Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

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Biofuel from Algae:

Technical Challenges and Opportunities

Presentation at

Scripps Institute of Oceanography

by

Qiang Hu

LABORATORY FOR ALGAE RESEARCH & BIOTECHNOLOGY

Arizona State University Polytechnic CampusMesa, AZ 85212 ([email protected])

(March 11, 2008)



Outline

Why algae?

urren s a us o a ga mass cu ure

Understanding of algal oil production

Design principles for photobioreactors

A case studyOther R&D issues?

What is the path forward?



The U.S. and the World

Face Ener Shorta es

. .

reserves

The U.S. now im orts > 60% of its oil and will im ort

> 80% of its oil within 20 years

Total proven oil reserves worldwide ~ equivalent of ca.years o consuma e o



CO2 and Global Climate Change

Fossil fuel combustion accounts for approx. 80%

of GWP weighted CO2 emissions in the U.S. since

1990Power plants emit 40% of the CO2 from

fossil fuel combustion in the U.S.

Transportation activities account for 33% of

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion



Feedstock for Biofuels

Sunflower Soybean CanolaCorn

Rapeseed Palm fruitPeanut



Feedstocks for Food and/or Fuels ?

? ?



Algae Can Produce Large Amounts of

Neutral Lipid/oil (20~40% of dry weight)



Algal Lipid Production Potential*

Photosynthetic Lipids Algal biomass Algal lipids

,

5.58 50 33 118

13.73 50 82 291

20.76 50 123 441

*

requirements, SERI, DOE 1986.



Crop Plant- and Algae-Based

Oil Production Potential

12000

8000

10000

l / a c r e

)

6000

i e l d ( g

635

2000 O i l

18 48 61 102 110 1270

C o r n

b e a n

s t a r d

o w e r s

o c o a

e s e e d

r o p h

a

c o n u

t

p a l m

A l g a e

S S u

n R a J a C O

Oil Crops



Companies in Algae Fuels

A2BE Carbon Capture

Algae BioFuels (PetroSun)

HR Biopetroleum

Imperium Renewables

Aurora Biofuels Carbon Capture Corp.

Inventure Kent Sea Tech

Diversified Energy

Genergetics

General Atomics

OriginOil

PetroAlgae (XL TechGroup)

Raytheon

Global Green Solutions

GreenFuel Technologies

GreenShift

Solarzyme

Solix Biofuels (SunSource)

Texas Clean Fuels

Green Start Products GS Cleantech

Valcent Products XL Renewables

Others below the radar, plus…

DOE, DARPA, AFOSR, National Labs, universities, foundations, ….







Algae Make Little Fat/Oil

chloroplast

cytosol

LB

SG

Protein Carbohydrate Lipid

Cell with low

Storage neutral lipids

- ~ ~ w



Algae Make A Lot of Fat/Oil

chloroplastcytosol

LBSG

Protein Carbohydrate Lipid

10-20% 25~30% 20~60% dwt

Storage neutral lipids



Why and When Algae Make Oil

(~80% NADPH)

N assimilation

(~15% NADPH)

S assimilation

(~1% NADPH)Others

(~4% NADPH)



Stress Induced ROS Production

OH.

O2.-

2 2

O2

1 *2



Draining Photosynthetic Reductants

through the Lipid Biosynthesis

Acetyl-CoA

ACCase

CO2

Malonyl-CoA

Malonyl-ACP

3-Ketobutyryl-ACP

+

Thioredoxins

3-Hydroxybutyryl-ACP

NADP+

Fdox 1616e NADPH

Fdred

trans- 2 - Butenoyl-ACP

Butyryl-ACP

3-Ketoacyl-ACP

Cyt

b6f PSII PSIPQ

pool

e

Cycle Continues

H2O O2 H+ 22Fdox2Fdred

: -18:1-ACP

O2

2H2O



Consuming O2 through Carotenogenesis

c i d s

20

5Phytoene

PhytofluenePDS

2 e

2 ee

F a t t

y a10

0

1

NADPH

ζ-Carotene

NeurosporeneZDS

NAD(P)+

2 e

2 e H+NADPHNAD(P)+

Carotenoids0 2 4

Cyt

b6f

PSII PSIPQNdhLycopene

e

2β-

Carotene

H2OO2

PTOXO

Astaxanthin

H2OO2

OHO



Strategies for Induction of Neutral Lipid

(~80% NADPH)

N assimilation

(~15% NADPH)

S assimilation

(~1% NADPH)Others

(~4% NADPH)



Biomass Productivity as a

Function of Light Intensity

mo m- s-

6000

c t i v i t

2000

1200 p r o d

l - 1 h - 1

740

i o m a s (

270

-



What a P – I Curve Tells Us?

i t y )

i c a c

t i

g - 1 m

i n -

y

n t h e

g

c h l

P h o t o

( O 2

Light intensity ( mol m-2 s-1)

s



What a P – I Curve Means to Algal Culture?

i t y )

c A c

t i

g - 1 m i

n - 1

y n

t h e t

g

c h l m

P h o t o

( O 2

’

Light Intensity Is > 4000 mol m-2 s-1



Light Penetration Depth

as a Function of Al al Densit

-1

1

300



Biomass Productivity as a

Function of Culture Mixin

i t y

d u c t i v

- 1 )

s

s p r

( g l - 1

6.0

B i o m

.

2.0

0.5 vvm**

Culture density (g l-1)

*OCD: Optimal cell density (g l-1)

** vvm: air volume/liquid volume/minute



Other R&D Issues

Algae harvesting- Centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation, flocculation, etc.

- Sun-drying, waste heat drying, drum-drying, freeze-drying, etc.Algae oil extraction and pre-treatment

- Solvents, mechanical, electrical, supercritical fluid extraction, etc.

Oil conversion and refinement- , xy , , z , .

Systems integration- Wastewater, flue ases, al ae culture, biomass residues,

system scale-up feasibility, etc.

Life cycle analyses and trade-off assessments

- Input/output flows, energy balance, cost/benefit tradeoffs,

feedstock market, energy market, and sensitivity assessments, etc.



Concluding Thoughts

Algae represent a promising opportunity for

renewable and sustainable fuels

Algal feedstock production can be coupled with

carbon sequestration and wastewater bioremediation

n eng neere a gae- ase approac represen s a

mid-, to long-term solution rather than an immediate fix

- ,

collaborations are needed to capitalize on the

opportunity



Acknowledgements

Biology Team:

Chengwu Zhang

Engineering Team:

Jerry Gintz

Martha KentWei (James) Chen

Andrew MilesSandeep Gupta

Jessica Richardson

Danxiang (May) Han

Ying Hong

Emil Puruhito

Jeslin Samuel

Jeffer Collier

Christopher Weller

Guanqun Chen

Jose Zhou

Kan-sup Yoon

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