari sixSiruli leqsikonebis simravle, romelic araerTi enisaTvis

aris Seqmnili da maTi raodenoba dRiTi dRe izrdeba. sixSirul

leqsikonebs Soris, SeiZleba gamovyoT iseTi leqsikonebi, rogoricaa

rusuli enis sixSiruli leqsikoni (Sharoff, Umanskaya, Wilson 2013),

romelsac „rusuli enis sixSiruli leqsikoni: ZiriTadi saswavlo

leqsika“ (A frequency dictionary of Russian: core vocabulary for learners) ewodeba

(ixileT suraTi 18). aRniSnuli leqsikonis samuSaoebs win uZRoda

rusuli enis vebkorpusis Seqmna da vebkorpusidan sixSiruli

meTodologiiT sityvanis damuSaveba. sixSiruli principiT Seiqmna

„Cexuri enis sixSiruli leqsikoni: ZiriTadi saswavlo leqsika“ (A

frequency dictionary of Czech: core vocabulary for learners), (Cermák & Kren 2010,

69

„Tanamedrove amerikuli inglisuris sixSiruli leqsikoni“ (A Frequency

Dictionary of Contemporary American English), (Davies & Gardner 2010), „Cinuri enis

sixSiruli leqsikoni: ZiriTadi saswavlo leqsika“ (A frequency dictionary of

Mandarin Chinese: core vocabulary for learners), (Xiao, Rayson, McEnery 2009), rac

eWvgareSea, miuTiTebs imas, rom qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo

leqsikonisaTvis qarTuli nawilis sixSiruli principiT damuSaveba

korpusis bazaze siaxles ar warmoadgens korpusze dafuZnebuli

leqsikografiis istoriaSi.

suraTi 18: rusuli da Cinuri enis sixSiruli leqsikonebi

maSasadame, qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvra

Tanamedrove da farTod gamoyenebuli korpusuli meTodologiis

mixedviT warimarTa. upirveles yovlisa, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis

vebkorpusi - KaWaC, Seiqmna WaC ojaxis korpusebis, magaliTad,

rogoricaa inglisuri enis vebkorpusi (UkWaC), germanuli enis

vebkorpusis (DeWaC), italiuri enis vebkorpusisa (ItWaC) da a.S.

Sesabamisad. korpusi aris morfologiurad anotirebuli (ixileT II Tavi)

da aRniSnuli korpusis lematizebas da Sesabamisad, sixSiruli leqsikis

gansazRvris etapebs ganvixilavT qvemoT, me-2 qveTavSi.

70

2. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis lematizeba da qarTuli

enis sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvra

qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo leqsikonis qarTuli nawilis

gansazRvra korpusze dafuZnebuli meTodologiis mixedviT warimarTa.

sixSiruli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli

lemebis miRebisaTvis aucilebel samuSaos warmoadgens lematizeba.

zogadad, lematizebis wesebi SeiZleba daefuZnos anotirebuli

korpusidan miRebul sityvaformis wyvilebis SesaZlo lemebsa da

metyvelebis nawilebis markerebs, e.w. POS (Part-of-Speech Tags) tagebs. Cvens

kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia CST lematizebis instrumenti (CST Lemmatiser),

romelic SemuSavebulia kopenhagenis universitetis enis teqnologiis

centrSi (Københavns Universitet CST - Center for Sprogteknologi) aRniSnuli

lematizebis instrumenti gulisxmobs sityva-formebis lematizebas

metyvelebis nawilebis markerebisa da sawvrTneli masalis mixedviT,

riTac xdeba konkretuli wesebis (Sharoff & Nivre 2011) miReba da Semdgom

misi gamoyeneba lematizebis procesSi.

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis lematizeba ramdenime etapad warimarTa.

lematizebis pirvel safexurze korpusidan amoviReT yvelaze xSirad

xmarebuli 35,000 sityva-forma morfologiuri tagebiT. meore etapze ki

korpusidan amoRebuli metyvelebis nawilebis tagebis (POS – Part-of-Speech

Tags) mqone 35,000 sityva-forma xeliT davamuSaveT - mivuwereT Sesabamisi

lemebi. xeliT damuSavebuli lematizebuli masalis safuZvelze

movamzadeT sawvrTneli masala (training data) korpusis avtomaturi

lematizebisaTvis. sawvrTneli masalis momzadebis procesi

ilustrirebulia me-19 suraTze.

71

suraTi 19: lematizebisaTvis sawvrTneli masalis momzadebis procesi

lematizebis mesame etapze xeliT damuSavebuli 35,000-sityviani

sawvrTneli masalisa da CST lematizebis instrumentis saSualebiT

movaxdineT mTliani korpusis avtomaturi lematizeba.

lematizebis procesis meoTxe etapze amoviReT avtomaturad

lematizebuli yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli lemebi korpusidan,

daaxloebiT 18,000 lema. miRebuli lemebi davamuSaveT xeliT,

gavfiltreT da gamovricxeT iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac lemebi

arasworad iyo SerCeuli sityva-formisaTvis da Sedegad warmovadgineT

10,000 yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli sityva.

warmodgenili kvlevis Sedegad miRebul 10 000 yvelaze xSirad

xmarebul sityvas miTiTebuli aqvs sixSiruli indeqsi da naCvenebia ama

Tu im konkretuli sityvis sixSiruli ganawileba (frequency distribution)

korpusSi. garda amisa, aRniSnuli sityvani gawyobilia anbanTrigze. rac

Seexeba lemebis warmodgenis principebs, saxelebi mocemulia

mxoloobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTi brunvis formebiT; xolo zmna

warmodgenilia mesame piris mxolobiTi ricxvis awmyosa da myofadis

mwkrivebSi.

sadisertacio naSroms eleqtronuli saxiT darTuli aqvs qarTuli

enis sixSiruli leqsika – yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 10 000 sityvis ori

versia: pirveli versia dalagebulia sixSiruli zrdis mixedviT, xolo

meore versia ki anabanis mixedviT da miTiTebuli aqvs Sesabamisi

sixSiruli indeqsi.

72

2.1 qarTul-evropuli saswavlo leqsikonis sixSiruli sityvani

saswavlo leqsikografiis Janruli Taviseburebebidan da

korpusuli leqsikografiis Tanamedrove meTodebidan da midgomebidan

gamomdinare, qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo leqsikonis sityvani aris

korpusze dafuZnebuli da sixSiruli sizustiT gaangariSebuli.

winamdebare naSroms eleqtronulad darTuli aqvs 10,000 yvelaze

xSirad xmarebuli lema gamoyenebis sixSiruli indeqsis miTiTebiT.

qvemoT me-2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia Tanamedrove qarTuli enis

vebkorpusidan amoRebuli yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 100 lema:

cxrili 2: yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 100 sityva:

Nº lema sixSiruli indeqsi

1. da 7111607

2. romelic 5706879

3. ara 2520435

4. rom 2493502

5. aris 2140828

6. is 1444341

7. esa 1370205

8. es 1122143

9. unda 993106

10. Tu 844677

11. igi 828941

12. weli 815997

13. aqvs 807681

14. romeli 803134

73

15. ki 760292

16. qveyana 742196

17. misi 726083

18. ra 713654

19. yvela 665431

20. magram 632940

21. me 572304

22. maTi 540353

23. adamiani 519247

24. rogorc 516063

25. erTi 499843

26. Cemi 496895

27. rac 471183

28. ase 460075

29. Semdeg 438533

30. dro 438533

31. sxva 397674

32. ver 394483

33. didi 382860

34. Cveni 372094

35. an 362156

36. Sesaxeb 359359

37. Zalian 357980

74

38. axali 351152

39. dRes 338864

40. mxolod 325782

41. acxadebs 320948

42. pirveli 319988

43. Tavisi 318370

44. Cven 317229

45. saqme 315953

46. ufro 312533

47. Tumca 307879

48. SeiZleba 283857

49. arc 281872

50. mier 274041

51. ukve 273274

52. Soris 257331

53. aseTi 254266

54. kidev 253947

55. dRe 252689

56. ori 251940

57. xeli 245454

58. yvelaferi 240306

59. icis 233595

60. SemTxveva 230529

75

61. xelisufleba 228520

62. ise 227741

63. roca 227414

64. sakuTari 226598

65. informacia 226255

66. saxelmwifo 225797

67. bevri 225571

68. Tavi 219807

69. gancxadeba 219471

70. prezidenti 218869

71. ambobs 217655

72. amisi 217602

73. sakiTxi 216152

74. ministri 214234

75. rogor 210890

76. bolo 209597

77. erTad 202118

78. Tqma 201613

79. ityvis 201421

80. gamo 198036

81. sadac 197380

82. meti 194902

83. mainc 188967

76

84. maSin 187915

85. meore 187235

86. MmTavari 183680

87. axla 182591

88. cxovreba 182430

89. Sedegu 179476

90. radgan 177427

91. wels 176877

92. ramdenime 175025

93. sul 168007

94. mere 167844

95. wevri 167568

96. adgili 165373

97. kargi 164872

98. rodesac 163917

99. MmTeli 162832

100. saxli 161247

aRniSnuli 10,000 sixSiruli lema gawyobilia anbanTrigze (ixileT

suraTi 20), romelic aseve eleqtronuli saxiT davurTeT naSroms.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saxelebi mocemulia mxoloobiTi ricxvis

saxelobiTi brunvis formebiT; zmna mesame piris mxoloobiTi ricxvis

awmyosa da myofadis mwkrivebSi.

77

suraTi 20: qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsika anbanTringze

sixSiruli lemebis anbanis mixedviT ganlagebiT warmovadgineT

isini saleqsikono erTeulebad / sityva-statiebad da amiT davasruleT

qarTul-evropuli saswavlo leqsikonis makrostruqturaze muSaoba.

78

2.2. qarTuli sixSiruli leqsikis sityvanis Sedareba

„qarTul leqsikonTan“

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT ganszRvruli sixSiruli

leqsikis ramdenime sityva SevadareT giorgi cocaniZis, nana lolaZis da

qeTevan daTukiSvilis „qarTul leqsikons“. aRniSnuli leqsikoni gamoica

2014 wels da masSi asaxuli qarTuli saliteraturo enis aqtiuri

sityvani, aseve neologizmebi. leqsikoni aris saswavlo daniSnulebis da

moicavs 25 aTasze met saleqsikono erTeuls, ganmartebulia 9 aTasamde

nawarmoebi sityva da fraza da mocemulia 29 aTasamde zmnuri forma.

amrigad, „qarTuli leqsikonis” moculoba gacilebiT vrcelia, vidre Cven

mier warmodgenili qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsika.

miuxedavad „qarTuli leqsikonis“ moculobisa, qarTul-evropuli

saswavlo leqsikonis sityvanTan Sedarebis Sedegad TvalnaTliv Cans

leqsikuri gansxvavebebi, kerZod, saswavlo leqsikonSi mocemuli sityvani

ar asaxavs axal realiebs, rac CvenSi axali damkvidrebulia. aseTi

sityvebi ar aris mocemuli „qarTul leqsikonSi“, magaliTad, rogoricaa:

ekomigranti

el-fosta

epilacia

erTsqesiani

efeqtiani

eqstradireba

eqstremistuli da a.S.

sapirispirod amisa, sixSiruli principiT SerCeuli leqsikonis

sityvanSi ar aris asaxuli iseTi qarTuli sityvebi, rogoricaa:

egvteri

eposi

eJvani

erbo

erkemali da a.S.

unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi sityvebi mocemulia qarTuli enis

vebkorpusSi, Tumca maTi sixSiruli principiT SerCevisas ver moxvda

79

mocemul 10,000 sityvaSi, vinaidan isini naklebad aqtiurad gamoiyeneba

dRevandel yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi.

qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi aRniSnuli sityvebisaTvis Semdegi

sailustracio masalaa mocemuli:

ekomigranti

sixSiruli indeqsi: 864

„am periodis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime aTeuli ekomigranti mivida

samarTlebrivi konsultaciisaTvis“;

„sofel ganTiadSi mosaxleobis umravlesobas aWaridan ekomigranti

ojaxebi Seadgenen“.

erTsqesiani


„maT ukve miaRwies dasavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi imas, rom

erTsqesiani kavSirebi srulfasovan „qorwinebad“ aris aRiarebuli“.

eqstremistuli


„es aris rasistuli da eqstremistuli azrebiT gajerebuli

teqsti“;

„bolo xanebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi mowmoben teroristuli

saSiSroebis zrdas eqstremistuli Zalebis mxridan“.

eqstradireba


„irakli oqruaSvilis eqstradirebis Sansi am etapze ar arsebobs“;

„saqarTvelos xelisuflebam aTiode wlis win ramdenime CeCeni

moqalaqis eqstradireba moaxdina ruseTSi“.

epilacia


„lazeruli epilacia ukunaCvenebia zogierTi daavadebis dros“;

„me Tu mkiTxav banjgvlian xelebs jobia epilacia gaikeTon“.

80

vebgverdi


„ukve amoqmedda socialuri saagentos specialuri vegverdi“;

„Tumca, internetsivrceSi CaSvebulia maTi vegverdi“.

interneti


„me vdeb pirobas, rom yvela sofelSi iqneba interneti“;

„ mag dReebSi interneti ar mqonda samwuxarod“.

el-fosta


„kompiuterTan dajda da Tavisi el-fosta gaxsna“;

„el-fosta Sevamowme, ramdenime dokuments gadavxede da

movawesrige“.

saiti


„proeqtis farglebSi, uaxloes momavalSi Seiqmneba saiti“;

„gaCnda uamravi sainformacio saiti, sadac wers yvela“.

feisbuqi


„sabednierod, feisbuqi iZleva usafrTxo moRvaweobis saSualebas“;

„Cemi poziciis dasafiqsireblad feisbuqi arsebos CemTvis da

kargadac viyeneb“;

blogi


„mxolod guSin aRmovaCne Tqveni blogi, samwuxarod“;

„Tanamedrove blogi gulisxmobs ufro kerZo pirTa pirad onlain

dRiurebs“.

81

brenduli


„ar aqvs Rirebuli, brenduli samosis SeZenis saSualeba“;

„ZiriTadad, brenduli tansacmliT vimosebi“.

spami


„eleqtronuli werilebis trafikis 80%-ze meti aris spami“;

„spami maSinac ki vrceldeba, roca Tqven onlain imyofebiT“.

zemoT mocemuli sailustracio masala, romelic amoRebulia

qarTuli enis vebkorpusidan, cxadyofs im axali realiebis gaCenas Cvens

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, romelTa asaxva leqsikonebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki

saswavlo tipis leqsikonebSi aucileblobas warmoadgens.

***

amgvarad, III TavSi warmovadgineT qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo

leqsikonis qarTuli nawilis damuSavebisa da leqsikonis

makrostruqturis gansazRvrisaTvis Sesrulebuli samuSao. kerZod,

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis lematizeba da qarTuli enis sixSiruli

leqsikis gansazRvra. rac Seexeba, uSualod qarTuli enis vebkorpuss,

rogorc wyaros qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo leqsikonis sityva-

statiis Sesadgenad, aRniSnul sakiTxs mimovixilavT winamdebare

naSromis IV TavSi.

garda amisa, mesame TavSi mimovixileT leqsikografiis axali

mimarTuleba – korpusze dafuZnebuli leqsikografia (corpus-based

lexicography) da korpusiT warmarTuli leqsikografia (corpus-driven

lexicography) da korpusuli meTodebiT Sedgenili iseTi leqsikonebi

rogoricaa kolinz qobildis leqsikoni, romelic aris pirveli

korpusze dafuZnebuli leqsikoni, Tanamedrove korpusze dafuZnebuli

leqsikonebidan ganvixileT „dante“ - „gaanalizebuli inglisuri

teqstebis monacemTa baza“ (Database of Analyzed Texts of English) da

sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis programis (The Sketch Engine) mier Seqmnili

82

inovaciuri leqsikoni - „skeli“ –SkELL, romelic Semdegnairad iSifreba

„sityvaSexamebiTi modelebis programa enis SeswavlisaTvis“ (Sketch Engine

for Language Learning). „skeli“ aris sityvaTSexamebiTi modelebis programaSi

ganTavsebuli mravalmiliardiani korpusis bazaze Seqmnili leqsikoni.

aseve, ganvixileT axali sixSiruli tipis leqsikonebi (frequency dictionaries),

„rusuli enis sixSiruli leqsikoni: ZiriTadi saswavlo leqsika“; „Cexuri

enis sixSiruli leqsikoni: ZiriTadi saswavlo leqsika“; „Cinuri enis

sixSiruli leqsikoni: ZiriTadi saswavlo leqsika“ da a.S. amave TavSi

ganxilulia sadisertacio naSromis kidev erTi ZiriTadi siaxle,

qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvra da am mizniT

Sesrulebeli samuSaoebi, rogoricaa vebkorpusis lemaziteba,

detaluradaa aRwerili, Tu ra meTodologiur safuZvels eyrdnoba

lematizeba da rogor warimarTa qarTuli enis vebkorpusis lematizeba

da Sedegad amisa qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsikis gansazRvra.

sailustraciod naSromSi warmodgenilia yvelaze 100 yvelaze xSirad

xmarebuli sityva. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTuli enis sixSiruli

leqsika – 10, 000 yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli sityva eleqtronuli saxiT

aqvs darTuli sadisertacio naSroms.

amasTan, qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT gansazRvruli

sixSiruli leqsikis sityvanis nawili SevadareT giorgi cocaniZis, nana

lolaZis da qeTevan daTukiSvilis „qarTul leqsikons“, Sedarebis

safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „qarTul leqsikonSi” araa mocemuli

rigi sityvebisa, romelTac qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsika moicavs.

sadisertacio naSromSi sailustraciod motanilia aseTi sityvebi

Sesabamisi magaliTebiT.

83

IV Tavi

qarTuli enis vebkorpusi - KaWaC, rogorc wyaro

qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo leqsikonis

sityva-statiebis Sesadgenad


winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT qarTuli enis vebkorpuss, rogorc

wyaros qarTul-evropuli saswavlo tipis leqsikonis sityva-statiebis

Sesadgenad, kerZod, aRniSnuli korpusidan amoRebuli sailustracio

masala Sedarebulia qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonisa da

„qarTuli leqsikonis“ sailustracio masalasTan. garda amisa,

ganvixilavT, e.w. „en-gramebs“ (N-grams), romlebic erTi sityvis meore

sityvasTan uSualo mezloblobis sixSirulad gaanalizebas ukavSirdeba.

Sesabamisad, warmovadgenT orkomponentian, samkomponentian,

oTxkoponentian da xuTkoponentiaTn „en-gramebs“ sixSiruli indeqsis

miTiTebiT. aRniSnuli „en-gramebi“ qarTuli enis vebkorpusidanaa

amoRebuli da sixSirulad gaanalizebuli.

1.2. sixSiruli principiT gaanalizebuli „en-gramebi“

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT

am nawilSi warmovadgenT sixSiruli principiT gaanalizebul, e.w.

„en-gramebs“ qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT. upirveles yovlisa,

ganvmartoT uSualod termini „en-gramebi“, romelic aris inglisuri

terminis “n-grams” Targmani. unda aRiniSnos, rom aRniSnuli termini aris

ara korpusis lingvistikis termini, igi kompiuteruli lingvistikis

terminia da aRniSnavs momijanve / mosazRvre / mezobeli fonemebis,

sityvebis, sityvaTa wyvilebis erTad realizebis sixSires.

sadoqtoro kvlevis farglebSi, e.w. en-gramebi ganxilulia

momijnave sityvebis erTad realizebis mixedviT, kerZod, sixSirulad

gavaanalizeT da warmovadigenT orkomponentiani, samkoponentiani,

oTxkomponentiani da xuTkomponentiani en-gramebi. qvemoT 3 cxrilSi

ilustrirebulia TiToeuli SemTxvevis ramdenime magaliTi. rac Seexeba

84

uSualod en-gramebis srul cxrils, misi moculobidan gamomdinare, igi

eleqtronulad aqvs darTuli winamdebare sadoqtoro naSroms.

cxrili 3: orkomponentiani en-gramebi

No orkomponentiani Sesityvebebi sixSiruli

indeqsi

1. rac Seexeba 58844

2. msgavi siaxleebi 30300

3. sisxlis samarTlis 24863

4. adamianis uflebaTa 17738

5. darwmunebuli var 15909

6. saxelmwifo universitetis 15857

7. sainformacio centri 15773

8. bolo dros 15033

9. Aaxali ambebi 14232

10. sakuTar Tavs 14182

11. saqarTvelos mTavrobis 12946

12. xeli Seuwyos 12155

13 saqarTvelos prezidenti 11622

14. didi xnis 11018

15. samauwyeblo kompania 9670

16. Tavisufleba aris 9444

17. mniSvneloba aqvs 9376

18. demokratiuli faseulobebisa 9297

19. imedi maqvs 9291

20. faqtobrivi informaciisa 9286

85

21. ideebis gavrcelebiT 9284

22. umravlesobis mosmena 9283

23. uaxloes momavalSi 8975

24. gancxadebas avrcelebs 8823

25. didi nawili 8652

26. bolo TveebSi 8350

27. vizitis farglebSi 8261

28. samxedro ZaliT 8248

29. prokuraturaSi daibares 8014

30. sensaciuri gancxadeba 7981

31. natosTan integraciis 7933

32. iuridiuli daxmarebis 7927

33. biznes partniori 7889

34. fexi aidga 7883

35. xels uwyobs 7872

36. adamianis saqciels 7868

37. waarTves teritoriebi 7855

38. TveebSi moxda 7853

39. gaugzavne megobars 7847

40. proeqtis farglebSi 7742

41. wlis manZilze 7727

42. rom vTqvaT 7716

43. saparlamento umciresobis 7554

44. sakuTar Tavze 7500

45. didi madloba 7497

86

46. gasulis wlis 7490

47. sakuTari Tavi 7417

48. evroatlantikur struqturebSi 7373

49. kargi iqneba 7346

50. bolo periodSi 6858

cxrili 3.1: samkomponentiani en-gramebi

No samkomponentiani Sesityvebebi sixSiruli

indeqsi

1. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 8388

2. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis 8373

3. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 8318

4. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gadawyvita 7866

5. saqarTvelo ar gadauxvevs 7865

6. qarTul politikaze zemoqmedebis 7857

7. bolo TveebSi moxda 7852

8. adamianis saqciels hgavs 7852

9. natosTan integraciis kurss 7851

10. qveyanaSi bolo TveebSi 7851

11. gadauxvevs natosTan integraciis 7851

12. evroatlantikur struqturebSi integraciiT 6653

13 grandiozuli fasdaklebis aqcia 5805

14. ganmeorebiTi grandiozuli fasdaklebis 5801

15. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 4844

16. ixileT yvela komentari 4026

87

17. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 3918

18. rom ar iyos 3897

19. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis 3895

20. sxvagvari gamoyenebis uflebas 3719

21. arakomerciuli miznebis pirobiT 3719

22. blogis avtorebTan SeTanxmeba 3719

23. saqarTvelo da msoflio 3713

24. gancxadebas avrcelebs 8823

25. Sinagan saqmeTa ministri 3669

26. da am dros 3659

27. vebsaitze forumebiT sargeblobisaTvis 3484

28. nato da evropa 3479

29. da ra mizans 3469

30. dadebiT STabeWdilebas tovebs 3447

31. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis 3398

32. Seuracmyon da damamciron 3322

33. sastikadac rom Seuracmyon 3322

34. rom ar yofiliyo 3309

35. ministris pirveli moadgile 3134

36. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis 3098

37. da amave dros 3070

38. didi mniSvneloba aqvs 3038

39. da ara iyo 3007

40. mniSvneloba ar aqvs 2987

41. gamowveul Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobas 2824

88

42. pasuxismgeblobas iRebs avtori 2824

43. Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobas iRebs 2824

44. xelSekrulebis xelmoweramde miaRwioT 2712

45. werilisTvis xeli moewera 2488

46. gamoCenas da brZolas 2295

47. sazogadoebriv asparezze gamoCenas 2294

48. rom uwevs cxovreba 2291

49. Tu ginda darCe 2287

50. vfiqrob da vwer 2287

cxrili 3.2: oTxkomponentiani en-gramebi

No oTxkomponentiani Sesityvebebi sixSiruli

indeqsi

1. xeli Seuwyos demokratiuli faseulobebis 9284

2. rom saqarTvelo ar gadauxvevs 7862

3. gadauxvevs natosTan integraciis kurss 7851

4. qveyanaSi bolo TveebSi moxda 7850

5. rom mas yvelaferi moswons 7850

6. evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi 6785

7. sargeblobisTvis aucilebelia registraciis gavla 3482

8. da ra mizans emsaxureboda 3442

9. homoseqsualuri scenebis Semcveli romanebi 3437

10. iyo da ara iyo 2935

11. axal da Zvel xelisuflebas 2889

12. mimdinareobs warTmeuli qonebis gadanawileba 2887

89

13 gamowveul Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobas iRebs 2824

14. keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba 2591

15. sazogadoebasTan da ucxoeTTan urTierTobas 2463

16. samarcxvinod uwignuri premieri gvyavs 2393

17. RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda 2350

18. asparezze gamoCenas da brZolas 2294

19. an saerTod rom arseboben 2286

20. Tu maRla asvla daapireb 2286

21. dacemuls gnaxaven adamianebi Segicodeben 2286

22. ginda darCe normalur adamianad 2286

23. rom uwevT cxovreba SiSiT 2286

24. sikvdiliT emuqreba xalxs buneba 2285

25. sakuTari Tavi unda gavakeTilSobiloT 2285

26. vinc sikvdiliT emuqreba xalxs 2285

27. gulebi unda moviyvanoT wesrigSi 2285

28. xalxs ar akrTobs sikvdili 2285

29. vapireb vuCivlo saqarTvelos premiers 2277

30. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 2256

31. dakopirebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia mieTiTos 2040

32. saitze gamoqveyenebuli masalebis Sinaarsze 2040

33. SekiTxva aravis ar daebadeboda 2028

34. rom ar iyos omi 1973

35. rom Tvalebi Sublze amdioda 1970

36. saiT mivdivarT da oxrobisken 1969

37. tuCi mTlianad gaSavebuli mqonda 1968

90

38. angariSebze soliduri Tanxac hqonda 1968

39. saWmelic vWame da wyalic 1968

40. vWame da wyalic davlie 1968

41. ruseTis xelisuflebas uWers mxars 1968

42. gamoCenas da brZolas vapireb 1962

43. pasuxebi amomwuravi ar iyo 1962

44. uSiSari da samarTliani kaci 1948

45. Tu ram saTqmeli hqonda 1948

46. Tumca manamade SegiZliaT datkbeT 1808

47. amsaxveli fotoebi da videobi 1808

48. gansakuTrebuli momentebis amsaxveli fotoebi 1808

49. saqarTvelos kanonSi cvlilebebis Setanas 1798

50. sakuTar Tavs mianiWa ufleba 1720

cxrili 3.3: xuTkomponentiani en-gramebi

No xuTkomponentiani Sesityvebebi sixSiruli

indeqsi

1. demokratiuli faseulobebisa da institutebis

ganmtkicebas

9284

2. faqtobrivi informaciisa Tu ideebis gavrcelebiT 9284

3. ruseTis xelisuflebis qarTul politikaze

zemoqmedebis

7856

4. samxedro ZaliT ruseTs waarTvas teritoriebi 7855

5. politika im adamianis saqciels hgavs 7852

6. saqarTvelo ar gadauxvevs natosTan integraciis 7851

7. rac qveyanaSi bolo TveebSi moxda 7850

91

8. evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi

integraciis

6490

9. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis

6152

10. homeseqsualuri scenebis Semcveli romani dauriges 3437

11. uyvars saqarTvelo da amitomac gamovricxav 2488

12. sazogadoebriv asparezze gamoCenas da brZolas 2294

13 magram sabolood mainc sikeTem gaimarjva 2286

14. Tu Zirs dacemuls gnaxaven adamianebi 2286

15. Tu ginda darCe normalur adamianad 2286

16. an saerTod rom arseboben borotmoqmedebi 2286

17. miwis romelzec dgaxar da geimedeba 2285

18. sakuTari gulebi unda moviyvanoT wesrigSi 2285

19. evrokavSirTan xelSekrulebis muxlis amoqmedebas

miesalmebian

2279

20. masalebis dakopirebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia

mieTiTos

2040

21. dakopirebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia mieTiTos

wyaro

2040

22. vinc ruseTis xelisuflebas uWers mxars 1968

23. sabanko angariSebze soliduri Tanxac hqonda 1968

24. romelic aseT werilebs moawers xels 1968

25. saWmelic vWame da wyalic davlie 1968

26. gaecno da ise moawera xeli 1967

27. zurgs ukan Woraoba ar uyvarda 1948

28. uSiSari da samarTliani kaci iyo 1948

29. cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli momentebis amsaxveli 1808

92

fotoebi

30. rac ufro meti xmauri iqneba 1718

31. manqanis gasaCerebeli adgili ar aris 1718

32. da pativs vcem Cems kulturas 1718

33. marto gei aRlumebi ar aris 1718

34. magram erTi ram ar giTqvamT 1718

35. fuli eqneba da kaci erqmeva 1717

36. Tu TbilisSi cxovrobs Tbiliss mouaros 1717

37. da maSin gaxdeba evropuli qveynebi 1717

38. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelobis universitetSi

1533

39. mimarT uaryofiTad ganwyobili ar gaxlavarT 1443

40. da TqvenTvis egzom Rirebuli damokidebula 1443

41. saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocireba 1436

42. cudi eklesiis kritikaSi ar aris 1178

43. saqarTvelos parlamentSi am dokumentis

ratificireba

1177

44. anu vin da ratom blokavs 1172

45. ZalaSi Sesvlamde misi droebiTi amoqmedebis 1160

46. gaiaroT avtorizacia da gaaformoT xelSekruleba 1059

47. problemuri sakiTxebi da mankieri mxareebi 972

48. saxelis sworad warmoTqma ar SemeZlo 845

49. erovnul Tu ucxour sazogadoebas gaacnos 821

50. jgufeli da megobari marTlac iyo 818

amgvarad, am qveTavSi warmovadgineT orkomponentiani,

samkomponentiani, oTxkomponentiani da xuTkomponentiani en-gramebi

93

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT. aRniSnuli en-gramebi SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT qarTul-evropuli saswavlo leqsikonis Sesityvebebis

gaanalizebisa da gansazRvrisaTvis da sailustracio masalis

SesarCevad.

2. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis rogorc qarTul-evropuli

saswavlo leqiskonis wyaro

am qveTavSi ganvixilavT da gavaanalizebT qarTul-evropuli tipis

saswavlo leqsikonis sityva-statiisaTvis sailustracio masalis

SerCevas qarTuli enis vebkorpusis safuZvelze. garda amisa, aRniSnul

masala Sedarebulia qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonisa da giorgi

cocaniZis, nana lolaZis da qeTevan daTukiSvilis „qarTul leqsikonis“

sityva-statiebTan.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni gasuli saukunis 50-ian-60-ian

wlebSi Seiqmna qarTveli enaTmecnieris arnold Ciqobavas saerTo

redaqtorobiT. leqsikonis Sedgenaze da redaqciaze muSaobdnen g.

axvlediani, i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, n. kecxoveli, v. kupraZe, q.

lomTaTiZe, g. wereTeli da sxva. leqsikonSi ganmartebulia 113 000-mde

(112 949) sityva, rac, rogorc leqsikonis winasityvaobaSia naTqvami ar

amowuravs qarTuli enis leqsikur simdidres. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi

leqsikonisaTvis Seiqmna sailustracio frazebisa da winadadebebis

korpusi, romelic efuZneba qarTuli literaturas, presidan da sxva,

sul milion eqvsasi aTasi baraTs. garda saliteraturo enisa,

leqsikonSi vrceli adgili ukavia dialeqtur masalas. leqsikonis I tomi

1950 wels gamovida, xolo bolo, merve tomi - 1964 wels.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali redaqciis gamocema

daiwyo 2008 wels. 2010 wels gamoqveynda axali redaqciis meore tomi.

leqsikonis axal redaqcias xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis wevr-korespondenti, enaTmecnierebis institutis samecniero

sabWos Tavmjdomare avTandil arabuli.

94

2.1 qarTuli enis vebkorporusis mixedviT Sedgenili saleqsikono

sityva-statiebi da maTi Sedareba qarTuli enis ganmartebiT

leqsikonTan da „qarTul leqsikonTan”

am nawilSi warmovadgenT qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT

Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-statiebs da SevadarebT qarTuli enis

ganmartebiTi 8-tomeuli leqsikonisa da giorgi cocaniZis, nana lolaZis

da qeTevan daTukiSvilis „qarTul leqsikonis“ Sesabamis sityva-statiebs.

1) gadamisamarTeba

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni

gadamisamarTeba (gadamisamarTebisa) xelovn. misamarTis Secvla.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am gamoTavisuflebuli Tanxebis gadamisamarTeba

moxda (parl.).

aRniSnuli sityva ar aris mocemuli „qarTul leqsikonSi“.

qarTuli enis vebkorpusi


gadamisamarTeba (gadamisamarTebisa) 1. satelefono zaris meore

xazze gadarTva; organizaciebs mobilur qselSi iseTi damatebiTi

momsaxurebebis gaaqtiurebis saSualeba miecemaT, rogoricaa zaris

gadamisamarTeba; Zalian bevrs gauCnda eWvi, rom moxda zarebis

gadamisamarTeba; 2. internet bmulze gadasvla; informaciis Segrovebis

SemdegSeiZleba moxdes momxmareblis gadamisamarTeba realur veb-

gverdze; saitze Sesvlisas, Seni survilis miuxedavad, xdeba Seni

gadamisamarTeba iseT saitebze, romlebzec sxvadasxva uxamsi reklama da

afiSaa ganTavsebuli; 3. informaciis, daxmarebis da misT. mopovebis

mizniT ama Tu im pirTan an organizaciasTan dakavSireba; mudmivad xdeba

sajaro informaciis gacemis vadebis darRveva da Jurnalistebis erTi

uwyebidan meore uwyebaSi gadamisamarTeba; saxelmwifo, arasaxelmwifo

Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gadamisamarTeba; Sesabamisi

kompetenciis uflebamosil pirTan gadamisamarTeba; 4. Aa) sxva

dawesebulebaSi gadayvana; pacientis gadamisamarTeba erTi

mimarTulebidan meoreze gaazrebulad unda moxdes; tendencia, rom

95

maincdamainc emerjensSi moxvdes pacienti da mere ganxorcieldes

gadamisamarTeba, arasworia; kanons arasrulwlovanis

gadamisamarTebasTan dakavSirebiT, axali Tavi emateba; b) sxva partiaSi,

organizaciaSi gadasvla; sulac aRar iqneba saWiro xelovnurad

romelime partiis gadamisamarTeba opoziciur flangze; 5. Zalebis,

unarebis da misT. mobilizeba raime miznisken; unda moxerxdes maTi

Zalisxmevis gadamisamarTeba pozitiuri miznebisken.

rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi

saleqsikono erTeulisaTvis gadamisamarTeba mocemulia mxolod erTi

mniSvneloba, maSin rodesac qarTuli enis vebkorpusi gacilebiT vrcel

masalas gvawvdis. korpusis mixedviT mocemuli sityvis 6 mniSvneloba

gamoiyofa: 1. satelefono zaris meore xazze gadarTva, 2. internet

bmulze gadasvla; 3. informaciis, daxmarebis da misT. mopovebis mizniT

ama Tu im pirTan an organizaciasTan dakavSireba; 4. a) sxva

dawesebulebaSi gadayvana; b) sxva partiaSi, organizaciaSi gadasvla; 6.

Zalebis, unarebis da misT. mobilizeba raimes mimarT. rac Seexeba

„qarTul-leqsikons“, aRniSnuli sityva araa mocemuli am leqsikonSi.

96

2. agdebuli


agdebul-i (agdebulisa) mimR. vneb. nam. 1. rac an vinc aagdes. qsenia

brigadiri... budidan agdebuli kruxiviT kakanebda (n. dumb.). erTxel

viRacam dauZaxa da mitrialda − sul gadaaviwyda haerSi agdebuli kaci

(g. doC.). 2. rac an vinc aigdes. mayureblis mier agdebuli msaxiobi

ixtibars ar itexda. || upativcemlo, Seuracxmyofeli. agdebuli laparaki

icoda gagam (g. buTx.). gulgriloba eris kulturisadmi agdebuli

damokidebulebis mauwyebelia («lit. saq.»). gogos cota SeeSinda da, SiSi

rom daeZlia an daemala mainc, agdebuli kiloTi miugo (j. qarCx.). ◊

fraz. sasacilod agdebuli, visac dascinian, −gamasxaravebuli. ai Tunda

aviRoT leqtoris mier TiTqmis sasacilod agdebuli magaliTi (ilia).

sasacilod agdebuli mixaka guls mainc ar itexda (i. gedev.). ◊ abuCad

agdebuli angariSgauwevlobiT, arafrad miCneviT damcirebuli (vinme,

rame). ix. abuCi. xelmwifis Svili yvelas abuCad hyvanda agdebuli (qarT.

xalx. zRap.). saucxooa, roca uwyinari, yvelasagan abuCad agdebuli xevi

Tavis Zalas giCvenebs (k. ximS.). solomons aTaswil erCivna abuCad amgdebi

uari mieRo, vidre kidev ufro abuCad agdebuls aq, maTxojSi

dausrulebliv eyuryuta (r. jaf.). ◊ masx’a’rad agdebuli sasacilod

agdebuli, gamasxaravebuli.

„qarTuli leqsikoni“

agdebuli agdebulis 1. rac aagdes. saxuravze agdebuli burTi. 2.

araseriozuli daudevari. agdebuli damokidebuleba.



agdebul-i (agdebulisa) mimR. vneb. nam. 1. rac an vinc aigdes;

Ggamoxmaureba iyo Zalian agdebuli; gulsatkenia iseTi agdebuli da

cinikuri komentarebi; saxelmwifosa da qveynisadmi agdebuli mopyroba ki

araerTxel dagvxvdeba win; agdebuli aqvT siwmindeebi da RmerTis SiSi

97

aRara aqvT; 2. rac an vinc aagdes; gamarjvebulad is CaiTvleba, vinc

maRla agdebul burTs zedized samjer daiWers; waRma-ukuRma pozaSi

gatrialeben da haerSi agdebuls Zirs ar dagagdeben; caSi agdebuli

maxvili urCevnia saabazanos naxvretSi xrialiT Camaval sapnian wyals; 3.

Aama Tu im piris, jgufis da misT. mier mogonili, wamowyebuli ram;

sadRac sindisma SeawuxaT, magaTi agdebulia es ambavi da SeiZleba

magaTi mowyobilic; es iyo Cvens wreSi agdebuli xumroba, romelic ar

unda gasuliyo gareT; sasacilod agdebuli, visac an rasac dascinian;

qveyana sasacilod romaa agdebuli, ver xvdebiT? aTas kacze mxolod

erT loTs Tu SexvdebiT da isic sasacilod hyavT xolme agdebuli;

masxrad agdebuli; sasacilod agdebuli, gamasxaravebuli; kanonis

moqmedebis Sedegebi masxradaa agdebuli; pirvelad grZnobda Tavs

motyuebulad, damcirebulad, masxrad agdebulad; abuCad agdebuli;

angariSgauwevlobiT arafrad miCneuli, damcirebuli; dRes mwerali aris

Seuracxyofili da miviwyebuli, abuCad agdebuli; cxovrebiT daCagruli

da bavSvebis mier abuCad agdebuli kaci; abuCad iyo agdebuli

konstitucia da, faqtobrivad, erTi adamianis ambiciebze iyo morgebuli;

samasxaraod / samasxrod agdebuli, sasacilod agdebuli,

gamasxaravebuli; rasakvirvelia, axla samasxrod iqneboda agdebuli am

ymawvilebisagan; dRevandel axalgazrdobas samasxaraod aqvT agdebuli;

banze agdebuli, uyuradRebod datovebuli; aSkarad uazro SekiTxvaa,

amitomac gasagebia ratom iqna es kiTxva banze agdebuli; rogor ver

vitan banze agdebul sityvebs; agdebuli damokidebuleba; misi Zala

iseTi iyo, rom Cemma agdebulma damokidebulebamac ki ver Seamcira;

meramdened gamoamJRavna araprofesiuli da agdebuli damokidebuleba;

mosaxleobis mimarT cinikuri, agdebuli damokidebuleba; xelisuflebis

zerele da agdebuli damokidebuleba; agdebuli toni; aSkarad dakravs

agdebuli toni! uceremonio da agdebuli toni; vaJi SeiSmuSna. qalis

agdebuli toni ar moewona; agdebuli pasuxi; Zalian kategoriuli da

agdebuli pasuxi miviRe; es aRtaceba masTan stumrad misul megobars

gauziara, razec agdebuli pasuxi miiRo; Zalze uxeSi da agdebuli

pasuxic ki gasces Jurnalistebs; agdebuli laparaki; ar micnobs da

Tavidanve arafris gulisaTvis agdebuli laparaki damiwyo; agdebul

98

laparakSi daadanaSaula; agdebuli laparaki aris im zogierTi wesis

mimarT, romelic Cemi azriT ubralod sisulelea; agdebuli midgoma;

mimtanebis gabrazebisa da uJmuri midgomis mTavari mizezi qarTveli

klientis agdebuli midgomacaa; agdebuli saubari; unda giyvardes

Semoklebuli da agdebuli saubari; qsenofobiuri gancxadebebi da

erovnul umciresobebze agdebuli saubaric movismineT.

saleqsikono sityva-statiis agdebulis mxolod ori mniSvnelobaa

gamoyofili qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi, 1) rac an vinc aagdes

da 2) rac an vinc aigdes; rac Seexeba qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT

imave sityva-statias, qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi mocemuli

ori mniSvnelobis garda gamoiyofa mesame mniSvneloba, kerZod, „ama Tu im

piris mier mogonili, wamowyebuli ram“ - sadRac sindisma SeawuxaT,

magaTi agdebulia es ambavi da SeiZleba magaTi mowyobilic; es iyo Cvens

wreSi agdebuli xumroba, romelic ar unda gasuliyo gareT;

aRsaniSnavia, isic, rom Secvlilia sityvis mniSvnelobis Tanmimdevroba,

kerZod, qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi pirvel mniSvnelobad aris gamotanili

„vinc an rac aigdes“, aRniSnuli ki qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi

meore mniSvnelobad aris gamotanili. aseve, qarTuli enis ganmartebiT

leqsikonSi pirvel mniSvnelobad gamotanilia aRniSnuli sityvis

mniSvneloba „vinc an rac aagdes“, rac qarTuli enis vebkorpusis

mixedviT, mesame, bolo mniSvnelobad aris warmodgenili. Ggarda amisa,

qarTuli enis vebkorpusidan uamravi Sesityvebebi dasturdeba, maT Soris,

iseTic, romlebic mocemuli araa qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi,

magaliTad, rogorebicaa: samasxaraod / samasxrod agdebuli; banze

agdebuli; agdebuli damokidebuleba; agdebuli toni; agdebuli pasuxi;

agdebuli laparaki; agdebuli midgoma; agdebuli saubari.

99

3. absoluturi


absolutur-i (absoluturisa) TavisTavadi; araSefardebiTi. ||

sruli, sruliadi, savsebiTi. g. maWavariani absoluturi SeurigeblobiT

ebrZoda... mecnierebis ganviTarebis Semaferxebel yovelgvar recidivs

(«lit. saq.»). TurqmeneTis bevr punqtSi haeris temperaturis absoluturi

maqsimumi uaxlovdeba Termezisa da repetikisas («ax. kom»).

[TviTmfrinavebis] miaxloebisas maTi xma absolutur xmauramde gaizarda

(e. faR. Targm.). absoluturi smena smena, romelic faqizad da zustad

aRiqvams yovelgvar tons. absoluturi umravlesoba arCevnebis dros

monawileTa didi umetesoba. absoluturi monarqia TviTmpyrobeluri,

SeuzRudavi monarqia. absoluturi moTxovnileba sazogadoebrivi

moTxovnilebis maqsimaluri done mecnierebis da teqnikis Sesabamisad.

absoluturi WeSmariteba amomwuravi codna obieqtis Sesaxeb, saboloo

WeSmariteba. absoluturi sidide maTematikuri formula absoluturi

ricxvisa: Tu a≥0, |a| = a, Tu a<0, |a|= − a. absoluturi temperatura

temperaturis aTvla nulidan Termodinamikur temperaturul skalaze.

absoluturi nuli temperatura, aTvlili absoluturi nulidan.

absoluturi simaRle dedamiwis zedapiris simaRlis wertili (altituda)

zRvis donidan.


absoluturi absoluturis sruli, yovlismomcveli. absoluturi

Zalaufleba. absoluturi siCume. Secdomaa absolituri.



absolutur-i (absoluturisa) TavisTavadi; araSefardebiTi.

sruli, sruliadi, savsebiTi. kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba ar iqneba

absoluturi; unda iTqvas, rom es mosazrebebi absoluturi ar aris; aq

iyo absoluturi ideologiuri SeuTavsebloba; absoluturi

biomisawvdomoba; orsaaTiani infuziis dros absoluturi

100

biomisawvdomoba daaxloebiT 60%-ia; absoluturi biomisawvdomoba

daaxloebiT 91%-s utoldeba; absoluturi bioSeRwevadoba;

deferasiroqsis absoluturi bioSeRwevadoba ( AUC ) Seadgens

daaxloebiT 70%-s; glimepiridisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia absoluturi

bioSeRwevadoba; absoluturi goni; hegeliseuli absoluturi gonis

reprezentacia; TviTonve xsnida, Tu ratom ar xdeboda absoluturi

gonis qarTvelSi realizeba; absoluturi deficiti; Saqriani diabeti

tipi 1-is dros saxezea insulinis absoluturi deficiti;

insulinwarmomqmneli ujredebis destruqcia da insulinis absoluturi

deficitis ganviTareba; garda nostalgiisa, isev da isev fantaziis

absoluturi deficiti; absoluturi Tavisufleba; amitomac mindoda, iq

yofiliyo absoluturi Tavisufleba, kanonebis gareSe; gamosaxvis

formebis arCevis sruli da absoluturi Tavisufleba; miuxedavad amisa,

adamianebis umetesobas absoluturi Tavisufleba swadia; absoluturi

maqsimumi; haeris temperaturis wliuri absoluturi maqsimumebis

saSualo 350, xolo absoluturi maqsimumi 380-s aRwevs; arCevnebze

mrgvalma magidam xmebis absoluturi maqsimumi miiRo; absoluturi

minimumi; temperaturis absoluturi minimumi SesaZloa -19, 200-mde daeces;

ormoci mainc nebismier SemTxvevaSi absoluturi minimumia; absoluturi

mniSvneloba; absoluturi mniSvnelobiT aRemateba wina maqsimums, xolo

oscilatoris mrudi amas ar adasturebs; absoluturi monarqia; es unda

yofiliyo ara feodaluri absoluturi monarqia, aramed parlamenturi,

konstituciuri monarqia; es aris qveyana, sadac absoluturi monarqiaa,

qaRaldzec ki ar aris deklarirebuli adamianTa uflebebi; absoluturi

nuli; absoluturi nuli (-273°C) ki siTbosabsoluturi naklebobaa; mis

misaRebad saWiroa nivTierebis temperatura daiyvano TiTqmis

absoluturi nulis (-273.15°C) maCveneblamde; absoluturi raodenoba;

monocitopeniis dros maTi absoluturi raodenoba 100/mkl-ze naklebia;

leikocitebis ricxvisa da neitrofilebis absoluturi raodenobis

regularuli kontroli; absoluturi simaRle; absoluturi simaRle

zRvis donidan saSualod 220m udris; savenaxed asaTvisebeli farTobis

absoluturi simaRle zRvis donidan saSualod 350-dan 550 metrs udris;

101

absoluturi ukuCveneba; operaciis absoluturi ukuCveneba dReisTvis

sul ramdenimea; absoluturi ukuCveneba adgilobrivi gautkivarebisTvis

ar arsebobs; absoluturi umravlesoba; saqarTveloSi arsebuli

religiuri umciresobebis absoluturi umravlesoba; parlamentSi

absoluturi umravlesoba mWirdeba; saparlemento arCevnebis absoluturi

umravlesobiT mogebas gegmavs; absoluturi smena; simRera Cems ojaxSi

yovelTvis JRers, radgan TiTqmis yvelas absoluturi smena aqvs;

yvelasaTvis aSkara gaxda, rom axal diriJors absoluturi smena hqonda;

absoluturi temperatura; absoluturi temperatura 300 (26,8gradusi)

kelvinia; airis simkvrive wnevis 50%-iT gadidebisas da absoluturi

temperaturis 2-jer Secirebisas.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi saleqsikono sityva-statia

აbsoluturi mocemulia erTi mniSvnelobiT da Sesabamisi SesityvebebiT.

mocemuli sityvisaTvis qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi gamoiyofa erTi

mniSvneloba sruli, sruliadi, savsebiTi. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli enis

vebkorpusi mocemuli sityvisaTvis warmodgenilia sxadasxva dargis

amsaxveli Sesityvebebi, maT Soris iseTi, romelic araa mocemuli

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi, magaliTad, rogoricaa:

absoluturi biomisawvdomoba, absoluturi bioSeRwevadoba, absoluturi

goni, absoluturi deficiti, absoluturi Tavisufleba; absoluturi

maqsimumi; absoluturi minimumi, absoluturi raodenoba; absoluturi

ukuCveneba.

102

4. adaptacia


adaptacia (adaptaciisa) [laT. adaptation Segueba, Sewyoba] 1. spec.

cocxali organizmebis Segueba garemo pirobebTan arsebobis

SesanarCuneblad. || organoebis SeCveva garemosTan. Tvalis (mxedvelobis)

adaptacia Tvalis SeCveva sinaTlis gaZlierebasa Tu klebasTan. 2.

pirovnebis Segueba mikro da makro socialur garemosTan. zogi

adaptaciis Tandayolili maxvili unaris wyalobiT yovelnair jojoxeTs

Seegueboda (W. amirej.). adamiani iwyebs adaptacias Tavis axal

xnovanebaSi (o. paWk.). 3. Sewyoba, morgeba. teqstis adaptacia teqstis

Semokleba-gadakeTeba mkiTxvelis (msmenelis, mayureblis) momzadebis

donis Sesabamisad. popularuli evropuli romanebis mdare rusul

adaptaciebs kiTxulobdnen mxolod dabali klasebi (g. gaCeC.). benevicma

mogvca «egmontis» ara sceniuri ilustracia, aramed piesis Tanamedrove

adaptacia (n. kakab.). Tanamedrove Teatri mivida Seqspiris adaptaciis

aucileblobamde (n. yias.).


adaptacia adaptaciis 1. cocxali organizmis Segueba axal

saarsebo garemosTan. adaptacia gauWirda. 2. lit. rTuli teqstis

gamartiveba, Cveulebriv, swavlebis mizniT. ucxouri teqstis adaptacia.



adaptacia (adaptaciisa) 1. ama Tu im garemosTan, pirobebTan

Segueba; qebis Rirsia, rom ase swrafad SeZlo gundSi adaptacia; mas

uwevs axal socialur garemosTan adaptacia; 2. spec. cocxali

organizmebis Segueba garemo pirobebTan arsebobis SesanarCuneblad;

garemos temperaturasTan sxeulis temperaturis adaptacia; Semdeg iwyeba

aqaur meliebTan adaptacia; 3. Sewyoba, morgeba; es aris regulaciebis

adaptacia, arsebul realobasTan da saerTaSoriso gamocdilebasTan

morgeba; klimatis cvlilebis negatiuri zemoqmedebis mimarT bunebrivi

103

ekosistemebisa da ekonomikis dargebis adaptacia; rac mTavaria, axal

wesebTan adaptacia warmatebiT daasrula; saswavlo programebis

SemuSaveba da adaptacia; mdgradi moxmarebisa da warmoebis praqtikisa da

teqnologiebis adaptacia da danergva; teqstis adaptacia; Zveli

qarTuli teqstis adaptacia, Tanamedrove qarTulze; sofokles piesis

sxvadasxva Targmanis teqstis adaptacia daviT gabunias ekuTvnis; teqstis

adaptacia specialurad filmisTvis „oskaris” mflobelma scenaristma

braian helgelendma gaakeTa; Tvalis (mxedvelobis) adaptacia; Tvalis

SeCveva sinaTlis gaZlierebasa Tu klebasTan; Tvalis adaptacia , Tvals

hqondes mxedvelobis simaxvilisa da mxedvelobis velis normaluri

maCveneblebi; biologiuri adaptacia; xom arsebobs biologiuri

adaptacia, evoluciis kanonebi da Seguebuloba garemosTan? mizidulobis

Zalisadmi biologiuri adaptacia amiT ar mTavrdeba; socialuri

adaptacia; reabilitacia da socialuri adaptacia; yvela adamians

sWirdeba socialuri adaptacia da adamianuri urTierTobebi; SezRuduli

SesaZleblobis statusis mqone bavSvTa socialuri adaptacia; genderuli

adaptacia; genderuli adaptacia moicavs im bio-fsiqo-socialur

faqtorebs, roemlic istoriulad yalibdeba; genderuli adaptacia

mocemul sinamdvileSi mamakacisa da qalis arsebuli xatebisadmi,

genderuli stereotipebisadmi Seguebis procesi.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi, saleqsikono erTeulis

adaptaciis sami mniSvnelobaa warmodgenili, qarTuli enis vebkorpusSic

samis mniSvneloba gamoiyofa, adaptacia farTod gamoiyeneba dRes

qarTul enaSi da niSnavs, ama Tu im programisa Tu kanonis danergvas:

saswavlo programebis SemuSaveba da adaptacia; mdgradi moxmarebisa da

warmoebis praqtikisa da teqnologiebis adaptacia da danergva. qarTuli

enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-statiaSi

mocemuli sityvis iseTi Sesityvebebia warmodgenili, romlebic asaxuli

ar aris qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi, magaliTad: biologiuri

adaptacia, socialuri adaptacia, genderuli adaptacia.

104

5. administrireba


administrireba (administrirebisa) [laT. administro vmarTav,

ganvageb] administraciuli mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba; formalur-

biurokratiuli (mxolod brZanebebiTa da gankargulebebiT) marTva.

xelmZRvanels uaRresad ganviTarebuli unda hqondes adamianTa mizidvis

unari... raTa mas SeeZlos administrireba («lit. saq.»).




administrireba (administrirebisa) 1. marTva; ekonomikis

centralizacia da mkacri administrireba; gadasaxadebis administrireba

gansazRvrulia kanoniT; 2. administraciuli mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba; aq

mTavrobasac gauWirdeba administrireba; biznesis administrireba; vurCevdi,

raime konkretuli profesia, magaliTad, biznesis administrireba, an

marketingi, an samarTali Seeswavla; stipendiantebs SeuZliaT iswavlon

biznesis administrireba; axali sistemis danergviT biznesis administrireba

unda gamartivdes; sagadasaxado administrireba; daaxloebiT ori-sami Tvea,

sakmaod gamkacrda sagadasaxado administrireba; mewarmeebisTvis kuTvnili

dRg-s dabrunebis Tema da sagadasaxado administrireba; sabaJo

administrireba; muSaobis gamocdileba iseT sferoebSi aqvT, rogoricaa

sabaJo administrireba; Semosavlebis samsaxurma sabaJo mimarTulebiT

gaaZliera sabaJo administrireba da procedurebi.

rogorc vxedavT, zemoT mocemuli sityvisaTvis qarTuli enis

ganmartebiT leqsikonSi mocemuli mxolod erTi mniSvneloba, qarTuli enis

vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-statiaSi ki mocemuli

sityvis ori mniSvneloba gamoiyofa: 1) marTva da 2) administraciuli

mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba. garda amisa, warmodgenilia iseTi Sesityvebebi,

romlebic Zalian aqtiurad gamoiyeneba dRes qarTul enaSi da misi asaxva

aucilebelia, magaliTad: biznesis administrireba; sagadasaxado

administrireba, sabaJo administrireba. rac Seexeba „qarTul leqsikons“,

araa mocemuli aRniSnuli sityva.

105

6. akrefa


akrefa (akrefisa) saxeli akrefs‚ aikrifeba zmnaTa moqmedebisa 1.

Segroveba. TavTavis akrefa momkil yanaSi. − gegonebodaT, Cingis yaenis

mexarkeni mosulano, iseTnairad brunavdnen sofelSi am fulis akrefis

dros (e. ninoS.). [TaTar-monRolebi] xarkis akrefis dros aravis

indobdnen (sabW. kavS. ist.). 2. klaviSebis meSveobiT specialur aparatSi

raime informaciis Seyvana. teqstis akrefa. − nomris akrefa.


akrefa akrefis (akrefs, aukrefs, aikrifeba, aakrefinebs) 1. Zirs

dayrilis aReba, mogroveba. vaSlebi akrifa. 2. sxvadasxva pirisTvis

(organizaciisTvis) gansazRvruli Tanxis gamorTmeva Sesagroveblad.

gadasaxadebis akrefa. mezoblebma fuli akrifes. 3. cifrebis, asoebisa da

simboloebis Seyvana eleqtronul mowyobilobaSi (kompiuterSi

telefonsa da misT.) megobris nomeri akrifa. moxsenebis teqsti akrifa.

seifis paroli akrifa. akrefili. rac akrifes. akrefili marcvlebi.



akrefa (akrefisa) saxeli akrefs‚ aikrifeba zmnaTa moqmedebisa 1.

Segroveba; daswreba nebismier msurvels SeuZlia, ufasoa da ar moxdeba

fulis akrefa; es ar aris gadasaxadebis akrefa, aramed xarkis akrefas

ufro hgavs; 2. aReba; gareT rom gavdivar, Zirs Camocvenili foTlebis

akrefa da xis totebze maTi stepleriT mimagreba mindeba; naTiam Zirs

dayrili Rerebis akrefa daiwyo; 3. klaviaturiT kompiuterSi, telefonSi

da misT. raime informaciis Seyvana; Tavadac SemiZlia akrefa, magram

swrafi muSaobisTvis xelis gaCveva mWirdeba; Tqven ki aranairi parolis

akrefa ar mogiwevT; teqstis akrefa; axal ambebSi rom daviwye muSaoba

da „kurierSi“ davjeqi, teqstis akrefa, dawera me momiwia; klaviaturaze

gamalebiT daiwyo teqstis akrefa; nomris akrefa; bavSvi ZiZas miveci da

axla me daviwye nomris akrefa; sasurveli momsaxurebis misaRebad

106

aucilebelia Sida nomris akrefa; sakmarisi iyo cxeli xazis telefonis

nomris akrefa; wonis akrefa; kvebis swor reJimze gadasvlisas ar xdeba

wonis akrefa; mSobiarobis dros da xandaxan Semdegac qalebs wonis

akrefa axasiaTebT; siCqaris akrefa; aRmarTSi cota uWirs siCqaris

akrefa; axali V6-is tipis sam litriani Zravi aqvs, romelsac siCqaris

akrefa 5 wamSi SeuZlia.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonsa da „qarTul leqsikonSi“ am

sityvis ori mniSvnelobaa warmodgenili, qarTuli enis vebkorpusis bazaze

Seqmnili sityva-statiaSi ki am sityvis sami mniSvneloba gamoiyofa: 1)

Segroveba, 2) aReba da 3) klaviaturiT kompiuterSi, telefonSi da misT.

raime informaciis Seyvana. Ggarda amisa, warmodenilia am sityvis iseTi

Sesityvebebi rogoricaa, wonis akrefa; kvebis swor reJimze gadasvlisas ar

xdeba wonis akrefa; siCqaris akrefa; aRmarTSi cota uWirs siCqaris

akrefa. unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT mocemuli Sesityvebebi qarTuli enis

ganmartebiT leqsikonSi araa asaxuli.

107

7. alergia


alergia (alergiisa) [berZ. Allos sxva da ergon moqmedeba] organizmis

gaZlierebuli mgrZnobeloba zogi nivTierebisadmi‚ iwvevs raime

daavadebas an avadmyofur mdgomareobas. figur. mag sityvaze... alergia

memarTeba (T. Wil.).




alergia (alergiisa) 1. organizmis gaZlierebuli mgrZnobeloba

zogi nivTierebisadmi an saWmlisadmi, iwvevs raime daavadebas an

avadmyofur mdgomareobas; analizi keTdeba, riTac dgindeba,

konkretulad raze aqvs alergia; vvaraudob, rom Tqven dabal da maRal

temperaturaze gaqvT alergia; 2. Ggadat. risame siZulvili, zizRi;

seriozul da tradiciebis moyvarul qalebze aqvs alergia; ubralod

wignebis gadaSlaze alergia maqvs da aRarafers vakeTeb; medikamenturi /

wamlismieri alergia; bavSvs aqvs medikamenturi alergia; medikamenturi

alergia es is SemTxvevaa, roca TviTneburad, eqimis gareSe

antialergiuli preparatebis miRebac kategoriulad dauSvebelia;

wamlismieri alergia iSviaTad uviTardebaT mcirewlovan bavSvebsa da

asakovan pirebs; kvebiTi alergia; kvebiTi alergia adamianSi sakvebis

pirvelive miRebisas iCens Tavs; kvebiTi alergia arc ZuZuTi kvebis dros

aris gamoricxuli.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi mocemuli sityvis mxolod

erTi mniSvnelobaa gamotanili, qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT

Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-statiaSi ki am sityvis ori mniSvneloba

gamovyaviT: 1) organizmis gaZlierebuli mgrZnobeloba zogi

nivTierebisadmi an saWmlisadmi, iwvevs raime daavadebas an avadmyofur

mdgomareobas da 2) gadat. risame siZulvili, zizRi; orive am

mniSvnelobisTvis mocemulia sailustracio masala sityva-statiaSi.

garda amisa, gamovitaneT iseTi Sesityvebebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa,

108

medikamenturi / wamlismieri alergia, kvebiTi alergia, rac aRsaniSnavia,

ar aris asaxuli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi. rac Seexeba

„qarTul leqsikons“, aRniSnuli sityva araa mocemuli.

8. bmuli


bmul-i (bmulisa) mimR. vneb. nam. 1. rac Seabes, nabami. xari sad mova

buRasTan, isic _ guTanSi bmulia?! (vaJa). ||2. rac abia, _ dabmuli. vaqo,

viT vaqo, rom ena ocnebisagan bmulia?! (r. erisT.). 3. spec. risi bmac

(mniSv. 2) ganxorcielda. dafaze gogirdmJavas bmulebi iyo gamoxazuli.


bmuli bmulis rac bmis (4) rac bmis Sedegad aris miRebuli. saitis

bmuli.



bmul-i (bmulisa) 1. specialuri misamarTi vebsivrceSi/internetSi;

statiis saredaqcio koleegis mier gamosaqveyneblad miRebis Semdeg

avtors egzavneba specialuri bmuli; samwuxarod saits ar aqvs

gadmosaweri bmuli; detalebisTvis ixileT saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis

erTiani eleqtronuli sistemis bmuli; Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis angariSze daido es bmuli; 2. rac Seabes, nabami; erTis

Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriul uRelSi bmuli; da TiTqos SemTxveviT

gawyda, yelze TeTri mZivis bmuli; 3. spec. risi bmac ganxorcielda; am

formas aqvs heqsagonaluri meseri, sadac yvela atomi kovalenturadaa

bmuli; am ukanasknelebs iTviseben mcenareebi da gadayavT organulad

bmul azotad.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi saleqsikono erTeulisaTvis

bmuli gamotanilia sami mniSvneloba, 1) rac Seabes, nabami, 2) rac abia, _

dabmuli da 3) risi bmac ganxorcielda. xolo „qarTul leqsikonSi“ am

109

sityvis mxolod erTi mniSvnelobaa mocemuli. aRniSnul leqsikonebSi

asaxva ver pova iseTma mniSvnelobam, rogoricaa specialuri misamarTi

vebsivrceSi/internetSi; statiis saredaqcio koleegis mier

gamosaqveyneblad miRebis Semdeg avtors egzavneba specialuri bmuli;

samwuxarod saits ar aqvs gadmosaweri bmuli; detalebisTvis ixileT

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis erTiani eleqtronuli sistemis bmuli; Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis angariSze daido es bmuli. GaRsaniSnavia, rom

mocemuli sityva dRes yvelaze metad swored am mniSvnelobiT

gamoiyeneba da qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil saleqsikono

sityva-statiaSi es mniSvneloba pirvel mniSvnelobadaa gamotanili.

9. gaaqtiureba


gaaqtiureba (gaaqtiurebisa) saxeli gaaaqtiurebs, gaaqtiurdeba

zmnaTa moqmedebisa. amas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tundac

mayureblis gaaqtiurebis TvalsazrisiT («lit. saq.»). bolo wlebi

saocari Sinagani gaaqtiurebis, gajansaRebis... wlebi[a] («lit. saq.»).


gaaqtiureba gaaqtiurebis (gaaaqtiurebs, gauaqtiurebs,

gaaqtiurdeba) 1. ufro meti aqtiurobiT amoqmedeba, aqtiurad qceva.

studentTa gaaqtiureba. muSaoba gaaaqtiures. mteri gaaqtiurda. 2.

aparatSi specialuri kodis SeyvaniT raimes CarTva. angariSis

gaaqtiureba. monobaraTi gaaaqtiura. gaaqtiurebuli. rac an vinc

gaaqtiurda. gaaqtiurebuli infeqciebi.



gaaqtiureba (gaaqtiurebisa) saxeli gaaaqtiurebs, gaaqtiurdeba

zmnaTa moqmedebisa; 1. aqtiuri, moqmedi gaxdeba; daavadebis gamomwvevi

mikrobis gaaqtiureba; sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi adamianuri

110

resusrsis gaaqtiureba; 2. Aama Tu im momsaxurebis, servisis CarTva;

erTjeradi kodis Seyvanis Semdeg „SMS ganvadeba“ gaaqtiurdeba;

mobiluri telefonis internet momsaxurebis gaaqtiureba.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi saleqsikono erTeulisaTvis

gaaqtiureba warmodgenilia mxolod erTi mniSvneloba – aqtiuri, moqmedi

gaxdeba. xolo „qarTul leqsikonSi“ ki mocemulia ori mniSvneloba, maT

Soris iseTi mniSvneloba, rogoricaa: Aama Tu im momsaxurebis, servisis

CarTva; erTjeradi kodis Seyvanis Semdeg „SMS ganvadeba“ gaaqtiurdeba;

mobiluri telefonis internet momsaxurebis gaaqtiureba. unda aRiniSnos,

rom mocemuli sityvis es mniSneloba Zalian aqtiurad gamoiyeneba dRes

qarTul enaSi da misi asaxva qarTuli enis leqsikonebSi aucileblobas

warmoadgens.

10. dakonserveba


dakonserveba (dakonservebisa) 1. saxeli daakonservebs zmnis

moqmedebisa, _ konservad qceva (risame), konservis gakeTeba, damzadeba.

xilis dakonserveba. _ xorcis dakonserveba. Jurnali... gvacnobs sakTebis

dakonservebis wesebs («sof. cx.»). 2. wign. igivea, rac konservacia.

mSeneblobis dakonserveba.


dakonserveba dakonservebis (daakonservebs, daukonservebs,

dakonservdeba) 1. konservis damzadeba. kitri daakonserva. Tevzi

daakonserves. 2. gadat. dawyebuli saqmis, procesis droebiT SeCereba.

mSeneblobis dakonserveba. sabado daakonserves. dakonservebuli. rac

daakonserves. dakonservebuli barda.



dakonserveba (dakonservebisa) 1. konservad qceva (risame),

konservis gakeTeba, damzadeba; saxlis pirobebSi SeiZleba ara marto

111

bostneulis dakonserveba, aramed maTi gaSrobac; dauSvebelia xorcis,

Tevzis, mwvanilis binis pirobebSi dakonserveba; 2. SeCereba; ai, aseTi

meTodebiT SeZlo umarTavi procesebis dakonserveba; problemis

dakonserveba ar aris problemis mogvareba; zogjer Senobis dakonserveba

ufro Zviri jdeba, vidre mSeneblobis gagrZeleba; 3. Ddacva risame mavne

zemoqmedebebisagan; am istoriuli naSTebis dakonserveba axla mainc unda

moxdes.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonsa da „qarTul leqsikonSi“

mocemuli sityvis ori mniSvnelobaa ganxiluli, qarTuli enis

vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-statiaSi ki am

sityvis sami mniSvneloba gamovyaviT: 1) konservad qceva (risame),

konservis gakeTeba, damzadeba, 2) SeCereba da 3)Ddacva risame mavne

zemoqmedebebisagan.

11. dafiqsireba


dafiqsireba (dafiqsirebisa) saxeli daafiqsirebs, dafiqsirdeba

zmnaTa moqmedebisa.


dafiqsireba dafiqsirebis (daafiqsirebs, daufiqsirebs,

dafiqsirdeba, daufiqsirdeba) movlenis, faqtis, Tvalsazrisisa da misT.

raime saxiT aRniSvna, aRbeWdva. Tavisi pozicia daafiqsira.



dafiqsireba (dafiqsirebisa) 1. ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

sakuTari azris, poziciis gamoxatva; mniSvnelovania Tavisuflad

SeeZlos sakuTari azris dafiqsireba; mTeli gundis saxeliT gvTxoves

maTi poziciis dafiqsireba; 2. gamovlena, aRnusxva; aRbeWdva;

decimetruli da santimetruli sixSiris radiotalRebis dafiqsireba;

112

moxdeba TiToeuli obieqtis fotoze dafiqsireba; rogor warmogidgeniaT

am SeTanxmebis darRvevis dafiqsireba; 3. mimagreba/ damagreba; gamyofi

xazis gaswvriv mavTulxlarTebis gavleba da dafiqsireba; sxvadasxva

tipis nemskavis fiqsacia samontaJo Zafis dafiqsireba.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonsa da „qarTul leqsikonSi“

mocemuli saleqsikono erTeulis mxolod erTi mniSvnelobaa

gamotanili, aseve araa mocemuli vrceli sailustracio masala. rac

Seexeba qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil saleqsikono

sityva-statias, gamoiyofa sami mniSvneloba; 1) ama Tu im sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT sakuTari azris, poziciis gamoxatva, 2) gamovlena, aRnusxva;

aRbeWdva da 3) mimagreba/ damagreba. aRsaniSnavia, rom am mniSvnelobebs

darTuli aqvs sakmaod vrceli sailustracio masala, romelic qarTuli

enis vebkorpusidanaa amoRebuli.

12. eqskluzivi


eqskluziv-i (eskluzivisa) [fran. exclusive gamomricxveli] gramat.

pirveli piri mravl. ricxvisa, romelic Seicavs pirvel da mesame pirs da

gamoricxavs meores; amJamad damaxasiaTebelia svanuri enisa (niSgveiCemi

da misi, Cemi da maTi; nalatgviyvars me da mas, me da maT) (sapirisp.

inkluzivi).




eqskluziv-i (eskluzivisa) 1. ama Tu im televiziis, radios,

Jurnalis da misT. mier uaxlesi informaciis floba da gavrceleba;

eleqtronul fostas gadavavle Tvali da eqskluzivebze daviwye

nadiroba; eqskluzivi marTlac gamogvivida, radgan Zeglis aRebis

fotoebis foto da videomasalis gadaReba mxolod Cven movaxerxeT; arc

113

„nanukas Sous” eqneba msgavsi eqskluzivi; 2. risame pirvelad gamoyenebis

ufleba; gavrcelebuli informaciiT, mopovebis teqnologiebze

eqskluzivi amerikul kompaniebs ekuTvniT; yvela tender-proeqtsa da

saxelmwifo SekveTa-miwodebebis uzrunvelyofaze eqskluzivi hqondaT; 3.

gramat. pirveli piri mravl. ricxvisa, romelic Seicavs pirvel da mesame

pirs da gamoricxavs meores; svanuri enis rigi specifikuri sakiTxi

(brunebis orfuZianoba, eqskluziv-inkluzivis problema.

qarTuli enis ganamrtebiT leqsikonSi saleqsikono erTeulisaTvis

eqskluzivi gamotanilia mxolod erTaderTi mniSvneloba, romelic

lingvisturi terminia, pirveli piri mravl. ricxvisa, romelic Seicavs

pirvel da mesame pirs da gamoricxavs meores; qarTuli enis vebkorpusis

mixedviT Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-statiaSi ki mocemuli sityvis

sami mniSvneloba gamoiyofa. pirvel adgilze gamotanilia iseTi

mniSvneloba, romelic dRevandel qarTul metyvelebaSi Zalian aqtiurad

gamoiyeneba, kerZod, ama Tu im televiziis, radios, Jurnalis da misT.

mier uaxlesi informaciis floba da gavrceleba; eleqtronul fostas

gadavavle Tvali da eqskluzivebze daviwye nadiroba; eqskluzivi

marTlac gamogvivida, radgan Zeglis aRebis fotoebis foto da

videomasalis gadaReba mxolod Cven movaxerxeT; arc „nanukas Sous“

eqneba msgavsi eqskluzivi. aranakleb sainteresoa am sityvis meore

mniSvneloba, romelic aseve aqtiurad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove qarTul

enaSi risame pirvelad gamoyenebis ufleba; gavrcelebuli informaciiT,

mopovebis teqnologiebze eqskluzivi amerikul kompaniebs ekuTvniT;

yvela tender-proeqtsa da saxelmwifo SekveTa-miwodebebis

uzrunvelyofaze eqskluzivi hqondaT. Aamgvarad, vfiqrobT rom mocemuli

sityvis zemoT warmodgenili mniSvnelobebi qarTuli enis vebkorpusis

mixedviT, warmoadgens axal realias, axal mniSvnelobas am sityvisaTvis,

romlis asaxva aucilebelia qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi. rac

Seexeba „qarTul leqsikons“, aRniSnuli sityva araa mocemuli.

114

13. efeqturi


efeqtur-i (efeqturisa) wign. efeqtis (mniSv. 2) momcemi, _

sasurveli Sedegis momcemi, qmediTi, Sedegiani. yvelaferi unda gavakeToT

imisaTvis, ...rom aRZrul sakiTxze miRebul iqnes qmediTi da efeqturi

zomebi («kom.»). efeqturad zmns. moqmedad, Sedegianad. gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eqceva mineraluri sasuqebis efeqturad gamoyenebas («kom.»).


efeqturi efeqturis 1. didi efeqtis mqone. efeqturi RonisZieba.

efeqturi gamosvla. 2. efeqtis momcemi. efeqturi saSualeba. efeqturi

medikamentebi.



efeqtur-i (efeqturisa) 1. efeqtis momcemi, sasurveli Sedegis

momcemi, qmediTi, Sedegiani; SewyviteT dieta, radgan efeqturi ar iqneba

da janmrTelobasac gaiuaresebT; am mJavis moqmedeba sakmaod efeqturi

aRmoCnda mwvave respiratoruli daavadebebis gamosakvlevad Catarebuli

cdebisas; gundis Zlieri da susti mxareebis efeqturi gamoyeneba da

rolebis Sesabamisi gadanawileba; danaSaulis efeqturi gamoZieba da

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna trefikingSi monawile pirebisadmi; 2.

lamazi, mimzidveli; saSa priSvinis mier gadaRebuli modelebis fotoebi

efeqturi gamovida; SeiZleba gecvas sada kaba da am dros gekeTos erTi

gamorCeuli samkauli, an Tmis samagri, rom TvalSi sacemi da efeqturi

gaxde; jinsis frCxilebic aranakleb efeqturi da originaluria.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi saleqsikono erTeuli

efeqturi warmodgenilia erTaderTi mniSvnelobiT - efeqtis momcemi,

sasurveli Sedegis momcemi, qmediTi, Sedegiani. xolo „qarTul

leqsikonSi“ gamoyofilia amave sityvis ori mniSvneloba. rac Seexeba

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-statias, masSi

asaxuliა am sityvis iseTi mniSvneloba, romelic araa mocemuli

115

zemoaRniSnul leqsikonebSi, kerZod, lamazi, mimzidveli; saSa priSvinis

mier gadaRebuli modelebis fotoebi efeqturi gamovida; SeiZleba gecvas

sada kaba da am dros gekeTos erTi gamorCeuli samkauli, rom TvalSi

sacemi da efeqturi gaxde; SeiZleba, yviTeli palto ar iyos moduri,

magram imdenad efeqturma qalma Caicvas, rom is samosi aqtualurad

geCvenoT.

14. mdgradi


mdgrad-i (mdgradisa) spec. garkveuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebis

unaris mqone (miuxedavad sxvadasxva ZalTa moqmedebisa). mdgradi

wonasworoba. _ mdgradi mdgomareoba || gamZle.

aRniSnuli mniSvneloba ar aris mocemul „qarTul leqsikonSi“



mdgrad-i (mdgradisa) 1. gamZle; gansakuTrebulad mZafri da

mdgradi surneli aqvs; arsebobs specialistTa daskvnebi, rom es mdgradi

Senoba iyo da aravis uqmnida safrTxes; 2. gautexeli, Zlieri; igi Zlieri

da mdgradi adamiania; fizikuri monacemebi da viTom mdgradi xasiaTi nu

mogatyuebs. am yvelafris ukan erTi susti gogo dgas; Sinaganad, Zalian

mdgradi kaci iyo, SeeZlo zrdilobianad gascloda im situacias,

romelic miuRebeli iyo misTvis; 3. stabiluri; ekonomikis zrda mdgradi

ver iqneba, Tu makroekonomikuri garemo stabiluri ar iqna; liderebis

miRwevebi imiT izomeba, ramdenad mdgradi darCeba isini mas Semdeg, rac

Tavad Zalauflebidan wavlen; 4. spec. garkveuli mdgomareobis

SenarCunebis unaris mqone; ramdenime qimiuri reaqciis Semdeg

warmoiqmneba usuno, plastikuri, Termulad mdgradi, neitraluri

nivTiereba; dioqsinebi mdgradi naerTebia, ar iSleba, intensiurad

grovdeba rogorc biosferoSi, aseve adamianis organizmSic; mdgradi

ganviTareba; auqcionSi gamarjvebuli investoris vinaobis Sesaxeb

116

informacias ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro veb-gverdze

mogvianebiT ganaTavsebs; strategiis mizani dargis mdgradi ganviTarebis

xelSemwyobi garemos Seqmnaa; qalaqis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva midgomebi aqvT.

qarTuli enis ganamrtebiT leqsikonSi saleqsikono erTeuli

mdgradi warmodgenilia erTi mniSvnelobiT - garkveuli mdgomareobis

SenarCunebis unaris mqone. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil

saleqsikono sityva-statiaSi mocemuli sityvis oTxi mniSvneloba

gamovyaviT. kerZod, 1) gamZle; gansakuTrebulad mZafri da mdgradi

surneli aqvs, 2) gautexeli, Zlieri; igi Zlieri da mdgradi adamiania; 3)

stabiluri; ekonomikis zrda mdgradi ver iqneba, Tu makroekonomikuri

garemo stabiluri ar iqna. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo meoTxe mniSvnelobad

aris gamotanili qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi mocemuli

mniSvneloba - garkveuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebis unaris mqone;

ramdenime qimiuri reaqciis Semdeg warmoiqmneba usuno, plastikuri,

Termulad mdgradi, neitraluri nivTiereba. garda am mniSvnelobebisa,

saleqsikono sityva-statiaSia mocemulia iseTi Sesityveba, rogoricaa

mdgradi ganviTareba, rac ar aris asaxuli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT

leqsikonSi. rac Seexeba „qarTul leqsikons“, aRniSnuli sityva araa

mocemuli.

117

15. kompleqsi


kompleqs-i (kompleqsisa) [laT. complexus wnuli, xlarTi] 1.

erTgvarovan saganTa an movlenaTa erToblioba, romelic mTels,

mTlians rasme warmoadgens. malariis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebaTa

kompleqsi. – TaTbirze ganixiles politeqnikur swavlebasTan

dakavSirebul sakiTxTa kompleqsi. 2. arqit. nagebobaTa wyeba, romelTac

saerTo daniSnuleba aqvT. politeqnikuri institutis saswavlo da

sacxovrebel SenobaTa kompleqsi («lit. da xelovn.»). energo-irigaciul

nagebobaTa es udidesi kompleqsi iqneba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

rgoli bunebis gardaqmnis grandiozuli stalinuri gegmis RonisZiebaTa

wyebaSi («ax. kom.»). 3. lingv. ramdenime bgerisagan Sedgenili jgufi.

qarTuli enisTvis TanxmovanTa bunebrivi kompleqsebia: cx, wy, tk... – TviT

«vobi»-sa da «vibi»-s kompleqsebSic araferi iseTi ar moipoveba, romelic

am saxelis samwerlo qarTulSi yofnas SeuZleblad xdides (iv. javax.).


kompleqsi kompleqsis sagnebis, movlenebis, Tvisebebis erToblioba,

romelic garkveul mTlianobas qmnis. Senobebis kompleqsi.



kompleqs-i (kompleqsisa) 1. risame dagmoba/SiSi ama Tu im

tradiciis, Sexedulebisa da misT. Ggamo; mudmivad maqvs imis kompleqsi,

rom raRacas sworad ar vakeTeb; Cems Svils adamianebTan urTierTobis

kompleqsi aqvs, kargia, droze mieCveva TanatolebTan kontaqts; guls

miklavs Cemi aRnagoba da amis gamo uamravi ramis kompleqsi gamiCnda; 2.

erTgvarovan saganTa an movlenaTa erToblioba, romelic mTels,

mTlians rasme warmoadgens; jansaR kvebaze gadayvana da vitaminebis

kompleqsi bavSvebs mdgomareobidan gamosvlaSi daexmareba; magaliTad,

Zalian kargia kegelis varjiSTa kompleqsi; 3. arqit. nagebobaTa wyeba,

romelTac saerTo daniSnuleba aqvT; armazisxevSi aris Sua saukuneebis

118

samonastro kompleqsi; TamaraSvilis quCaze mSenebare sacxovrebeli

kompleqsi damoukidebeli 9 Senobisagan Sedgeba; arasrulfasovnebis

kompleqsi; eWvianobis mizezad xSirad saxeldeba arasrulfasovnebis

kompleqsi, Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvis an sayvareli adamianis dakargvis

SiSi; miCneulia, rom gogonebs ufro xSirad tanjavT arasrulfasovnebis

kompleqsi; oidiposis kompleqsi; oidiposis kompleqsi da eleqtras

kompleqsi fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis mesame safexurze iCens Tavs;

oidiposis kompleqsi aris fsiqoanalitikuri warmodgena 3-4 wlis asakis

bavSvis mSoblebisadmi emocionaluri damokidebulebebis Taviseburebebis

Sesaxeb.


kompleqsi warmodgenilia sami mniSvnelobiT. Tumca, masSi asaxva ver pova

am sityvis iseTma gavrcelebulma mniSvnelobam, rogoricaa risame

dagmoba/SiSi ama Tu im tradiciis, Sexedulebisa da misT. Ggamo; mudmivad

maqvs imis kompleqsi, rom raRacas sworad ar vakeTeb; Cems Svils

adamianebTan urTierTobis kompleqsi aqvs, kargia, droze mieCveva

TanatolebTan kontaqts; guls miklavs Cemi aRnagoba da amis gamo

uamravi ramis kompleqsi gamiCnda. garda am mniSvnelobisa, warmodgenilia

mocemulia iseTi Sesityvebebi rogoricaa, arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi;

eWvianobis mizezad xSirad saxeldeba arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi,

oidiposis kompleqsi; oidiposis kompleqsi da eleqtras kompleqsi

fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis mesame safexurze iCens Tavs. rac Seexeba

„qarTul leqsikons“, aRniSnuli sityvis mxolod erTi mniSvnelobaa

mocemuli.

119

16. gei


gei (geisa) [ing. gay] barbar. mamaTmavali. berlinis skolaSi geebTan

urTierTobis gakveTilebi SemoiRes («reit.»).

aRniSnuli sityva araa mocemuli „qarTul leqsikonSi“.



gei (geisa) – mamaTmavali; zustad vicodi, rom erTi biWi „gei“| iyo,

magram masac ver gavubede am Temaze laparaki; Tu vinme aris gei, magram

ufals eZebs da mas keTili ganzraxvebi aqvs, vin var me, rom is ganvsajo?

gei aRlumi; faqtia, rom gei aRlumad Seracxuli erTeuli adamianebis

mciremarSrutiani msvleloba, ver miiqcevda esoden did yuradRebas; es

kanoni, faqtobrivad, krZalavs gei aRlumebs; gei paradi; gei paradis

Catareba akrZala serbeTis xelisuflebam belgradSi; TbilisSi

apirebdnen gei parads da maSin mTeli Tbilisi emzadeboda amis

dasarbevad.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi saleqsikono erTeuli geis

miTiTebuli aqvs stilisturi kvalifikacia – barbarizmi. rac Seexeba

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-

statiaSi sailustracio masalasTan erTad asaxulia am sityvasTan

dakavSirebuli iseTi Sesityvebebi rogoricaa, gei aRlumi, gei paradi da

a.S. rac Seexeba „qarTul leqsikons“, aRniSnuli sityva araa mocemuli.

120

17. siuJeti


siuJet-i (siuJetisa) [fran. sujet sagani] mxatvrul nawarmoebSi –

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli moqmedebani da ambebi, romlebic gamoavlenen

moqmed pirTa xasiaTsa da urTierTobas. dramatuli siuJeti saintereso

da moZravi ver iqneba, Tu mas safuZvelad raime mniSvnelovani xasiaTis

konfliqti ar uZevs (g. qiq.). balet «gordas» siuJeti qarTuli legendis

«suramis cixis» motivs Seicavs («kom.»).


siuJeti siuJetis, literaturul nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli

faqtebis, movlenebis Tanmimdevroba. romanis siuJeti. aRmosavluri

siuJeti. siuJeturi. siuJeTan dakavSirebuli. siuJetisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli. siuJeturi xazi.



siuJet-i (siuJetisa) 1. satelevizio, radio gadacemebSi

specialurad momzadebuli epizodi; 15 seqtembers televiziis eTeriT

gavida siuJeti, romelic exeboda saqarTvelos saragbo Cempionatis

umaRles ligaSi moaspareze klub, „armazis“ or moragbes; ramdenime

wuTis win telekompania „imedis“ eTeriT gavida siuJeti, romelic

veranair kritikas ver uZlebs; sakonkursod ar Semosula arc erTi

radio siuJeti; 2. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli

moqmedebani da ambebi, romlebic gamoavlenen moqmed pirTa xasiaTsa da

urTierTobas; is yvela films aerTianebs erTi siuJeti - qalebi da

kacebi cdiloben TavianTi drois da TavianTi arsebobis sivrcis

organizebas; iseTi STabeWdileba damrCa, rom TiTqons nawyvetia

nawarmoebidan da ara mTliani siuJeti.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonisa da „qarTuli leqsikonis“

saleqsikono erTeulis siuJetis mxolod erTi mniSvnelobaa mocemuli,

romelic ukavSirdeba mxatvrul nawarmoebSi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul

121

moqmedebebsa da ambebs. rac Seexeba qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT

Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-statias, aq pirvel mniSvnelobad

gamotanilia Semdegi: satelevizio, radio gadacemebSi specialurad

momzadebuli epizodi; 15 seqtembers televiziis eTeriT gavida siuJeti,

romelic exeboda saqarTvelos saragbo Cempionatis umaRles ligaSi

moaspareze klub, „armazis“ or moragbes; ramdenime wuTis win

telekompania „imedis“ eTeriT gavida siuJeti, romelic veranair kritikas

ver uZlebs; sakonkursod ar Semosula arc erTi radio siuJeti.

aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT mocemuli warmoadgens am sityvis yvelaze metad

gavrcebul mniSvnelobas dRevandel qarTul enaSi, gansakuTrebiT media

saSulebebSi.

18. mobiluri


mobilur-i (imobilurisa), imobilizebul-i (imobilizebulisa)

medic. rasac imobilizacia uyves.

mobilur-i (mobilurisa) swrafi moZraobis unaris mqone, moZravi.

jaris. mobiluri nawili _ mTel dasavleT germaniaSi iqmneba mobiluri

policia 30 aTasi kacis raodenobiT («kom.»).


mobiluri mobiluris rac advilad gadaadgildeba, moZravi.

mobiluri danadgari. mobiluri telefoni.



mobilur-i (mobilurisa) arsebiTi saxeli; igivea rac mobiluri

telefoni; dRes yvelas aqvs mobiluri, dRevandeli teqnika saukuneebis

win zRapari egonebodaT; paatam mobiluri amoiRo da sadRac dareka;

dafiqrdiT imazec, xom ar gaufantavs mobiluri bavSvs yuradRebas

gakveTilebze.

122

mobilur-i (mobilurisa) zedsarTavi saxeli; swrafi moZraobis

unaris mqone, moZravi; mobiluri, brZolisunariani, pirvelxarisxovani

regularuli armia; gaiolda mimosvla, adamiani gaxda ufro mobiluri;

mobiluri aplikacia; 2013 wlis maisSi Seiqmna mobiluri aplikaciis

servisi; videoTvali aqvs CamontaJebuli da mravali mobiluri

aplikaciis dayenebis saSualebas iZleva; mobiluri interneti;

saqarTveloSi mobiluri interneti naklebad ganviTarebulia; zogierT

models ki 3G mobiluri internetis daWerac SeuZlia; mobiluri

operatori; mTeli sajaro samsaxuri daavaldebules mxolod erTi

mobiluri operatoriT esargebla; am servisiT sargebloba nebismieri

mobiluri operatoris abonents SeuZlia; mobiluri telefoni;

ganviTarebad qveynebSi mobiluri telefonebis aTvisebis mzardi tempi

SeiniSneba; arsebobs mobiluri telefoni, romlis meSveobiTac SegiZlia

gamoxato sayvareli adamianis mimarT yuradReba; qalma ki CanTidan

mobiluri telefoni amoiRo da sadRac dareka.


mobiluri warmodgenilia ori mniSvnelobiT. pirveli samedicino

mniSvnelobiT, rasac imobilizacia uyves, meore mniSvnelobaa: swrafi

moZraobis unaris mqone, moZravi. „qarTul leqsikonSi“ ki am sityvis erTi

mniSvnelobaa mocemuli. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgnil

saleqsikino sityva-statiaSi calke erTeulad aris gamotanili rogorc

arsebiTi saxeli: igivea rac mobiluri telefoni; dRes yvelas aqvs

mobiluri; paatam mobiluri amoiRo da sadRac dareka. rac Seexeba meore

sityva-statias, rogorc zedsarTav saxels, aq warmodgenilia im

mniSvnelobiT, ra mniSvnelobiTac, es qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSia

mocemuli. Tumca, mocemulia iseTi Sesityvebebi, rac ar aris asaxuli

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi, magaliTad: mobiluri aplikacia; 2013

wlis maisSi Seiqmna mobiluri aplikaciis servisi; mobiluri interneti;

saqarTveloSi mobiluri interneti naklebad ganviTarebulia; mobiluri

operatori; am servisiT sargebloba nebismieri mobiluri operatoris

abonents SeuZlia; mobiluri telefoni; ganviTarebad qveynebSi mobiluri

telefonebis aTvisebis mzardi tempi SeiniSneba.

123

19. derefani


derefan-i (derefnisa) 1. saxlis nawili, wina mxares midgmuli

Sesasvlelad, ukedlebo (Ria), svetebiani da gadaxuruli (sinon. winkari,

saCexi). budes gaakeTebs Seni derefnis WerSi mercxali (T. razik.).

[babucam] mardad dagava... rogorc saxli, ise derefani da kar-midamo (n.

lom.). rac Seexeba saxls, es iyo... Zveli ficruli Senoba, ...mi wis iatakiT

da win miSenebuli derefniT (e. ninoS.). vidre [beri] guls moijerebda

monatrebuli dedmamisSvilis alersiT, ezo da sasaxlis farTo derefani

SinamosamsaxureebiT aivso (r. jaf.). im Rames giorgam derefanSi moiTxova

daZineba, _ gareT, taxtze gamiSaleTo logini (n. onaS.). ◊ derefnis Citi

kuTx. (qarTl.) mercxali. 2. grZeli gasavleli (sadgomSi...), _ talani,

koridori. gaviareT bneli, viwro derefani da SevediT erT oTaxSi

(«ciskari»). raionis saavadmyofos derefanSi tarasi... eqims elodeboda (s.

kld.). viwro derefani bevrad ufro patara or sxva oTaxs akavSiebda (m.

baqr. Targm.). skolaSi adre mivedi, direqtors derefanSi davelode (v.

Cukur.).


derefani derefnis 1. Senobis Sida nawilSi moqceuli gasasvleli,

romelic oTaxebidan aris dakavSirebuli. derefnis kari darbazSi

gadioda. 2. sacxovrebeli saxlis wina mxares midgmuli, svetebze

dayrdnobili gadaxuruli nawili. Ria derefani.



derefan-i (derefnisa) 1. saxlis nawili, wina mxares midgmuli

Sesasvlelad, ukedlebo (Ria), svetebiani da gadaxuruli; wamoxta,

saZineblidan derefani gairbina da saerTo oTaxSi buxris win mokalaTda;

patara saxli gvqonda, erTi oTaxi da erTi patara derefani; 2. grZeli

gasavleli, koridori; eqTanma swrafad gaiara derefani, rigSi mdgomebs

miugdo, vinc Sexvevaze xarT, SemodiTo da kabinetSi gauCinarda; karga

124

grZeli iyo derefani, bolos kibiT mTavrdebida; 3. Aama Tu im qveyanasTan

damakavSirebeli savaWro, satranzito da a.S. gza; saqarTveloze gadis

energetikuli derefani, rogorc aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken, aseve

CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken; baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis rkinigza gaxdeba evropa-

kavkasia-aziis umniSvnelovanesi sarkinigzo derefani; 4. sagangeblo

gasasvleli; policias hqonda jebirebiT gakeTebuli sami derefani;

Tavdacvis warmomadgenlebs maTTvis derefani aqvT gakeTebuli da

cdiloben samxedroebi uvneblad gaataron; sircxvilis derefani; saSineli

reaqciiT Segvxvdnen, sircxvilis derefani mogviwyves; vapirebdiT, kanonis

farglebSi mogvewyo sircxvilis derefani; satransporto derefani;

ruseTisa da centraluri aziis qveynebTan damakavSirebeli satransporto

derefani; aRmosavleT-dasavleTis satransporto derefani qveynisTvis

mniSvnelovani da strategiuli sagzao arteriaa; satranzito derefani;

samxreT kavkasia da Sesabamisad saqarTvelo, aris am regionze gamavali

satranzito derefani; satranzito derefani pirdapir dakavSirebulia

saqarTvelos ganviTarebis perspeqtivebTan; savaWro derefani; SeTanxmebis

mixedviT, Seiqmneba sami savaWro derefani - fsou-zugdidis, roki-gorisa da

larsis; mesame savaWro derefani bevrad mcire iqneba da monitorebis ori

jgufi sazRvris orive mxares ganlagdeba.


saleqsikono sityva-statia derefani warmodgenilia ori mniSvnelobiT.

rac Seexeba qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgnil sityva-statias,

mocemuli sityva wamordgenilia oTxi mniSvnelobiT, maT Soris iseTi

mniSvnelobiT, rac ar aris asaxuli qarTuli enis ganamrtebiT

leqsikonSi. magaliTad, mesame mniSvnelobad gamovitaneT: Aama Tu im

qveyanasTan damakavSirebeli savaWro, satranzito da a.S. gza;

saqarTveloze gadis energetikuli derefani, rogorc aRmosavleTidan

dasavleTisken, aseve CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken; baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis

rkinigza gaxdeba evropa-kavkasia-aziis umniSvnelovanesi sarkinigzo

derefani. meoTxe mniSvnelobad ki gamotanilia: sagangeblo gasasvleli;

policias hqonda jebirebiT gakeTebuli sami derefani; Tavdacvis

warmomadgenlebs maTTvis derefani aqvT gakeTebuli da cdiloben

samxedroebi uvneblad gaataron. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT warmodgenili

125

am sityvis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mniSvilobebia da misi asaxva

ganamrtebiT leqsikonSi aucileblobas warmoadgens. garda am

mniSvnelobebisa, saleqsikono sityva statiaSi asaxva pova iseTma

Sesityvebebma, rogoricaa: sircxvilis derefani; saSineli reaqciiT

Segvxvdnen, sircxvilis derefani mogviwyves; satransporto derefani;

ruseTisa da centraluri aziis qveynebTan damakavSirebeli

satransporto derefani; satranzito derefani; satranzito derefani

pirdapir dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos ganviTarebis perspeqtivebTan;

savaWro derefani; SeTanxmebis mixedviT, Seiqmneba sami savaWro derefani

- fsou-zugdidis, roki-gorisa da larsis.

20. koreqtireba


koreqtireba (koreqtirebisa) wign. koreqtivis, Sesworebis Setana.


koreqtireba koreqtirebis Sesworeba, koreqtivis Setana. naSromis

koreqtireba.



koreqtireba (koreqtirebisa) koreqtivis, Sesworebis Setana;

mocemuli dasaxlebisaTvis balebSi dadgenili seismurobis sididis

koreqtireba; finansTa saministros realurad mouwevs saxelmwifo

biujetis koreqtireba; aucilebelia moxdes xarvezebis koreqtireba da

zaralis kompensacia.

126

21. genmodificirebuli


genmodificirebuli (genmodificirebulisa) neolog. genuri

inJineriis Sedegi, genSecvlili. herpesis genmodificirebuli virusis

bazaze damzadebuli preparatis klinikuri gamocda ukve daiwyo

(«as.das.»). ar arsebobs mavnebeli genmodificirebuli produqtebis nusxa

(«kv. palit.»).

aRniSnuli sityva araa mocemuli „qarTul leqsikonSi“.



genmodificirebuli (genmodificirebulisa) 1. genuri inJineriis

Sedegi, genSecvlili; kartofili SeiZleba iyos genmodificirebuli,

nitratebisa da pesticidebis Semcveli; osakas universitetis mecnierebma

Seqmnes genmodificirebuli Tagvi, romelsac CitiviT JRurtuli SeuZlia;

evropuli universitetis eqspertebma SeimuSaves genmodificirebuli

Tambaqos mcenare, romelic malariis rezistentul formas ebrZvis; 2.

gadat. Mmdare, uxarisxo; axal ampluaSi mogvevlina Tavisi morigi

genmodificirebuli leqsiT; es ybadaRebuli genmodificirebuli poezia

vis ar moswons; zedmetad morcxvi, goimurad kekluci da saSualoze

lamazi, genmodificirebuli adamianuri Tvisebebis sacavs warmoadgenda;

genmodificirebuli Tesli; Cemi azriT saWiroa genmodificirebuli

Teslebis da kulturebis Semotanias akrZalva; gacilebiT ufro didi

safrTxis Semcvelia genmodificirebuli Tesli; genmodificirebuli

organizmi; cocxali genmodificirebuli organizmebi aris agresiuli

jiSis, romelic xSirad cxovelur genebsac Seicavs; samedicino sferoSi

genmodificirebuli organizmebi gamoiyeneba wamlebisa da vaqcinebis

warmoebaSi; kategoriulad uaryo mis produqtebSi genmodificirebuli

organizmebis Semcveloba; genmodificirebuli produqti; moswavleebma

kompleqsurad mimoixiles genmodificirebuli produqciis warmoebasTan,

realizaciasa da maTi moxmarebiT gamowveul mavne SedegebTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi; man yuradReba gaamaxvila genmodificirebuli

127

produqtebiT vaWrobasTan brZolis evropul gamocdilebaze;

genmodificirebuli produqtebis gamoyenebas Tavisi dadebiTi da

uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs; genmodificirebuli produqcia; ramdenadac

cnobilia, genmodificirebuli produqcia SedarebiT iaffasiania;

genmodificirebul produqcias saqarTveloSi, evropisgan gansxvavebiT

kanonmdebloba ar aregulirebs; genmodificirebuli sakvebi;

genmodificirebuli sakvebi droTa ganmavlobaSi mutacias ganicdis, rac

mravali daavadebis gamomwvevi SeiZleba gaxdes; genmodificirebuli

sakvebi miiReba xelovnurad Seqmnili Teslebisgan; genmodificirebuli

jiSi; gamokiTxuli Tbiliselebis 80.2% saqarTveloSi

genmodificirebuli jiSebis danergvis winaaRmdegia; saqarTveloSi

inergeba ara marto hibriduli, aramed genmodificirebuli jiSebic;

sayuradReboa, rom evropas mkacri kriteriumebi aqvs genmodificirebuli

jiSebis Semcveli kvebis produqtebis mimarT.


warmodgenilia genmodificirebuli warmodgenilia erTi mniSvnelobiT -

genuri inJineriis Sedegi, genSecvlili da miniWebuli aqvs stilisuti

kvalifikacia neologizmi. rac Seexeba qarTuli enis vebkorpusis

mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-statias, gamovyaviT am sityvis meore

mniSvneloba: Mmdare, uxarisxo; axal ampluaSi mogvevlina Tavisi morigi

genmodificirebuli leqsiT; es ybadaRebuli genmodificirebuli poezia

vis ar moswons; zedmetad morcxvi, goimurad kekluci da saSualoze

lamazi, genmodificirebuli adamianuri Tvisebebis sacavs warmoadgenda.

rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli mniSvneloba am sityvas, axlanxans gauCnda,

razec qarTuli enis vekorpusidan amoRebuli sailustracio masala

mowmobs. Ggarda am mniSvnelobisa, qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT

Sedgenil sityva-statiaSi asaxuli iseTi Sesityvebebi, romlebic

mocemuli araa qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi, magaliTad:

genmodificirebuli Tesli; gacilebiT ufro didi safrTxis Semcvelia

genmodificirebuli Tesli; genmodificirebuli organizmi; samedicino

sferoSi genmodificirebuli organizmebi gamoiyeneba wamlebisa da

vaqcinebis warmoebaSi; genmodificirebuli produqti; genmodificirebuli

produqtebis gamoyenebas Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs;

128

genmodificirebuli produqcia; ramdenadac cnobilia,

genmodificirebuli produqcia SedarebiT iaffasiania;

genmodificirebuli sakvebi; genmodificirebuli sakvebi droTa

ganmavlobaSi mutacias ganicdis, rac mravali daavadebis gamomwvevi

SeiZleba gaxdes; genmodificirebuli jiSi; gamokiTxuli Tbiliselebis

80.2% saqarTveloSi genmodificirebuli jiSebis danergvis winaaRmdegia.

rac Seexeba „qarTul leqsikons“, aRniSnuli sityva araa mocemuli.

22. saswrafo


saswrafo (saswrafosi) 1. swrafad Sesasrulebeli, – saCqaro,

saSuri. «guSin vano qalaqidan ar movida. albaT, saswrafo saqme Tu

gauCnda» (s. SanS.). «iq, zeviT, mZimed daWrilia! saswrafo Svela sWiria!»

(d. sul.). 2. rac Cveulebrivze swrafad, dauyovnebliv midis an xdeba, –

swrafad moqmedi. «es saswrafo matarebelia, ueWvelia, aq vinme didi

moxelec miemgzavreba» (n. lorTq.). «Tbilisidan depeSaa, saswrafo» (r.

gvet,). 3. Zv. Tofis wamlis WurWeli (rqisa, xisa da misT.), romelsac

pirze gakeTebuli aqes sawyao erTi srola Tofis wamlisaTvis.

[oTaraanT qvrivis] saxlSi rom SesuliyaviT, ... naxavdiT budiT

Camokidebul kargad mozrdil Tofs, xmals, ... xanjals, dambaCas,

saswrafos da sapiriswamles (ilia). || masrebis CanTa. [mTiuls] saswrafo

da sapiriswamle... mxariRliv hqonda gadakidebuli (a. yazb.). [biZa-Cemma]

amoaZro saswrafodan masrebi, sinjavda, wamali iyo Tu ara Siga (vaJa). 4.

kuTx. (imer.) igivea, rac solinari. saswrafo aris erTgvari sakravi. is

aris Semdgari wvril-wvrili lerwmis masrebisagan, romlebic erTad

blis qerqiT arian Sewnulni: am sakravs nazi da mravalgvari xma aqvs (g.

wereT.). saswrafod zmns. Cqara, male, dauyovnebliv, swrafad. «kaci

gvikvdeba da saswrafod mogveSvele-Tqo» (a. bel.). ceco datrialda, ...

saswrafod daagzno... cecxli (s. mgalob.). TuSma... saswrafod Semoirtya

xmali (T. razik.).

129


saswrafo saswrafos Zalian swrafad Sesasrulebeli, gadaudebeli.

saswrafo Setyobineba. saswrafo SekveTa. saswrafo samedicino daxmareba.

saswrafod. zmniz. Zalian swrafad, dauyovneblad. saswrafod unda

dabrundes. saswrafod iyideba bina.



saswrafo (saswrafosi) – arsebiTi saxeli; igivea rac saswrafo

daxmarebis manqana; Zlivs laparakobda, hqonda maRali sicxe da amis gamo

gamoiZaxa saswrafo; dauyovnebliv unda mimarToT saavadmyofos an

gamoiZaxoT saswrafo; dedas exumreobdnen- mari, nuRar Wam amdens,

saswrafo ar gagvixdes gamosaZaxebelio.

saswrafo (saswrafosi) – zedsarTavi saxeli; 1. swrafad

Sesasrulebeli, – saCqaro, saSuri; Tqvens mier aRwerili situacia

saswrafo ar aris; droulad dafaravs garderobis saswrafo ganaxlebis

gauTvaliswinebel xarjebs; prezidentobis movaleobis Semsrulebeli

Zalovani struqturebis meTaurebs saswrafo TaTbirze iwvevs; mainc

araferi gamodioda, vinaidan raRac-raRacebi saswrafo iyo da dro ar

iTmenda; 2. rac Cveulebrivze swrafad, dauyovnebliv midis an xdeba, –

swrafad moqmedi; erwos zonaze rom naxoT, ra mdgomareobaSi saswrafo

daxmarebis punqti guli gagiskdebaT; daukavSirda saswrafo daxmarebis

operatiuli samsaxuris ufross; saswrafo daxmareba; gulis mwvave

ukmarisobis ZiriTadi niSnebis gamovlenisTanave unda gamoviZaxoT

saswrafo daxmareba; blogze Cven ganvaTavsebT yvela uaxloes

informacias Tu vis sWirdeba saswrafo daxmareba; msgavsi simptomebis

arsebobisas unda mivmarToT saswrafo daxmarebas an stacionars;

saswrafo daxmarebis brigada; droulad gamoviZaxoT saswrafo

daxmarebis brigada; saswrafo daxmarebis brigada gzaSia; saswrafo

daxmarebis brigadam, sami daSavebuli sauniversiteto klinikasa da

pirvel klinikur saavadmyofoSi gadaiyvana; saswrafo daxmarebis eqimi;

saswrafo daxmarebis eqimebma misi gadarCena ver SeZles; saswrafo

130

daxmarebis eqimi aseve valdebulia, pacients tkivilgamayuCebeli

preparati gaukeTos; saswrafo daxmarebis eqimebs didi gamocdileba aqvT;

saswrafo daxmarebis manqana; mimdebare teritoriaze imorigevebs

saswrafo daxmarebis manqana; adgilze misuli saswrafo daxmarebis

manqana aucileblad rekavs sapartulo samsaxurSi; sacxovrebeli

korpusebis axlos, saswrafo daxmarebis manqana dgas; saswrafo

daxmarebis manqana maSin modis, roca is avadmyofs aRar Wirdeba;

saswrafo operacia; erTxel Cems meuRles saswrafo operacia dasWirda;

mas gadaudebeli daxmarebis centrSi saswrafo operacia Cautarda;

biujetis axal proeqtSi gazrdilia gegmiuri da saswrafo operaciebis

dafinanaseba; saswrafo samedicino daxmareba; samaSvelo samsaxuris da

saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis brigadebi; mZime SemTxvevaSi

aucilebelia saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis gamoZaxeba; jandacvis

programebs gamoeyo saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis programisTvis

gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxebi; saswrafo samedicino Careva; filtvebis

SeSupeba saswrafo samedicino Carevas moiTxovs; cxviris Zgidis

hematomac saswrafo samedicino Carevas saWiroebs; anafilaqsiuri Soki

saswrafo samedicino Carevas moiTxovs; saswrafo hospitalizacia;

TviTnebiTi abortis dros aucilebelia saswrafo hospitalizacia;

saWiroa saswrafo hospitalizacia da adekvaturi zomebis miReba

savalalo Sedegebis Tavidan asacileblad; muclis RruSi tkivilis

arsebobisas aucilebelia saswrafo hospitalizacia qirurgiul

ganyofilebaSi.


saswrafo warmodgenilia oTxi mniSvnelobiT, maT Soris dialeqturi

masalidan. xolo „qarTul leqsikonSi“ am sityvis erTi mniSvnelobaa

mocemuli. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-statiaში,

calke sityva-statiad gamovitaneT mocemuli sityva rogorc arsebiTi

saxeli, Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: igivea rac saswrafo daxmarebis manqana;

Zlivs laparakobda, hqonda maRali sicxe da amis gamo gamoiZaxa

saswrafo; dauyovnebliv unda mimarToT saavadmyofos an gamoiZaxoT

saswrafo; dedas exumreobdnen- mari, nuRar Wam amdens, saswrafo ar

131

gagvixdes gamosaZaxebelio. aRsaniSnavia, rom zedsarTav saxelSi,

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-statiaSi asaxva ver

pova dialeqturma masalam qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonisagan

gansxvavebiT, Tumca masSi warmodgenilia iseTi Sesityvebebi, romlebic

Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba da mocemuli ar aris

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi. esenia: saswrafo daxmareba;

msgavsi simptomebis arsebobisas unda mivmarToT saswrafo daxmarebas an

stacionars; saswrafo daxmarebis brigada; saswrafo daxmarebis brigada

gzaSia; saswrafo daxmarebis eqimi; saswrafo daxmarebis eqimebma misi

gadarCena ver SeZles; saswrafo daxmarebis manqana; mimdebare

teritoriaze imorigevebs saswrafo daxmarebis manqana; saswrafo

operacia; biujetis axal proeqtSi gazrdilia gegmiuri da saswrafo

operaciebis dafinanaseba; saswrafo samedicino daxmareba; mZime

SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis gamoZaxeba;

saswrafo samedicino Careva; filtvebis SeSupeba saswrafo samedicino

Carevas moiTxovs; saswrafo hospitalizacia; TviTnebiTi abortis dros

aucilebelia saswrafo hospitalizacia.

23. tenderi


tender-i (tenderisa) [ing. tender] spec. orTqlmavlis nawili an

sagangebod mowyobili misabmeli vagoni, romelSic orTqlmavlisaTvis

saWiro wylis, saTbobisa da sxva masalis maragi Tavsdeba. zeinklebs

evalebaT tenderis axsna, aweva («kom.»).


tenderi tenderis Ria konkursi raimes Sesyidvaze an romelime

saqmis Sesrulebaze uflebis mosapoveblad. tenderi gamocxadda.

tenderSi gamarjvebuli kompania.

132



tender-i (tenderisa) – saxelwmifo Tu arasaxelmwifo

organizaciis mier gamocxadebuli Ria konkursi ama Tu im teqnikuri

mowyobilobisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidvis Taobaze; dedaqalaqis meriam

bavSTa qalaq „mziuris“ rebilitaciaze tenderi 16 maiss gamoacxada;

wyaltubos municipalitetis mier gamocxadda gamartivebuli

eleqtronuli tenderi 2 erTeul nagavmzidi avtomanqanis Sesyidvaze;

gamgeobas ufleba misces kulturuli RonisZiebis momsaxureobisTvis

tenderi gamartivebuli wesiT Caataros; „magTikomma“ cxeli xazis

momsaxurebaze Tbilisis satransporto kompaniis tenderi moigo.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi aRniSnuli sityvis mxolod

erTi mniSvnelobaa mocemuli, rac orTqmavlis nawils an sagangebobd

misabmel vagons ukavSirdeba. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mier Sedgenil

sityva-statiaSi ki piriqiT, asaxva ar pova am mniSvnelobam, magram masSi

mocemuli is mniSvneloba, rac ase aqtiurd gamoiyeneba dRes: saxelwmifo

Tu arasaxelmwifo organizaciis mier gamocxadebuli konkursi ama Tu im

teqnikuri mowyobilobisa da momsaxurebis Sesidvis Taobaze; dedaqalaqis

meriam bavSTa qalaq „mziuris“ rebilitaciaze tenderi 16 maiss

gamoacxada. aRsaniSnavia, rom „qarTul leqsikonSi“ mocemuliა am sityvis

is mniSvneloba, rac vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-statiaSia

warmodgenili.

133

24. gadanergva


gadanergva (gadanergvisa) saxeli gadanergavs, gadainergeba zmnaTa

moqmedebisa.


gadanergva gadanergvis (gadanergavs, gadaunergavs, gadainergavs,

gadainergeba) cocxali organizmis romelime organos, qsovilis da misT.

amokveTa da sxva organizmSi dazianebuli organos nacvlad gadatana

misi sasicocxlo funqciis aRdgenis mizniT. Tmis gadanergva. guli

gadaunerges. gadanergili. rac gadanerges. gadanergili kani.



gadanergva (gadanergvisa) ama Tu im organos, ujredis, qsovilis

gadatana; recidivis SemTxvevaSi mkurnalobis idealuri variantia Zvlis

tvinis gadanergva; sadReisod mkurnalobis oqros standartad miCneulia

RviZlis gadanergva; zogjer am stadiaSic tardeba Zvlis tvinis

gadanergva; Zlieri damwvrobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa dagWirdeT kanis

gadanergva; amis Semdeg xdeba janmrTeli Rerovani ujredebis gadanergva;

Tmis gadanergvis efeqturoba man Tavis Tavze gamoscada.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonsa da „qarTul leqiskonSi“

aRniSnuli sityvis erTi mniSvnelobaa mocemuli, Tumca mocemuli araa

vrceli sailustracio masala. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT

Sedgenil sityva-statiaSi ki mocemuli sailustracio masala sxadasxva

dargidan: recidivis SemTxvevaSi mkurnalobis idealuri variantia Zvlis

tvinis gadanergva; sadReisod mkurnalobis oqros standartad miCneulia

RviZlis gadanergva; zogjer am stadiaSic tardeba Zvlis tvinis

gadanergva; Zlieri damwvrobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa dagWirdeT kanis

gadanergva; amis Semdeg xdeba janmrTeli Rerovani ujredebis gadanergva;

Tmis gadanergvis efeqturoba man Tavis Tavze gamoscada.

134

25. scenari


scenar-i (scenarisa) [ital. scenario] 1. dramatuli nawarmoebi,

romlis mixedviTac idgmeba kinosuraTi. 2. Teatr. dramatuli nawarmoebis

siuJeturi sqema, monaxazi, romelsac msaxiobebi speqtaklis msvlelobis

dros improvizaciulad avseben. 3. piesis moqmed pirTa sia, sadac

naCvenebia TiToeuli maTganis scenaze gamosvlis dro da rigi.


scenari scenaris mxatvruli nawarmoebi, romlis mixedviTac iReben

films an dgamen warmodgenebs. scenaris avtori.



scenar-i (scenarisa) 1. Mmxatvruli nawaromebis siuJeturi sqema,

monaxaxi, romelsac msaxiobebis filmis, speqtaklis dros avseben;

erTaderTi gamosavali is darCeba, rom me TviTon davwero scenari,

gadaviRo filmi da Tavadve viTamaSo; Turme, meuRles ramdenime

kinoreJisorTan miutania scenari, da yvelam, arc meti, arc naklebi,

uariT gaistumra; piterma scenari holivudis sxva kompaniebs miutana; 2.

ama Tu im movlenaTa ganviTarebis suraTi; ai, scenari, arCevnebi

gayalbdeba, xalxi quCaSi gamova; Znelia, warmoidgino imaze uaresi

scenari, vidre TviTmfrinavis marcxi da Sua okeaneSi Cavardnaa; axlo

aRmosavleTSi ukve gaTamaSda is scenari, rac mTel msoflioSia

mosalodnelia; qarTulma sazogadoebam Tavad Seamzada eTnikuri

konfliqtebis is scenari, romelSic saqarTvelo sruliad logikurad

aRmoCnda.

rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi mocemuli

ეsityvis sami mniSvn lobaa gamotanili, Tumca ar aris sailustracio

masala gansxvavebiT qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-

statiisagan. xolo „qarTul leqsikonSi“ mocemuli sityvis erTi

mniSvnelobaa gamotanili, qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi კი am sityvis ori

135

mniSvneloba, maT Soris iseTi mniSvneloba, romelic asaxuli ar aris

arc qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi da arc „qarTul leqsikonSi“.

es mniSvnelobaa: ama Tu im movlenaTa ganviTarebis suraTi; ai, scenari,

arCevnebi gayalbdeba, xalxi quCaSi gamova; Znelia, warmoidgino imaze

uaresi scenari, vidre TviTmfrinavis marcxi da Sua okeaneSi Cavardnaa.

26. genetika


genetika (genetikisa) [berZ. genetikos warmoSobasTan dakavSirebuli]

biologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis organizmis ganviTarebasa da

memkvidreobiTobas. simsuqnis erTerTi faqtori adamianis individualuri

genetikaa («kv. qron.»). mainteresebs mxolod is, rac genetikis

zogadTeoriul sakiTxebs exeba (T. buaC.).


genetika genetikis mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis organizmebis

memkvidreobisa da cvalebadobis kanonebs. genetikis kursi.



genetika (genetikisa) 1. genetikuri kodi, informacia,

memkvidreobiToba; isini damexmaren imiT, rom gamaCines da maTi genetika

gamomyva; Tumca adamianis xasiaTs genetika ganapirobebs da plastikuri

qirurgiiT am xasiaTs ver gadaakeTeb; doqtorma norman borlaugma,

Seiswavla mcenareebis genetika da miRebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT

Seqmna axali Taobis xorbali; arc mTlad masea saqme, roca Cemi gurul-

svanuri genetika Tavs maxsenebs; 2. biologiis dargi, romelic

Seiswavlis organizmis ganviTarebasa da memkvidreobiTobas; daeuflebi

iseT fundamentur da gamoyenebiT biologiur disciplinebs,

rogorebicaa: genetika, molekuluri biologia; universitetSi 2008

wlidan kiTxulobs leqciebs samedicino genetika, onkologia;

136

citologia da genetika, biologiis es ori dargi, mWidrod daukavSirda

erTmaneTs; molekuluri genetika; kvlevas axorcielebs agraruli

universitetis farglebSi arsebuli molekuluri genetikis instituti;

qalbatonma iam Tavidan mokled mimoixila molekuluri genetika.


aRniSnuli sityva-statia mocemulia mxolod erT mniSvnelobiT, xolo

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenili sityva-statiaSi gamoiyofa

ori mniSvneloba: 1) genetikuri kodi, informacia, memkvidreobiToba;

Tumca adamianis xasiaTs genetika ganapirobebs da plastikuri qirurgiiT

am xasiaTs ver gadaakeTeb da 2) biologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis

organizmis ganviTarebasa da memkvidreobiTobas; universitetSi 2008

wlidan kiTxulobs leqciebs samedicino genetika, onkologia. garda

amisa, gamotanilia Sesityveba, molekuluri genetika; kvlevas

axorcielebs agraruli universitetis farglebSi arsebuli molekuluri

genetikis instituti.

27. genetikuri


genetikuri (genetikurisa) genetikasTan dakavSirebuli, raimes

warmoSobis, ganviTarebis Semswavleli. genetikuri mineralogia. – aq brma

mibaZvaze, ra Tqma unda, laparakic ar SeiZleba, esaa mxolod genetikuri

naTesaoba («lit. saq.»). instituti uznaZis sicocxleSi sami – zogadi

fsiqologiis, genetikuri fsiqologisa da paTofsiqologiis

ganyofilebebisagan Sedgeboda (r. naT.). qarTvel kacSi swrafad iCina

Tavi Tavisuflebis genetikurma wyurvilma (d. mWedl.). genetikurad zmns.

warmoSobis mxriv, warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT. vfiqrob, [es] genetikurad

gapirobebuli raime auxsneli Tviseba unda yofiliyo (T. buaC.).

genetikuri kodi STamomavlobiTi «informacia», romelic genebiT

gadaecema. bebiaCemis optimizmi genetikuri kodiT gadmomeca (W. amirej.).

qarTuli suli, erovnuli tradiciebi Cvens xalxSia fesvgadgmuli da

mamebidan Svilebs genetikuri kodiT gadaecemaT («as.das.»). genetikuri

137

fondi mocemuli populaciis, populaciaTa jgufis an saxeobis genebis

erToblioba. mwams, rom adamianis suli aris ukvdavi – igi genetikuri

fondia, STamomavlobiT gadadis da aramarto STamomavlobiT (W. amirej.).


genetikuri genetikuris 1. genetikasTan dakavSirebuli. genetikuri

kvleva. 2. genebTan dakavSirebuli. genetikuri daavadeba.



genetikuri (genetikurisa) genetikasTan dakavSirebuli, raimes

warmoSobis, ganviTarebis Semswavleli; sarkoidozs safuZvlad udevs

genetikuri, ekologiuri, infeqciuri da imunologiuri faqtorebi; am

procesis Seferxeba SesaZloa genetikuri an hormonuli darRvevebiT iyos

ganpirobebuli; evoluciis manZilze, organizmSi genetikuri cvlilebebi

xdeba; genetikuri algoriTmi; genetikuri algoriTmebis meTodologiis

arsi evoluciis bunebrivi SerCevis princips efuZneba; genetikuri

analizi; genetikuri analizi aCvenebs rom tutanxamoni araerTi

sneulebiT iyo daavadebuli; msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi

pacientebs genetikuri analizi utardebaT; genetikuri analiziT

dadgenilia, rom daavadebis gamomwvevi geni lokalizebulia me-13

qromosomaze; genetikuri anomalia; aseTi genetikuri anomaliiT 20 000

axalSobili vaJidan erTi ibadeba; mravali genetikuri anomaliisas,

romelsac amenorea axasiaTebs, darRveulia SigniTa sasqeso organoebis

ganviTareba; arcTu iSviaTad leikopenia imunitetis genetikuri

anomaliiT aris ganpirobebuli; genetikuri aparati; genetikuri aparatis

- dnm-s dazianeba vlindeba mxolod garemos araxelsayreli zemoqmedebis

Semdeg; ujredis genetikuri aparatis anu dnm-s imgvari cvlileba,

romelic ujreds ukontrolod gamravlebas aiZulebs; genetikuria

daavadeba, romelsac adamianis genetikuri aparatis anu dnm-s molekulis

dazianeba iwvevs; genetikuri ganwyoba; bavSvebi mza pirovnebebad ar

ibadebian, maT CamoyalibebaSi TavianT rols asruleben rogorc

138

genetikuri ganwyoba, aseve garemo; Saqriani diabetis ganviTarebisTvis

riskis faqtorebia genetikuri ganwyoba, paTologiuri orsuloba;

mniSvnelovan rols gansazRvravs daavadebis ganviTarebaSi genetikuri

ganwyoba; genetikuri daavadeba; pacients hqonda iSviaTi genetikuri

daavadeba, fankonis anemia; genetikuri daavadeba SesaZloa ojaxis

mxolod erT wevrs gamoaCndes; genetikuri daavadebebi sam jgufad iyofa,

imis mixedviT, romeli faqtori axdens maT Camoyalibebasa da

ganviTarebaze ufro met gavlenas - memkvidreobiTi Tu garegani;

genetikuri darRveva; dReisTvis daavadebis savaraudo mizezad

genetikuri darRveva moiazreba; leS-nihanis sindromi genetikuri

darRvevaa, romelic 380 000-dan erT SemTxvevaSi iCens; es mutacia

erTgvari genetikuri darRvevaa, romelic ujredebs Sidsis mimarT

brZolisunarians xdis; genetikuri defeqti; samedicino mizezad iTvleba

SemTxvevebi, rodesac nayofs genetikuri defeqti aqvs; sadReisod

aRwerilia alfa-1-antitrifsinis genis 100-mde genetikuri defeqti;

pirveli hipolaqtazia genetikuri defeqtiT aris ganpirobebuli;

genetikuri variacia; sqesobrivi gamravleba zrdis genetikur variacias

da qmnis im mravalferovnebas, romelsac akontrolebs bunebrivi

gadarCeva; dResdReobiT cnobilia, rom maTi unikalurobis mizezi Cvens

saxeobaSi arsebuli genetikuri variaciebia; cxen-irmis SemTxvevaSi

SesaZloa naSieri arabunebrivi genetikuri variaciebiT gamoirCeodes;

genetikuri inJineria; Semoitanes genetikuri inJineriiT miRebuli

kartofilis sami jiSi; biomeurneobaSi kategoriulad akrZalulia

genetikuri inJineriis teqnologiiT miRebuli organizmebis gamoyeneba;

genetikuri inJineriac mowodebis simaRleze iyo; genetikuri informacia;

adamianis genetikuri informacia inaxeba molekulaSi, romelsac dnm

ewodeba; viruss didi wneviT Sehyavs Tavisi genetikuri informacia

maspinZel ujredSi, romelic Semdeg parazits amravlebs da infeqciis

gavrcelebas xels uwyobs; axali genetikuri informacia masSi genebis

horizontaluri gadacemiT Sedis; genetikuri kodi; ukve gaSifrulia am

saSiSi mikrobis genetikuri kodi; matriqsis aqtiurobas yovel adamianSi

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli genetikuri kodi gansazRvravs; Cveni genetikuri

kodi jer kidev Seicavs egoistur da agresiul instinqtebs, romlebic

139

warsulSi gadarCenisTvis iyo saWiro; misma gamokvlevebma kacobriobas

genetikuri kodis aRmoCenis saSualeba misca; genetikuri markeri;

gamovlinda genetikuri markerebi, romlebic xSirad aris asocirebuli

araspecifikur wylulovan kolitTan; am sindromTa umravlesobisTvis

gansazRvrulia genetikuri markerebi, maTi funqcia bolomde mainc ar

aris Seswavlili; genetikuri mexsiereba; axla vmuSaob genetikuri

mexsierebis Temaze; amboben adamianebs genetikuri mexsierebac gaaCniaTo,

arqetipebic; rogorc Cans, genetikuri mexsiereba, Zvel naTesaur kods

mainc inarCunebs; genetikuri midrekileba; simsuqnisadmi genetikuri

midrekileba is ZiriTadi faqtorebia, romlebic simsuqnes udevs

safuZvlad; simsuqnisadmi genetikuri midrekileba is ZiriTadi

faqtorebia, romlebic simsuqnes udevs safuZvlad; genetikuri

midrekilebiT gamowveuli darRvevebis Sedegad mcirdeba placenturi

sisxlis mimoqceva; genetikuri mutacia; zogierTi genetikuri mutacia

zrdis celiakiis albaTobas; genetikuri mutacia masignalizebel cilebs

Tavis tvinis ujredebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaSi uSlis xels;

biologiuri mravalferovneba gamoixateba genetikur mutaciebSi;

genetikuri paTologia; daunis sindromi genetikuri paTologiaa; gvian

asakSi maRalia axalSobilTa genetikuri paTologiebiT daavadebis

albaToba; bolo xans sazogadod genetikuri paTologiebis gaxSireba

SeimCneva; genetikuri resursi; vazis adgilobrivi genetikuri resursebis

identifikacia; akad. n. vavilovis mier dawyebuli genetikuri resursebis

Segroveba; leqcia moicavda informacias vazis biomravalferovnebisa da

genetikuri resursebis Sesaxeb; genetikuri testi; genetikuri testebis

pasuxebi dadasturebulia: axalgazrda mamakacis mama exnatonia; axal

aRmoCenebze dayrdnobiT maT Seqmnes genetikuri testi; genetikuri

testireba; am meTods dedis sisxlSi mocirkulire nayofis ujredebis

genetikuri testireba ewodeba; saWiroa, ukanonod gamocxaddes adamianis

nebismieri ujredis genetikuri testireba mflobelis Tanxmobis gareSe;

genetikuri testireba yovelwliurad unda Cautardes ojaxis 6 wels

gadacilebul yvela wevrs; genetikuri faqtori; mxedvelobis gauaresebas

mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs genetikuri faqtorebi; genetikuri

faqtorebi gavlenas axdens im hormonebze, romlebic cximovani cvlis

140

regulaciaSi monawileobs; kvlevis Tanaxmad, sizarmaces SesaZloa

genetikuri faqtorebi ganapirobebdes; genetikuri foni; rteriuli wnevis

urTierTkavSirze mravali faqtori axdens gavlenas, maT Soris -

organizmis Tavisebureba, genetikuri foni; datvirTuli genetikuri foni

maqvs.



28. genetikurad

genetikurad – zmn. warmoSobis/ genetikis mxriv, TvalsazrisiT;

Tavmdabloba CvenSi ar gamodis, ara varT Tavmdabali genetikurad;

SeSupebuli quTuToebic genetikurad maqvs dedaCemis mxridan; sqesobrivi

ltolvis mimarTuleba, rogorc cxovelebSi, aseve adamianebSi

genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli; genetikurad modificirebuli;

genetikurad modificirebul Tagvebs normaze gacilebiT patara

saTesleebi ganuviTardaT; moxseneba Seexeba genetikurad modificirebul

organizmebs (gmo); dRes msoflioSi yovelwliurad izrdeba genetikurad

modificirebuli produqciis warmoeba.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikono saleqsikono erTeulisatvis

genetikuri gamotanilia erTi mniSvneloba, xolo „qarTul leqsikonSi“

amave sityvis ori mniSvneloba gvxvdeba. aseve erTi mniSvnelobaa

gamotanili qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-

statiaSi, Tumca aq yuradRebas ipyrobs sailustracio masalis

mravaferovneba da iseTi Sesityvebebi, romlebic ar aris mocemuli

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi. esenia: genetikuri algoriTmi;

genetikuri algoriTmebis meTodologiis arsi evoluciis bunebrivi

SerCevis princips efuZneba; genetikuri analizi; genetikuri analizi

aCvenebs rom tutanxamoni araerTi sneulebiT iyo daavadebuli;

genetikuri anomalia; aseTi genetikuri anomaliiT 20 000 axalSobili

vaJidan erTi ibadeba; genetikuri aparati; genetikuri aparatis - dnm-s

dazianeba vlindeba mxolod garemos araxelsayreli zemoqmedebis Semdeg;

141

genetikuri ganwyoba; mniSvnelovan rols gansazRvravs daavadebis

ganviTarebaSi genetikuri ganwyoba; genetikuri daavadeba; pacients hqonda

iSviaTi genetikuri daavadeba, fankonis anemia; genetikuri darRveva;

dReisTvis daavadebis savaraudo mizezad genetikuri darRveva moiazreba;

genetikuri defeqti; sadReisod aRwerilia alfa-1-antitrifsinis genis

100-mde genetikuri defeqti; genetikuri variacia; cxen-irmis SemTxvevaSi

SesaZloa naSieri arabunebrivi genetikuri variaciebiT gamoirCeodes;

genetikuri inJineria; biomeurneobaSi kategoriulad akrZalulia

genetikuri inJineriis teqnologiiT miRebuli organizmebis gamoyeneba;

genetikuri informacia; adamianis genetikuri informacia inaxeba

molekulaSi, romelsac dnm ewodeba; genetikuri kodi; ukve gaSifrulia

am saSiSi mikrobis genetikuri kodi; genetikuri markeri; gamovlinda

genetikuri markerebi, romlebic xSirad aris asocirebuli araspecifikur

wylulovan kolitTan; genetikuri mexsiereba; axla vmuSaob genetikuri

mexsierebis Temaze; genetikuri midrekileba; simsuqnisadmi genetikuri

midrekileba is ZiriTadi faqtorebia, romlebic simsuqnes udevs

safuZvlad; genetikuri mutacia; zogierTi genetikuri mutacia zrdis

celiakiis albaTobas; genetikuri paTologia; daunis sindromi

genetikuri paTologiaa; genetikuri resursi; vazis adgilobrivi

genetikuri resursebis identifikacia; genetikuri testi; genetikuri

testebis pasuxebi dadasturebulia: axalgazrda mamakacis mama exnatonia;

genetikuri testireba; am meTods dedis sisxlSi mocirkulire nayofis

ujredebis genetikuri testireba ewodeba. Ggarda amisa, calke

saleqsikono erTeulad gamotanilia sityva-statia zmnizeda, Sesabamisi

sailustracio masaliTa da SesityvebiT, rogoricaa, genetikurad

modificirebuli; moxseneba Seexeba genetikurad modificirebul

organizmebs (gmo).

142

29. diskomforti


diskomfort-i (diskomfortisa) [laT. dis-, berZ. dys- uaryofa da

ing. comfort] wign. cudi pirobebi (cxovrebisa, muSaobisa, dasvenebisa...).

gaorebuli mdgomareoba badebs arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsebs, Sinagan

diskomforts, mudmiv opozicioneobis auras («lit. saq.»).


diskomforti diskomfortis cxovrebis, muSaobis, dasvenebis cudi

pirobebi, komfortis arqona. diskomforts ver egueba.



diskomfort-i (diskomfortisa) 1. uxerxuli / araxelsayreli

situacia, mdgomareoba; maTgan arasdros migrZvnia diskomforti;

erTaderTi diskomforti, rac mowevis Sedegad migrZvnia, gadaRlilobaa;

amis gamo parkis vizitorebs eqmnebaT seriozuli diskomforti;

mTavrobas unda SevuqmnaT diskomforti, rom aRar moxdes adamianebis

gaTavisufleba sajaro samsaxurebidan; 2. ama Tu im daavadebisas

Tanmxlebi mdgomareoba; lazeris gamoyenebiT mcirdeba sisxlis

danakargi, mcirdeba postoperaciuli diskomforti; disonansis

rezultats warmoadgens fsiqologiuri diskomforti; xSirad amas Tan

axlavs diskomforti da muclis Seberilobis SegrZneba.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonsa da „qarTul leqsikonSi“:

mocemuli sityvis mxolod erTi mniSvnelobaa gamotanilia. rac Seexeba

qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-

statias, masSi gamoiyofa ori mniSvneloba: 1) uxerxuli / araxelsayreli

situacia, mdgomareoba; maTgan arasdros migrZvnia diskomforti da 2) ama

Tu im daavadebisas Tanmxlebi mdgomareoba; lazeris gamoyenebiT

mcirdeba sisxlis danakargi, mcirdeba postoperaciuli diskomforti;

disonansis rezultats warmoadgens fsiqologiuri diskomforti; xSirad

143

amas Tan axlavs diskomforti da muclis Seberilobis SegrZneba. unda

aRiniSnos, rom zemoT mocemuli mniSvnelobebi ar aris asaxuli qarTuli

enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi.

30. virusuli


virusul-i (virusulisa) virus[eb]isa, virus[eb]is damaxasiaTebeli.

erTi da imave saxis virusuli formebi da mikrobebis formebi, Cveni

dakvirvebiT, roca isini erTi-meored gardaiqcevian, SeiZleba mikrobTa

da virusTa sxva saxeebadac ganviTardnen («saxalxo ganaTl.»). ◊

virusuli daavadeba virusebiT gamowveuli daavadeba. Cven SevZeliT

migveRo virusuli daavadebis cxra aRmZvrelis mikrobuli formebi

(«saxalxo ganaTl.»).


virusuli virusulis virusiT gamowveuli. virusuli gripi.

mcenareTa virusuli daavadebani.



virusul-i (virusulisa) 1. virus[eb]isa, virus[eb]is damaxasiaTebeli;

cxelebis mizezad SeiZleba iqces nebismieri virusuli , baqteriuli da

parazituli infeqcia; virusuli angina umetesad viTardeba zeda sasunTqi

gzebis respiraciuli virusuli infeqciis fonze; A hepatiti RviZlis

virusuli anTebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa; 2. popularuli/farTo

masebSi cnobili; sam dReSi ukve milionamde mnaxveli Seagrova

virusulma videom, rac cxadia kargi maCvenebelia; sabaleto dasis

SesrulebiT virusulma cekvam Harlem Shake-ma klasikamdec miaRwia; foto,

romelic SeyvarebulisTvis gadaiRo, internetSi virusulad gavrcelda;

socialur qsel feisbuqis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia ganwyobis virusulad

gavrceleba; video virusulad iqca da 1 kviraSi 9 milioni naxva

daagrova; virusuli gripi; bela xuTi Tvis fexmZime iyo, virusuli gripi

rom Seeyara; bolo monacemebiT virusuli gripis laborato-riulad

144

dadasturebuli 439 SemTxvevaa gamovlenili; am sezonze virusuli gripis

A, B tipi da H1N1 virusi laboratoriulad 1103 pacients daudginda;

virusuli daavadeba; hepatiti aris virusuli daavadeba, romelic

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs; meWeWi aris kanis virusuli

daavadeba, SeiZleba kanis erT ubanze morCes, magram sxva ubanze iCinos

Tavi; wiTela farTod gavrcelebuli virusuli daavadebaa, romelic

advilad gadadis haerwveTovani gziT; virusuli infeqcia; mwvave

respiratoruli virusuli infeqcia iSviaTad iwvevs organizmis

seriozul dazianebas; daavadebis gamSveb meqanizms TiTqmis yovelTvis

virusuli infeqcia warmoadgens; delfinebis daRupvis mizezi virusuli

infeqciaa, romelic Sav zRvaSi ZuZumwovrebSi vrceldeba; virusuli

hepatiti; virusuli hepatitebi msoflioSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli da

saSiSi daavadebebia; virusuli hepatitebi or did jgufad iyofa;

virusuli hepatitebis problema uwindeburad aqtualuria.


saleqsikono erTeuli virusuli mxolod erTi mniSvnelobiTaa

warmodgenili. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-

statiaSi ki asaxulia iseTi uaxlesi mniSvneloba, rogoricaa:

popularuli/farTo masebSi cnobili; sam dReSi ukve milionamde

mnaxveli Seagrova virusulma videom, rac cxadia kargi maCvenebelia;

sabaleto dasis SesrulebiT virusulma cekvam Harlem Shake-ma klasikamdec

miaRwia; foto, romelic SeyvarebulisTvis gadaiRo, internetSi

virusulad gavrcelda; socialur qsel feisbuqis meSveobiT

SesaZlebelia ganwyobis virusulad gavrceleba; video virusulad iqca

da 1 kviraSi 9 milioni naxva daagrova. garda amisa, mocemulia am

sityvasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi Sesityvebebi, rogorebicaa: virusuli

gripi; bolo monacemebiT virusuli gripis laborato-riulad

dadasturebuli 439 SemTxvevaa gamovlenili; virusuli daavadeba;

hepatiti aris virusuli daavadeba, romelic gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

moiTxovs; virusuli infeqcia; mwvave respiratoruli virusuli infeqcia

iSviaTad iwvevs organizmis seriozul dazianebas; virusuli hepatiti;

virusuli hepatitebi or did jgufad iyofa.

145

31. gaSuqeba


gaSuqeba (gaSuqebisa) saxeli gaaSuqebs, gaSuqdeba zmnaTa

moqmedebisa. – 1. Suqis, naTelis mofena, – ganaTeba. oTaxis gaSuqeba. –

figur. [niko] fiqrobda, rom... sinaTlis momfeni soflis bnel cxovrebaSi

skola iyo da am sinaTlis mofena, am sibnelis gaSuqeba sabedniero

saqmed miaCnda (ek. gab.). 2. gadat. garCeva, ganxilva, ganmarteba;

naTelyofa, warmoCena. axali problemis gaSuqebis dros gamoirkva, rom...

aqamde arsebuli Teoriebisa da gabatonebul SexedulebaTa

gaTvaliswineba da kritikuli ganxilvaa saWiro (iv. javax.). vaxtangma

SeniSna, rom «vefxistyaosnis» zogierTi adgili... garkvevas saWiroebda

da gaSuqebas moiTxovda (l. men.). 3. spec. rentgenis sxivebiT gasinjva,

Semowmeba (cocxali organizmisa). arada, drodadro adamians aucileblad

sWirdeba rentgeniT gaSuqeba («droni»).


gaSuqeba gaSuqebis (gaaSuqebs, gaiSuqebs, gaSuqdeba, gaaSuqebinebs) 1.

mzis, lampisa da misT. Suqis sxivebis mofena. gza farniT gaaSuqa. 2.

gadat. ganxilva. axsna. momxsenebelma sakiTxi kargad gaaSuqa.

prezidentis viziti presaSi gaSuqda. 3. samedicino gamokvleva rentgenis

sxivebiT. filtvebi gauSuqa. gaSuqebuli. rac gaaSuqes. televziiT

gaSuqebuli faqti.



gaSuqeba (gaSuqebisa) 1. mediasaSualebebiT ama Tu im informaciis

gadacema; moWidaveebis aqciis pirdapir eTerSi gaSuqeba; adgilobrivi

mTavrobis aqtivobebis sainformacio gamoSvebebisaTvis uCveulod didi

droiT gaSuqeba; uamravma mSobelma gaaprotesta am klipis televiziiT

gaSuqeba; 2. garCeva, ganxilva, ganmarteba; Seuferebel dros mogviwia am

faqtis sajarod gamotana da gaSuqeba; erTi weriliT SeuZlebelia, da

arasasurvelic, problemaTa mTeli speqtris gaSuqeba; 3. spec. rentgenis

146

sxivebiT gasinjva, Semowmeba (cocxali organizmisa); yovel misvlaze

miwevs spirografiis Semowmeba da filtvebis gaSuqeba; rentgeniT

gaSuqebas da rentgenografias diagnozis dasasmelad iyeneben; 4. ganaTeba;

yvela Senobis kedlebis specialuri rentgenuli aparaturiT gaSuqeba,

mogexsenebaT, SeuZlebelia.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT lesikonsa da „qarTul leqsikonSi“

aRniSnuli sityvis sami mniSvneloba gamoiyofa. rac Seexeba qarTuli

enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil saleqsikono sityva-statias, aq oTxi

mniSvneloba gamovyaviT, maT Soris erTi mniSvneloba, romelic ar aris

asaxuli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi: mediasaSualebebiT ama

Tu im informaciis gadacema; moWidaveebis aqciis pirdapir eTerSi

gaSuqeba; dgilobrivi mTavrobis aqtivobebis sainformacio

gamoSvebebisaTvis uCveulod didi droiT gaSuqeba; uamravma mSobelma

gaaprotesta am klipis televiziiT gaSuqeba.

32. progresuli


progresul-i (progresulisa) wign. progresis xelis Semwyobi, –

politikurad da sazogadoebrivad mowinave. progresuli klasi. – mTeli

progresuli kacobrioba adevnebs Tvalyurs sabWoTa xalxis SromiTs

sagmiro saqmeebs omisSemdgom wlebSi («kom.»). ◊ progresuli asimilacia

lingv. ix. asimilacia.


progresuli progresulis mowinave, ganviTarebuli, progresis

xelSemwyobi. progresuli axalgazrda. progresuli idea. Secdomaa.

progresiuli.



progresul-i (progresulisa) progresis Semwyobi da ideis

gamtarebeli; es gundi namdvilad iyo ufro progresuli, vidre

147

nebismieri sxva; progresuli , dasavluri Rirebulebebze orientirebuli

xelisufleba; msoflioSi myari wesrigi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba,

Tu ufro progresuli , evropuli xedva gaimarjvebs; progresuli

azrovneba; cdiloben, yvelas daumtkicon TavianTi ukompleqsoba da

progresuli azrovneba; misi progresuli azrovneba TvalSi eklad

esoboda mefis ruseTis xelisuflebas; miuxedavad personaJebis

progresuli azrovnebisa, isini mainc Caketil sivrceSi cxovroben;

progresuli ganviTareba; man gansazRvra evropuli filosofiis Semdgomi

progresuli ganviTareba; revolucia Zalze iSviaTad yofila

sazogadoebis progresuli ganviTarebis wyaro; am yvelafers ki emateba

msoflio civilizaciis progresuli ganviTareba, sadac adamiani

ufunqciod rCeba; droa Zalian radikaluri da mtkivneuli cvlilebebis,

romelmac unda uzrunvelyos qveynis da sazogadoebis progresuli

ganviTareba; progresuli idea; me mxolod da mxolod mowinave da

progresuli ideebiT movdivar saministroSi; es marTlac demokratiuli

da progresuli ideebis gamarjvebaa; sxvadasxva sferoebSi novatoruli

proeqtebisa da progresuli ideebis SemuSaveba; progresuli teqnologia;

wvril meurneobebSi ver xerxdeba progresuli teqnologiebis danergva;

membranuli teqnologia Sedis msoflios progresuli teqnologiebis

xuTeulSi; safrTxo savaWro servisi aseve SeiZleba gaxdes mniSvnelovani

faqtori investiciebis da progresuli teqnologiebis misazidad.

rogorc qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi, „qarTul

leqsikonSi“, aseve qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-

statiaSi mocemuli sityvis erTi mniSvneloba gamoiyofa, gansxvaveba

mdgomareobs, saislutracio masalis mravalferovnebasa da im

SesityvebebSi, rac qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil

statiaSia asaxuli. es Sesityvebebia: progresuli azrovneba; cdiloben,

yvelas daumtkicon TavianTi ukompleqsoba da progresuli azrovneba;

progresuli ganviTareba; man gansazRvra evropuli filosofiis Semdgomi

progresuli ganviTareba; progresuli idea; me mxolod da mxolod

mowinave da progresuli ideebiT movdivar saministroSi; progresuli

148

teqnologia; wvril meurneobebSi ver xerxdeba progresuli

teqnologiebis danergva.

33. margaliti


margalit-i (margalitisa) 1. marcvliseburi Zvirfasi Tvali

TeTri, Savi an yviTeli ferisa; warmoiSveba zogierTi moluskis sxeulSi;

xmaroben samkaulad. mec miboZes maT sakuTrad saCuqari didZalio:

samkauli, oqro, vercxli, margaliti da Tvalio (akaki). || figur. [mdinare]

scemda napirebs, isroda aqeT-iqiT margalit winwklebs (n. lom.). 2. gadat.

metismetad kargi, araCveulebrivi, Zvirfasi, saukeTeso ram. bevri ara

uweria ra [i. daviTaSvils], magram rac dawera, imaTSi aseTi margalitebi

amoirCeva, rom kacs daatkbobs azriTac da sityvierebiTac (ilia). «nu

geSinianT, Cemo Svilebo, tkbilebo, margalitebo! (vaJa). ◊ oboli

margaliti didi margaliti, romelic iSviaTia da Zvirfasad iTvleba. ||

gadat. ubadlo, iSviaTi, rCeuli. bevrma kargad aSenebulma glexma sTxova

[pepias] qali, magram aravis miaTxova, TiTqo sxvisaTvis ar emeteboda is

oboli margaliti (ilia). magisTana [SeqspiriviT, baironsaviT] obol

margalitebs Zalian iSviaTad mohyris xolme mdinare cxovrebisa (ilia).

2. rTuli fuZis meore Semadgeneli nawili. Tval-margaliti.


margaliti margalitis Zvirfasi qva, mineraluri warmonaqmni,

romelic viTardeba zogierTi moluskis niJaraSi moxvedril ucxo

sxeulze sadafis SemozrdiT. zRvis margaliti. Savi margaliti.

margalitis mZivi.

qarTuli enis vebkorpusi:


margalit-i (margalitisa) 1. marcvliseburi Zvirfasi Tvali

TeTri, Savi an yviTeli ferisa; warmoiSveba zogierTi moluskis sxeulSi;

149

xmaroben samkaulad; erTaderTi Zvirfasi Tvlebidan ar miyvars

margaliti , zedmetad qaluria; naxevradZvirfasi Tvlebisgan da

masalisgan aris gakeTebuli, rogoricaa: margaliti, firuzi; Zalian

uyvars margalitis yelsabami, gansakuTrebiT ki Savi margaliti; 2.

metismetad kargi, araCveulebrivi, Zvirfasi, saukeTeso ram; Taviss amxanag

gogoebSi maro, rogorc margaliti, ise irCeoda; Seni megobrebi Seni

simdidrea, Seni margaliti, oqro da brilianti; qilila da damana

msoflio literaturis Zvirfasi margaliti; 3. Cveul. Mmravlob.

sasacilo / samarcxvino ambebis, informaciis da misT. Kkrebuli; jer

sada varT, win kide axal-axali margalitebi gvelis albaT; socialur

qselebs sakmaod hyavs margalitebi da am margalitebis raodenoba isev

izrdeba; Sekribe Seni margalitebi da wignad gamoeci; oboli margaliti

didi margaliti, romelic iSviaTia da Zvirfasad iTvleba; gadat.

Seudarebeli, Zvirfasi ram; TiTqo sxvisaTvis ar emeteboda is oboli

margaliti; am sasmisiT megobrebo gulTa Soris gavde xidi da samSoblo

dagiloceT, es oboli margaliti; mTel qorwilis xalxSi ise virCeodi,

rogorc oboli margaliti.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi aRniSnuli sityvis ori

mniSvnelobaa gamotanili. „qarTul leqsikonSi“ ki amave sityvis erTi

mniSvnelobaa mocemuli. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT ki mesame

mniSvnelobac gamovyaviT. es mniSvnelobaa: sasacilo / samarcxvino

ambebis, informaciis da misT. Kkrebuli; jer sada varT, win kide axal-

axali margalitebi gvelis albaT; socialur qselebs sakmaod hyavs

margalitebi da am margalitebis raodenoba isev izrdeba; Sekribe Seni

margalitebi da wignad gamoeci.

150

34. humanitaruli


humanitarul-i (humanitarulisa) laT. [humanitas adamianuroba]

adamianis (da kulturis) Sesaxebi (mecniereba...). humanitaruli mecniereba.

_ humanitaruli ganaTleba. _ meTerTmeteklaselebi marto humanitarul

sagnebSi rodi iCenen warmatebebs («kom.»).


humanitaruli humanitarulis 1. xalxis kulturisa da istoriis

SeswavlasTan dakavSirebuli. humanitaruli fakulteti. humanitaruli

ganaTleba. 2. rasac humanuroba udevs safuZvlad, adamianis

keTildReobisken mimarTuli. humanitaruli organizacia. humanitaruli

daxmareba. Secdomaa gumanitaruli.



humanitarul-i (humanitarulisa) 1. adamianisa da kulturis

Sesaxeb mecnierebebTan dakavSirebuli; ojaxSi humanitaruli ganaTlebis

aravin myolia; humanitaruli ganxriT ufro Zlieri viyavi; 2. adamianuri

da kulturuli; yvelafers akeTebT, raTa xeli SeuwyoT humanitaruli,

kulturuli da sulieri kontaqtebis SenarCunebas moZme erebs Soris;

Cveni saqmianobis ZiriTadi principebi humanitaruli aqtivobebiT

Semoifargleba; intervencia gansxvavebulad, humanitaruli

gadmosaxedidan Sefasdeba; 3. adamianis daxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli;

gamokvlevebi mosaxleobas humanitaruli aqciis farglebSi Cautarda; 31-e

batalionma mosaxleobas humanitaruli da samedicino daxmarebac

aRmouCina; darwmunebulia, rom humanitaruli da finansuri daxmareba

Raribul saxelmwifoebSi fuWad ar ixarjeba; humanitaruli daxmareba;

kompaqturad Casaxlebulma devnilebma humanitaruli daxamrebac miiRes;

maT ar gaaCniaT arc humanitaruli daxmareba, arc samuSao adgilebi;

daniSnulebisamebr, miewodeba medikamentebi, gaeweva humanitaruli

daxmareba; humanitaruli katastrofa; politikuri krizisis garda iemeni

151

humanitaruli katastrofis zRvarzec dgas; eqstremistebis gaZliereba

humanitaruli katastrofis safrTxis Semcvelia; udidesi gaWirvebis

miuxedavad, masobrivi SimSilis da amis Sedegad gamowveuli

humanitaruli katastrofis mowmeni ar gavmxdarvarT; humanitaruli

krizisi; gaeros SefasebiT, siriis konfliqti yvelaze didi

humanitaruli krizisia; dResdReobiT ar arsebobs humanitaruli

krizisis raime mtkicebuleba; tripolSi dRes gaeros delegacia Cava da

humanitaruli krizisis masStabebs Seajamebs; humanitaruli mecnierebebi;

mamakacebi Zlierebi arian zust mecnierebebSi, qalebs ki ukeT gamosdiT

humanitaruli mecnierebebi; Semdeg dReebSi studentebi muSaobdnen or

jgufad - humanitaruli mecnierebisa da socialuri mecnierebis

mimarTulebiT; dRes saqarTveloSi humanitaruli mecnierebis

warmomadgenlebs Tmamad SeuZliaT damoukidebeli mecnieruli kvleva

awarmoon; humanitaruli misia; aris sagangebo reagirebis mimarTuleba,

humanitaruli misia, romelic krizisul viTarebaSi muSaobs; Cven aseve

xazgasmiT avRniSnavT am teritoriebze humanitaruli misiebis daSvebis

aucileblobas; wlebis ganmavlobaSi iRebdnen humanitaruli misiis

tvirTs, romlis realizebas axdendnen adgilobriv bazarze;

humanitaruli organizacia; saerTaSoriso humanitaruli organizaciebi

aqtiurad muSaoben, raTa Tavidan aicilon epidemia; humanitaruli

organizaciebis TqmiT, Svidi milioni adamiani SimSilis zRvarze

imyofeba; regionSi humanitarul organizaciebs Seuferxebeli muSaobis

SesaZlebloba unda hqondeT; humanitaruli programa; antirabiuli

acrebis humanitaruli programa; dakavebulni arian cocxali, praqtikuli

qristianobiT, socialuri da humanitaruli programebiT; TxovniT

mimarTa frangul mxares am mimarTulebiT humanitaruli programebis

ganxorcielebaze; humanitaruli proeqti; ganagrZoben mWidro

TanamSromlobasa da koordinacias humanitaruli proeqtebis

ganxorcielebis procesSi; mniSvnelovania humanitaruli proeqtebis

ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba koordinirebis gziT; litvis elCma

humanitaruli proeqtebis ganxorcielebisaTvis mzadyofna gamoTqva;

humanitaruli sagnebi; me ufro humanitaruli sagnebi mizidavda; me patara

asakidanve humanitaruli sagnebisken viyavi midrekili; amaSi

152

humanitaruli sagnebis roli Zalian didia; humanitaruli statusi;

ltolvilis statusis garda, kanonmdeblobaSi humanitaruli statusis

matarebeli piris cnebac Semodis; organizaciam saimporto

saqonlisaTvis humanitaruli statusis miniWebis mizniT unda Seavsos

ganacxadi; kanonproeqtSi ltolvilis da humanitaruli statusis mqone

pirTa ojaxis wevrebis dacva ukeTesad aris gaTvaliswinebuli;

humanitaruli tvirTi; madlobas vuxdiT im organizacias, romelmac

humanitaruli tvirTi gamogvigzavna; qalTa organizaciam omidan

dazaralebulebisaTvis Seagrova humanitaruli tvirTi; dazaralebul

mosaxleobas humanitaruli tvirTi miawodes; humanitaruli fakulteti;

bakalavriatis dasrulebis Semdeg man aqve humanitaruli fakultetis

magistraturaSi Caabara; davamTavre humanitaruli fakulteti

fsiqologiis ganxriT; ivane javaxiSvilis universitetis humanitaruli

fakulteti.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi mocemul saleqsikono

erTeulisaTvis gamotanilia mxolod erTi mniSvneloba. xolo „qarTul

leqsikonSi“ mocemuli amave sityvis ori mniSvneloba. qarTuli enis

vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenil sityva-stataSi ki sami mniSvneloba

gamovyaviT. es mniSvnelobebia: 1. adamianisa da kulturis Sesaxeb

mecnierebebTan dakavSirebuli; ojaxSi humanitaruli ganaTlebis aravin

myolia; 2. adamianuri da kulturuli; velafers akeTebT, raTa xeli

SeuwyoT humanitaruli, kulturuli da sulieri kontaqtebis

SenarCunebas moZme erebs Soris da 3. adamianis daxmarebasTan

dakavSirebuli; gamokvlevebi mosaxleobas humanitaruli aqciis

farglebSi Cautarda. garda amisa, gamovyaviT, iseTi Sesityvebebi,

rogorebicaa: humanitaruli daxmareba; kompaqturad Casaxlebulma

devnilebma humanitaruli daxamrebac miiRes; humanitaruli katastrofa;

politikuri krizisis garda iemeni humanitaruli katastrofis zRvarzec

dgas; humanitaruli krizisi; gaeros SefasebiT, siriis konfliqti

yvelaze didi humanitaruli krizisia; humanitaruli mecnierebebi;

mamakacebi Zlierebi arian zust mecnierebebSi, qalebs ki ukeT gamosdiT

humanitaruli mecnierebebi; humanitaruli misia; aris sagangebo

153

reagirebis mimarTuleba, humanitaruli misia, romelic krizisul

viTarebaSi muSaobs; humanitaruli organizacia; saerTaSoriso

humanitaruli organizaciebi aqtiurad muSaoben, raTa Tavidan aicilon

epidemia; humanitaruli programa; antirabiuli acrebis humanitaruli

programa; humanitaruli proeqti; ganagrZoben mWidro TanamSromlobasa

da koordinacias humanitaruli proeqtebis ganxorcielebis procesSi;

humanitaruli sagnebi; me ufro humanitaruli sagnebi mizidavda;

humanitaruli statusi; ltolvilis statusis garda, kanonmdeblobaSi

humanitaruli statusis matarebeli piris cnebac Semodis; humanitaruli

tvirTi; madlobas vuxdiT im organizacias, romelmac humanitaruli

tvirTi gamogvigzavna; humanitaruli fakulteti; bakalavriatis

dasrulebis Semdeg man aqve humanitaruli fakultetis magistraturaSi

Caabara.

35. virusi


virus-i (virusisa) [laT. virus Sxami] medic. infeqciur daavadebaTa

gamomwvevi – mikroskopiT uxilavi – cilovani arseba. Tanamedrove

mecniereba virusebs –umcires, mikroskopiT uxilav cilovan arsebebs,

mkveTrad ganasxvavebs mikrobebisagan – ujredovani organizmebisagan

(«saxalxo ganaTl.»).


virusi virusis 1. gadamdebi daavadebis gamomwvevi mikroorganizmi.

virusis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina. 2. kompiuteruli programa, romelic

mravldeba da azianebs kompiuteris programul an aparatul nawils.

virusma informacia waSala. virusuli. virusiT gamowveuli. virusuli

gripi. mcenareTa virusuli daavadebani.



154

virus-i (virusisa) 1. medic. infeqciur daavadebaTa gamomwvevi –

mikroskopiT uxilavi – cilovani arseba; antibiotikebi virusebze

zemoqmedebas ver axdenen; citrusebSi Semavali vitaminebi organizms

aZlierebs da virusebTan brZolaSi exmareba; sicxe organizmis virusebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis gamoxatulebaa; 2. Kkomp. specialuri programa,

romelic azianebs kompiuterul sistemas; kompiuteruli programebis

farTo ganviTarebas mohyva hakerebisa da axali kompiuteruli virusebis

gamavrcelebelTa mTeli pleadis gaCena; kompiuterebSi SeaRwia virusma ,

romelsac videoTvalTvalis da xmis Caweris funqcia hqonda; am virusma

gasul wels 4 milionze meti kompiuteri daaziana msoflios masStabiT.

qarTuli enis leqsikonSi saleqsikono erTeuli virusi mxolod

erTi mniSvnelobiTaa gamotanili, xolo „qarTul leqsikonSi“ ori

mniSvnelobaa mocemuli. rac Seexeba qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT

Sedgenil sityva statias, masSi ori mniSvneloba gamovyaviT, maT Soris

iseTi, romelic ar aris asaxuli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi:

komp. specialuri programa, romelic azianebs kompiuterul sistemas;

kompiuteruli programebis farTo ganviTarebas mohyva hakerebisa da

axali kompiuteruli virusebis gamavrcelebelTa mTeli pleadis gaCena;

kompiuterebSi SeaRwia virusma, romelsac videoTvalTvalis da xmis

Caweris funqcia hqonda; am virusma gasul wels 4 milionze meti

kompiuteri daaziana msoflios masStabiT.

***

amgvarad, meoTxe TavSi ganvixileT qarTuli enis vebkorpusi -

KaWaC, rogorc wyaro qarTul-evropuli tipis saswavlo leqsikonebis

sityva-statiebis Sesadgenad. am mizniT warmovadgineT sadisertacio

naSromis kidev erTi siaxle – qarTuli enis sixSiruli „en-gramebi“, rac

aRniSnavs momijanve / mosazRvre / mezobeli fonemebis, sityvebis,

sityvaTa wyvilebis erTad realizebis sixSires. aq „en-gramebs“

ganvixilavT momijnave sityvebis erTad realizebis mixedviT,

sadisertacio naSromSi sailustraciod moviyvaneT ramdenime magaliTi

orkomponentiani, samkoponentiani, oTxkomponentiani da xuTkomponentiani

155

„en-gramebisa“. rac Seexeba uSualod „en-gramebis“ srul cxrils, misi

moculobidan gamomdinare, igi eleqtronulad aqvs darTuli winamdebare

sadoqtoro naSroms.

winamdebare TavSi sailustraciod warmovadgineT Cven mier

Sedgenili sityva-statiebis nawili da aRniSnuli sityva-statiebi

SevadareT qarTuli enis ganmartebiTs leqsikonisa da „qarTuli

leqsikonis“ Sesabamis sityva-statiebs. rogorc Sedarebam aCvena, qarTuli

enis vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenili sityva-statiebi bevrad

informaciulia da moicavs iseT axal mniSvnelobebsa da realiebs, rac

qarTuli enis leqsikonebSi ar aris asaxuli da vfiqrobT, rom maTi

asaxva saswavlo tipis leqsikonebSi aucilebelia.

vebkorpusis bazaze Sedgenili sityva-statiebi aseve mdidaria

Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi gavrcelebuli SesityvebebiTa da idiomebiT.

Catarebulma analizma cxadyo, rom Cven mier Seqmnili qarTuli enis

vebkorpusi metad efeqturia qarTuli saleqsikono sityva-statiebis

Sesadgenad, yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli sityvebis polisemiuri

mniSvnelobebis, Sesityvebebisa da idiomebis gamosavlenad.

156

daskvna

sadisertacio naSromi, rogorc es SesavalSic iTqva, aris qarTul

leqsikografiaSi korpusuli meTodologiis gamoyenebis pirveli

mcdeloba. sadoqtoro kvlevis ZiriTadi siaxle da Sedegia lidsis

universitetSi Seqmnili 150-milionsityviani qarTuli enis vebkorpusi da

aRniSnuli vebkorpusis mixedviT dadgenili qarTuli enis sixSiruli

leqsika – 10,000 yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli qarTuli sityva. aRniSnuli

sityvani gaxdeba qarTul-evropuli tipis axali saswavlo leqsikonebis

sityvanis gansazRvris safuZveli. Catarebulma kvlevam aseve gamoavlina

Cven mier Seqmnili qarTuli enis vebkorpusis efeqturoba aRniSnuli

leqsikonebis qarTuli nawilis saleqsikono sityva-statiebis Sesadgenad.

sadisertacio naSromSi „qarTul-evropuli tipis axali saswavlo

leqsikonebis Sedgenis sakiTxebi korpusuli meTodologiis gamoyenebiT“

detaluradaa aRwerili Catarebuli kvlevis TiToeuli etapi da

gamoyenebuli meTodologia:

1. qarTuli enis vebkorpusi moicavs 150 milion sityvas, ufro

zustad:

• teqsti: 618468 vebgverdi - 697 vebsaitidan

• sityva: 182845341, 2865042 tipi

• tokeni: 23550807, 3447266 tipi

2. qarTuli enis vebkorpusSi reprezentaciulobis miRwevis mizniT

SeirCa 697 vebsaiti, rac mTlianobaSi 618468 vebgverds Seadgens.

3. vebgverdebi programa wget-is (World Wide Web da get) gamoyenebiT

CamoitvirTa.

4. uSualod vebgverdebis CamotvirTvamde ganisazRvra 300 funqciuri

sityva (function words) qarTuli enisaTvis, romelic SeirCa devid

Taguelis qarTuli enis korpusis mixedviT. funqciuri mniSvnelobis

mqone qarTuli sityvanis SerCeva korpusuli masalis Segrovebis

procesSi mniSvnelovania iyo imisaTvis, rom gamogvericxa

vebgverdebidan teqsturi masalis CamotvirTvamde araqarTuli

157

gverdebi, animaciebi da sxva lingvisturad ararelevanturi

informacia. qarTuli sityvis warmodgena am naSromis erT-erT

siaxles warmoadgens.

5. CamotvirTuli masalis lingvisturi damuSaveba specialuri

korpusuli instrumentis – BootCatTools-is saSualebiT

ganxorcielda. vebresursebis lingvisturi damuSavebisaTvis aseve

daveyrdeniT, e.w. „klinivalis“ (CleanEval: cleaning webpages)

gamocdilebas (Baroni, Chantree, Kilgarriff, Sharoff 2008). „klinivali“ aris

Sefaseba vebgverdebis gasufTavebis kuTxiT da miznad isaxavs

vebmonacemebis korpusul resursad gamoyenebas. unda aRiniSnos,

rom Cven mier vebgverdebis gasufTavebaSi gamoyenebuli

meTodologia aris uaxlesi da aris lidsis universitetis (didi

britaneTi), trentos universitetisa (italia) da „leqsikal

kompiutingis“ (Lexical Computing LTD) erToblivi proeqti.

6. qarTuli enis vebkorpusis vebgverdebis anotireba da gasufTaveba

moicavda Semdeg punqtebs:

1) HTML-isa da javaskriptebis (JavaScript) kodebis moxsnas,

lingvisturad ararelevanturi informaciis waSlas

(kolontitulebi, saavtoro uflebis aRmniSvneli niSnebi,

bmulebi, calkeul vebgverdebSi gameorebuli masalebi da

a.S.);

2) minimaluri simboloebis gamoyenebiT ZiriTadi kodebis

miniWeba (ixileT suraTi 3) teqstebis saTaurebisaTvis,

paragrafebisaTvis da a.S.

7. amJamad KaWaC ganTavsebulia lidsis universitetis vebgverdze da

aRWurvilia onlain saZiebo sistemiT, am etapze SesaZlebelia

sityvanis (Word List), konkordansebis Zieba korpusSi da Sesabamisi

konteqstis naxva. korpusSi SesaZlebelia Zieba metyvelebis

nawilebis markerebis – POS Tag (Part-of-Speech Tag) mixedviT. garda

amisa, Cveulebrivi (ara metyvelebis nawilebis markerebis) Ziebis

158

SemTxvevaSic gamotanilia ama Tu im sityvis Sesabamisi metyvelebis

nawilis markeri da lema.

8. vebkorpusis dabalanseba daefuZna „funqciuri Janruli

ganzomilebebis“ (Functional Genre Dimensions) meTods. gamoiyo Semdegi

Janrebi: presa, axali ambebi, piradi blogebi, forumebi da sxv.

9. Seiqmna qarTuli enis metyvelebis markerebis sistema, romlis

platformad gamoyenebulia „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri

parametrebi“ (MULTEXT-East Morphosyntactic Specifications - MTE), meoTxe

versia. naSromSi sruli saxiTaa mocemuli metyvelebis nawilebis

markerebis, e.w. tagsetebis sistema. qarTuli enisaTvis metyvelebis

nawilebis markerebis sistemebis „multiteqsturi morfosintaqsuri

parametrebis“ meoTxe versiis Sesabamisad SemuSaveba mniSvnelovania

im TvalsazrisiTac, rom qarTuli enis vebkorpusi SeiZleba

SevadaroT morfosintaqsuri parametrebis bazaSi mocemuli 16 enis

korpusebs.

10. naSromSi aseve aRwerilia qarTuli enis vebkorpusis avtomaturi

morfologiuri anotirebis procesi, kerZod, sawvrTneli masalis

momzadeba, morfologiuri anotireba, gaanalizebulia

morfologiuri anotirebisas gamovlenili Secdomebi.

11. sadisertacio naSromSi aseve warmovadgineT qarTuli enis

sixSiruli sia (frequency list), yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 17,000

sityva-forma (ara lema) qarTuli enis vebkorpusis mixedviT.

aRniSnuli sixSiruli sia ganisazRvra kvlevis pirvel etapze,

morfologiuri anotirebisa da lematizebis ganxorcielebamde.

qarTuli enis sixSiruli sia sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom

iZleva informacias yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli sityva-formebis

Sesaxeb, rac eWvgareSea, mniSvnelovania enis kvlevisaTvis. garda

amisa, mocemuli sixSiruli sia am naSromis erT-erT siaxles

warmoadgens.

159

12. sadisertacio naSromSi gansazRvrulia qarTuli enis sixSiruli

leqsika da aRwerilia am mizniT Sesrulebuli samuSaoebi. saubaria

vebkorpusis lemazitebaze. Cvens kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia CST

lematizebis instrumenti (CST Lemmatiser), romelic SemuSavebulia

kopenhagenis universitetis enis teqnologiis centrSi. qarTuli

enis vebkorpusis lematizeba ramdenime etapad warimarTa:

1) lematizebis pirvel safexurze korpusidan amoviReT yvelaze

xSirad xmarebuli 35,000 sityva-forma morfologiuri tagebiT;

2) meore etapze ki korpusidan amoRebuli metyvelebis nawilebis

tagebis (POS – Part-of-Speech Tags) mqone 35,000 sityva-forma

xeliT davamuSaveT - mivuwereT Sesabamisi lemebi. xeliT

damuSavebuli lematizebuli masalis safuZvelze movamzadeT

sawvrTneli masala (training data) korpusis avtomaturi

lematizebisaTvis.

3) lematizebis mesame etapze xeliT damuSavebuli 35,000-sityviani

sawvrTneli masalisa da CST lematizebis instrumentis

saSualebiT movaxdineT mTliani korpusis avtomaturi

lematizeba.

4) lematizebis procesis meoTxe etapze amoviReT avtomaturad

lematizebuli yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli lemebi korpusidan,

daaxloebiT 18,000 lema. miRebuli lemebi davamuSaveT xeliT,

gavfiltreT da gamovricxeT iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac

lemebi arasworad iyo SerCeuli sityva-formisaTvis da

Sedegad warmovadgineT 10,000 yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli

sityva.

13. sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi siaxles qarTuli enis sixSiruli

leqsika - 10,000 yvelaze xSirad xmarebul sityva, romelTac

miTiTebuli aqvs sixSiruli indeqsi da naCvenebia ama Tu im

konkretuli sityvis sixSiruli ganawileba (frequency distribution)

korpusSi. garda amisa, aRniSnuli sityvani gawyobilia anbanTrigze.

160

14. qarTuli enis sixSiruli leqsikis SerCevisas lemebis warmodgenis

principebad gamoviyeneT Semdegi: saxelebi mocemulia mxoloobiTi

ricxvis saxelobiTi brunvis formebiT; xolo zmna warmodgenilia

mesame piris mxoloobiTi ricxvis awmyosa da myofadis mwkrivebSi.

15. sadisertacio naSroms eleqtronuli saxiT darTuli aqvs qarTuli

enis sixSiruli leqsika – yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli 10 000 sityvis

ori versia: pirveli versia dalagebulia sixSiruli zrdis

mixedviT, xolo meore versia ki anabanis mixedviT da miTiTebuli

aqvs Sesabamisi sixSiruli indeqsi.

16. sadisertacio naSromSi warmodgenilia qarTuli enis sixSiruli

„en-gramebi“, romelTac ganvixilavT rogorc momijnave sityvebis

realizacias. orkomponentiani, samkoponentiani, oTxkomponentiani

da xuTkomponentiani „en-gramebis“ sruli cxrili naSroms

eleqtronulad aqvs darTuli.

17. sadisertacio naSromis bolo, meoTxe TavSi ganxilulia qarTuli

enis vebkorpusi - KaWaC, rogorc wyaro qarTul-evropuli tipis

saswavlo leqsikonis sityva-statiebis Sesadgenad. am mizniT,

vebkorpusis bazaze SevadgineT sityva-statiebi SevadareT qarTuli

enis ganmartebiTi 8-tomeuli leqsikonisa da giorgi cocaniZis, nana

lolaZis da qeTevan daTukiSvilis „qarTul leqsikonis“ Sesabamis

sityva-statiebs. rogorc Sedarebam aCvena, qarTuli enis

vebkorpusis mixedviT Sedgenili sityva-statiebi bevrad

informaciulia da moicavs iseT axal mniSvnelobebsa da realiebs,

rac qarTuli enis leqsikonebSi ar aris asaxuli da vfiqrobT, rom

maTi asaxva saswavlo tipis leqsikonebSi aucilebelia. vebkorpusis

bazaze Sedgenili sityva-statiebi aseve mdidaria Tanamedrove

qarTul enaSi gavrcelebuli SesityvebebiTa da idiomebiT.

Catarebulma analizma cxadyo, rom Cven mier Seqmnili qarTuli

enis vebkorpusi metad efeqturia qarTuli saleqsikono sityva-

statiebis Sesadgenad, sityvebis yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli

161

polisemiuri mniSvnelobebis, Sesityvebebisa da idiomebis

gamosavlenad.

18. naSromSi warmodgenili uaxlesi korpusuli meTodebi da midgomebi

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sxva qarTveluri enebis korpusebis,

korpusuli resursebis SeqmnisaTvis da msgavsi korpusuli kvlevis

gansaxorcieleblad.

162

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. beriZe, surmava 2009: beriZe m., surmava n., qarTuli dialeqturi

korpusi – rogorc lingvisturi sakvlevi instrumenti,

saerTaSoriso konferencia „humanitaruli mecnierebebi

informaciul sazogadoebaSi, baTumi, 2009 (http://server.itex.ge/GDC ).

2. gogolaSvili 2011: gogolaSvili g. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis

morfologia, Tbilisi. 2011.

3. daTukiSvili, lolaZe, cocaniZe 2014: daTukiSvili q., lolaZe n.,

cocaniZe g. „qarTuli leqsikoni“, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba.

Tbilisi, 2014

4. margalitaZe, qereWaSvili 2013: margalitaZe T., qereWaSvili g.

samecniero teqstebis inglisur-qarTuli paraleluri korpusi.

„qarTuli ena da Tanamedrove teqnologiebi-2013“, konferenciis

masalebi. Tbilisi, 2013

5. SaniZe 1973: SaniZe a. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi:

Txzulebani. t. 3, naw. 1. morfologia: meore gamocema, 1973

6. Ciqobava 1952: Ciqobava a. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1952

7. Ciqobava 1964: Ciqobava a. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni

8. Baayen 2001: Baayen, A. Word frequency distributions. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 2001.

9. Baroni & Bernardini 2004: Baroni, M., and Bernardini S. Bootcat: Bootstrapping corpora

and terms from the web. In Proceedings of LREC2004. Lisbon. 2004.

10. Baroni & Bernardini 2006: Baroni, M. & Bernardini, S. Wacky! Working papers on the

Web as Corpus. Bologna: Gedit. 2006.

11. Baroni & Kilgarriff 2006: Baroni, M., and Kilgarriff A. Large linguistically-processed

Web corpora for multiple languages. In Companion Volume to Proceedings of the

European Association of Computational Linguistics, 87–90. Trento. 2006.

12. Baroni & Ueyama 2006: Baroni, M. & Ueyama, M. Building general- and special-

purpose corpora by web crawling. In: Proceedings of the 13th NIJL International

Symposium, Language Corpora: Their Compilation and Application. Tokyo, Japan, pp.

31-40.2006.

163

13. Baroni, Bernardini, Ferraresi, Zanchetta 2008: Baroni M., Bernardini S., Ferraresi A.,

Zanchetta E. The WaCky Wide Web: A Collection of Very Large Linguistically

Processed Web-Crawled Corpora. 2008.

14. Baroni, Chantree, Kilgarriff, Sharoff 2008: Baroni, M., F. Chantree, A. Kilgarriff, and S.

Sharoff Cleaneval: A competition for cleaning web pages. In Proceedings of the 6th

Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC 2008. Marrakech. 2008.

15. Belz & Kilgarriff 2006: Belz, A. & A. Kilgarriff. Shared-task evaluations in HLT:

Lessons for NLG. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Natural Language

Generation (INLG’06), 133-135.

16. Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, Finegan 1999: D. Biber, S. Johansson, G. Leech, S.

Conrad, and E. Finegan Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow,

London.

17. Biemann, Giuliano, & Gliozzo 2007: Biemann, C., Giuliano, C., & Gliozzo A.

Unsupervised part-of-speech tagging supporting supervised methods. In Proceedings of

recent advances in natural language processing (RANLP-07), Borovets, Bulgaria. 2007.

18. Brants 2000: Brants, T. TnT: A statistical part-of-speech tagger. In Proceedings of the

sixth conference on applied natural language processing (ANLP-00) (pp. 224–231). San

Francisco, CA, USA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.

19. Brill 1992: Brill, E. A simple rule-based part of speech tagger. In Proceedings of the third

conference on applied natural language processing (ANLP-92) (pp. 152–155).

Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.

20. Broder, Glassman, Manasse, Zweig 1997: Broder, A., Glassman, S., Manasse, M. &

Zweig, G. Syntactic clustering of the web. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International

World WideWeb Conference. Santa Clara, California, pp. 391-404.

21. Brown 1996: Brown, N. J. Russian learners’ dictionary: 10,000 words in frequency order.

Routledge, London. 1996.

22. Cermák & Kren 2010: Cermák, F. and Kren, M. A frequency dictionary of Czech: core

vocabulary for learners. Routledge. 2010.

23. Charniak, Hendrickson, Jacobson, Perkowitz 1993: Charniak, E., Hendrickson, C.,

Jacobson N., & Perkowitz, M. Equations for part-of-speech tagging. In National

Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 784–789).

24. Cheng, Greaves, Warren 2006: Cheng, W., Greaves, C., and Warren, M. From n-gram to

skipgram to concgram. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11(4): 411–33.

164

25. Chowdhury, Frieder, Grossman, McCabe 2002: Chowdhury, A., Frieder, O., Grossman,

D., and McCabe, M. Collection statistics for fast duplicate document detection. ACM

Transactions on Information Systems, 20(2): 171–91.

26. Ciaramita & Baroni 2006: Ciaramita, M. & Baroni, M. Measuring web corpus

randomness: A progress report. In: Baroni and Bernardini (2006), pp. 127-158. 2006.

27. Clark 2000: Clark, A. Inducing syntactic categories by context distribution clustering. In

Cardie, C., Daelemans, W., Nédellec, C., & Tjong Kim Sang, E., (Eds.), In Proceedings

of the fourth conference on computational natural language learning and of the second

learning language in logic workshop, Lisbon, 2000 (pp. 91–94). Somerset, New Jersey:

Association for Computational Linguistics.

28. Clark 2003: Clark, A. Combining distributional and morphological information for part

of speech induction. In Proceedings of the tenth conference on European chapter of the

Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL-03) (pp. 59–66). Morristown, NJ,

USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.

29. Daraselia & Sharoff 2014: Daraselia S., Sharroff S. Morphosyntactic Specifications for

KaWaC, a Web Corpus for Georgian, humanitaruli mecnierebebi informaciuli

sazogadoebaSi II, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti, baTumi,

saqarTvelo, 2014.

30. Daraselia et al: 2014: Daraselia at al. Towards Creating a Large Corpus of Georgian, 7th

BIENNIAL IVACS CONFERENCE, Newcastle, UK, 2014

31. Davies & Gardner 2010: Davies, M. and Gardner, D. A Frequency Dictionary of

Contemporary American English. Routledge. 2010.

32. Dickinson & Meurers 2003: Dickinson, M., Meurers, W.D. Detecting errors in part-of-

speech annotation. In: Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the European Chapter of

the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL-03).

33. Elworthy 1995: Elworthy D. Tagset design and inflected languages. In 7th Conference of

the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), From

Texts to Tags: Issues in Multilingual Language Analysis SIGDAT Workshop, pages 1–

10, Dublin. 1995.

34. Erjavec 2004: Erjavec T. MULTEXT-East Version 3: Multilingual Morphosyntactic

Specifications, Lexicons and Corpora. In Fourth International Conference on Language

Resources and Evaluation, LREC’04, pages 1535 – 1538. 2004.

165

35. Ertöz, Steinbach, Kumar 2002: Ertöz, L., Steinbach, M., & Kumar, V. A new shared

nearest neighbor clustering algorithm and its applications. In Proceedings of workshop on

clustering high dimensional data and its applications (pp. 105–115).

36. Fairon, Naets, Kilgarriff, Schryver 2007: Fairon C., Naets H., Kilgarriff A., G.-M. de

Schryver. Building and exploring web corpora – Proceedings of the 3rd Web as Corpus

Workshop, incorporating Cleaneval. Presses Universitaires de Louvain, Louvain. 2007

37. Feldman, Hana, Brew 2006: Feldman, A., Hana, J., and Brew, Ch. A cross-language

approach to rapid creation of new morpho-syntactically annotated resources. In Proc.

LREC 2006.

38. Ferraresi 2007: Ferraresi A. Building a very large corpus of English obtained by web

crawling: ukWaC. Master’s thesis, University of Bologna. Retrieved January 28, 2008

from http://wacky.sslmit.unibo.it. 2007.

39. Finch & Chater 1992: Finch, S., & Chater, N. Bootstrapping syntactic categories using

statistical methods. In Background and experiments in machine learning of natural

language: Proceedings of the 1st SHOE Workshop (pp. 229–235). Brabant, Holland:

Katholieke Universiteit.

40. Fletcher 2004: W. Fletcher. Making the web more useful as a source for linguistic

corpora. In U. Connor and T. Upton, editors, Corpus Linguistics in North America 2002,

Amsterdam. Rodopi.

41. Forsyth & Sharoff 2011: Forsyth, R. and Sharoff, S. From crawled collections to

comparable corpora: An approach based on automatic archetype identification. In Proc.

Corpus Linguistics Conference, Birmingham. 2011.

42. Freitag 2004a: Freitag, D. Toward unsupervised whole-corpus tagging. In Proceedings of

the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-04) (p. 357).

Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.

43. Freitag 2004b: Freitag, D. Trained named entity recognition using distributional clusters.

In Proceedings of EMNLP-04, (pp. 262–269).

44. Giménez & Màrquez 2004: Giménez, J. & Màrquez, L. Svmtool: A general pos tagger

generator based on support vector machines. In Proceedings of the Forth Language

Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC 2004, Lisbon.

45. Hajic & Hladká 1998: Hajic, J. & Hladká, B. Tagging inflective languages: Prediction of

morphological categories for a rich, structured tagset. In Proceedings of COLING-ACL,

pages 483–490.

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ecls/news/conferences/IVACS2014/

166

46. Hundt, Nesselhauf & Biewer 2007: Hundt, M., Nesselhauf, N. & Biewer, C. Corpus

linguistics and the web. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 2007.

47. Joho & Sanderson 2004: Joho, H., and M. Sanderson. The SPIRIT collection: An

overview of a large web collection.

48. Kessler, Nunberg, Schütze 1997: Automatic detection of text genre. In Proceedings of the

35th ACL/8th EACL, 32–38.

49. Kilgarriff & Baroni 2006: Kilgarriff, A. & Baroni, M. Proceedings of the 2nd

International Workshop on the Web as Corpus. East Stroudsburg (PA): ACL. 2006.

50. Kilgarriff & Grefenstette 2003: Kilgarriff, A., Grefenstette, G. Introduction to the special

issue on the Web as Corpus. Computational Linguistics, 29(3), 333–347. 2003.

51. Kilgarriff 1997: Kilgarriff A. Putting frequencies in the dictionary. International Journal

of Lexicography, 10(2):135– 155. 1997

52. Kilgarriff 2001: Kilgarriff, A. The web as corpus. In proceeding of corpus linguistics

2001. Lancaster. URL http://www.itri.bton.ac.uk/techreports/ITRI-01-14.abs.html

53. Kluwer, Baroni, Bernardini 2006: Kluwer, Dordrecht. M. Baroni and S. Bernardini,

Wacky! Working papers on the Web as Corpus, Bologna. Gedit.

54. Kornai, Halacsy, Nagy, Oravecz, Tron, , & Varga 2006: Kornai, A., Halacsy, P., Nagy,

V. Oravecz, C., Tron, V., & Varga, D. Web-based frequency dictionaries for medium

density languages. In: Kilgarriff and Baroni (2006), pp. 1-8. 2006.

55. Manning 2010: Christopher D. Manning. Part-of-Speech Tagging from 97% to 100%: Is

It Time for Some Linguistics? Departments of Linguistics and Computer Science

Stanford University. 2010.

56. Mehler & Gleim 2006: Mehler, A., and R. Gleim. The net for the graphs – towards

webgenre representation for corpus linguistic studies. In WaCky! Working papers on the

Web as Corpus, eds. M. Baroni and S. Bernardini. Bologna: Gedit. 2006.

57. Meyer, Stein 2004: Meyer zu Eissen, S., and B. Stein. Genre classification of web pages.

In Proceedings of the 27th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Ulm.

58. Rehm, Santini, Mehler, Braslavski, Gleim, Stubbe, Symonenko, Tavosanis, Vidulin 2008:

Rehm, G., M. Santini, A. Mehler, P. Braslavski, R. Gleim, A. Stubbe, S. Symonenko, M.

Tavosanis, and V. Vidulin. Towards a reference corpus of web genres for the evaluation

of genre identification systems. In Proceedings of the 6th Language Resources and

Evaluation Conference, LREC 2008. Marrakech.

59. Santini & Sharoff 2007: Santini M. & Sharoff S. Proceedings of the CL 2007

Colloquium: Towards a Reference Corpus of Web Genres, Birmingham, UK. 2007

167

60. Santini 2007: Santini M. Characterizing genres of web pages: genre hybridism and

individualization. In Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System

Sciences, poster session, pages 1–10, Waikoloa, Hawaii. 2007.

61. Santini 2007: Santini, M. Automatic identification of genre in Web pages. Ph.D. thesis,

University of Brighton. 2007.

62. Schmid 1994: Schmid, H. Probabilistic part-of-speech tagging using decision trees. In

International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing, Manchester.

63. Schütze 1995: Schütze, H. Distributional part-of-speech tagging. In Proceedings of the

7th conference on European chapter of the association for Computational Linguistics

(EACL-95) (pp. 141–148), San Francisco, CA, USA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.

1995.

64. Segalovich 2003: Segalovich, I. A fast morphological algorithm with unknown word

guessing induced by a dictionary for a web search engine. In Proc. of MLMTA-2003, Las

Vegas.

65. Sharoff 2005: Sharoff S. Methods and tools for development of the Russian Reference

Corpus. In Archer, D., Wilson, A., and Rayson, P., editors, Corpus Linguistics Around

the World, pages 167–180. 2005.

66. Sharoff 2006: Sharoff S. Creating general-purpose corpora using automated search

engine queries. In M. Baroni and S. Bernardini, editors, Wacky! Working papers on the

Web as Corpus, pages 63–98, Bologna. Gedit. 2006

67. Sharoff 2006: Sharoff, S. Creating general-purpose corpora using automated search

engine queries. In: Baroni and Bernardini (2006), pp. 63-98. 2006

68. Sharoff 2006: Sharoff, S. Open-source corpora: using the net to fish for linguistic data.

International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11(4):435–462. 2006.

69. Sharoff 2007: Sharoff S. Classifying web corpora into domain and genre using automatic

feature identification. In Proceedings of Web as Corpus Workshop. Louvain-la-Neuve.

2007.

70. Sharoff 2007: Sharoff, S. Classifying web corpora into domain and genre using automatic

feature identification. In Proc. of Web as Corpus Workshop, Louvain-la-Neuve. 2007.

71. Sharoff 2010: Sharoff S. In the Garden and in the Jungle Comparing Genres in the BNC

and Internet. 2010.

72. Sharoff, Kopotev, Erjavec, Feldman, Divjak 2008: Sharoff, S., Kopotev, M., Erjavec, T.,

Feldman, A., and Divjak, D. Designing and evaluating a Russian tagset. In Proceedings

168

of the Sixth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC 2008, Marrakech.

2008.

73. Sharoff, S. (2005). Methods and tools for development of the Russian Reference Corpus.

In Archer, D., Wilson, A., and Rayson, P., editors, Corpus Linguistics Around the World,

pages 167–180. Rodopi, Amsterdam.

74. Thelwall 2005: Thelwall M. Creating and using web corpora. International Journal of

Corpus Linguistics, 10(4):517–541. 2005.

75. Xiao, Rayson, McEnery 2009: Xiao, R., Rayson, P., and McEnery A frequency

dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: core vocabulary for learners. Routledge. 2009

76. Yimam, Gurevych, Eckart, Biemann 2013: Yimam, S.M., Gurevych, I., Eckart de

Castilho, R., and Biemann C. WebAnno: A Flexible, Web-based and Visually Supported

System for Distributed Annotations. In Proceedings of ACL-2013, demo session, Sofia,

Bulgaria.

77. Yimam, Eckart, Gurevych, Biemann 2014: Yimam, S.M., Eckart de Castilho, R.,

Gurevych, I., Biemann C. Automatic Annotation Suggestions and Custom Annotation

Layers in WebAnno In: Proceedings of ACL-2014, demo session, Baltimore, MD, USA.

2014.

169

gamoyenebuli vebgverdebi:

1. http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/

2. http://global.longmandictionaries.com/

3. http://www.collins.co.uk/category/English+Language+Teaching/COBUILD+Reference

4. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/

5. http://www.macmillandictionary.com/

6. http://clu.uni.no/icame/brown/bcm.html

7. http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/HelsinkiCorpus/

8. http://clu.uni.no/icame/manuals/WELLMAN/INDEX.HTM

9. http://clu.uni.no/icame/manuals/LONDLUND/INDEX.HTM

10. http://www.coventry.ac.uk/bawe

11. http://linguistica.sns.it/CoLFIS/Home.htm

12. http://armazi.uni-frankfurt.de/framee.htm

13. http://clarino.uib.no/gekko/corpus-list

14. http://armazi.uni-frankfurt.de/gnc/gnc.htm

15. http://www.catedratelefonica.upf.es/cucweb

16. https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/documentation/wiki/Corpora/UKWaC

17. http://maltparser.org/

18. http://corpus.leeds.ac.uk/internet.html

19. http://nl.ijs.si/ME/V4/msd/html/index.html

20. http://www.collins.co.uk/category/English+Language+Teaching/COBUILD+Reference/

21. http://webdante.com/

22. https://skell.sketchengine.co.uk/run.cgi/skell.

Date post:	08-Feb-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	16 times
Download:	0 times

qarTul-evropuli tipis axali saswavlo leqsikonebis...

Documents