1Internal Combustion Engines

Lecture-23

Ujjwal K Saha, Ph.D.Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Prepared underQIP-CD Cell Project

2Purpose of Lubrication

Reduce the frictional resistance of the engine to a minimum to ensure maximum mechanical efficiency.

Protect the engine against wear.

Remove all impurities from the lubricated region.

Form a seal between piston rings and the cylinder walls to prevent blowby.

Serve as a cooling agent by picking up heat.

3Lubrication Systems

Mist lubrication system Wet sump lubrication system Dry sump lubrication system

Four Stroke Engines

Two Stroke Engines

Mist lubrication system is mainly employed in two-stroke cycle engines, whereas wet and dry sump systems are used in four-stroke cycle engines. The wet sump system is employed in relatively small engines, such as automobile engines, while the dry sump system is used in large stationary, marine and aircraft engines.

4Mist Lubrication Systems

In two-stroke engines, the charge is compressed in the crankcase, and as such it is not suitable to have the lubricating oil in the sump. Therefore, such engines are lubricated by adding 3 % to 6 % oil in the fuel tank itself. The oil and fuel mixture is inducted through the carburetor. The fuel gets vaporized and the oil, in the form of mist, goes into the cylinder through the crankcase. The oil that impinges the crankcase walls lubricates the main and connecting rod bearings, and the rest of the oil lubricates the piston, piston rings and cylinder.The main advantage with this system lies in the simplicity and low cost as the system does not require any oil pump, filter etc.

5Wet Sump Lubrication Systems

In the wet sump system, the bottom of the crankcase contains an oil sump (or pan) that serves as the oil supply reservoir. Oil dripping from the cylinders and bearings flows by gravity back into the wet sump where it is picked up by a pump and re-circulated through the engine lubricating system. The types of wet sump systems used are:

the splash and circulating pump system the splash and pressure system the full force-feed system

6Splash and Circulating Pump System

C a m s h a f t

M a in b e a r in g

C o n n e c t in g r o db e a r in g s

m a inb e a r in g

O ilt ro u g h s

L o w e ro il p a n

O il S t r a in e r

O il p u m p

7Splash and Pressure System

C a m s h a f t

M a in b e a r in g

C o n n e c t in g ro db e a r in g s

m a inb e a r in g

O il S t ra in e r

O il p u m p

8Full Force Feed System

Camshaft

Main bearing

mainbearing

Oil Strainer

Oil pump

Headerline

End leakage from rod

connecting rod bearing

9Dry Sump Lubricating System

OilCooler

Pressurere leasevalve

Vent

Filter By-PassPresuurere lie f va lve

Filter

Scavenging pum p

Stra iner

Dry sum p

Engine crankcase

Oil pum p

ToBearings

SupplyTank

Dry sum p

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Properties of Lubricating Oil

The oil used in an engine must serve as a lubricant, a coolant and an agent for removing impurities.

It must be able to withstand high temperatures without breaking down. The oil must operate over a good range of temperature.

They must not oxidize on the chamber walls, piston crown or at the piston rings. Oil should have high film strength to prevent metal-to-metal contact even under extreme loads.

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Properties of Lubricating Oil

(a) Viscosity:(a) Viscosity: The lubricating oil should have the correct viscosity so that it flows easily to all the moving parts. If oil viscosity is too high, more work is required to pump it and to shear it between the moving parts. This results in greater friction work, reduced brake work and hence reduced power output. Viscosity is highly dependent on temperature, increasing with decreasing temperature. The fuel consumption may increase by as much as 15 %.

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Rating of Lubricating Oil

Lubricating oil is generally rated using a viscosity scale established by the SAE. Commonly used viscosity grades are:

SAE 5

SAE 10

SAE 20

SAE 30

SAE 40

SAE 45

SAE 50

The oil with lower viscosity grades is less viscous and is used in cold-weather operation. Modern high temperature, high speed, close tolerance engines use high viscosity grades oil.

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Rating of Lubricating Oil When certain polymers are added to oil, the temperature dependency of oil viscosity is reduced. These oils have low viscosity grades when they are cold and higher as they become hot.

As for example, SAE 10W-30 means that the oil has a grade 10 when it is cold (W stands for winter) and 30 when it is hot. Commonly used oils in this category are:

SAE 5W-20 SAE 10W-40

SAE 5W-30 SAE 10W-50

SAE 5W-40 SAE 15W-40

SAE 5W-50 SAE 15W-50

SAE 10W-30 SAE 20W-50

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Rating of Lubricating Oil

(b) Specific Gravity:(b) Specific Gravity: This property is of little importance except as an indicator of weight and volume. The specific gravity of oil varies from 0.85 to 0.96.

(c) Pour Point:(c) Pour Point: It indicates the temperature below which the lubricating oil loses its fluidity and will not flow or circulate in the system. This characteristics of the oil is important at low temperature Pour point must be at least 150F lower than the operating temperature to ensure maximum circulation.

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Rating of Lubricating Oil

(d) Oxidation Stability:(d) Oxidation Stability: Oxidation stability of an oil is its resistance to oxidation. Due to oxidation, oil forms deposits on the piston rings, and thereby loses its lubricating property. Some inhibitors are used to counteract these tendencies.

(e) Acidity and Neutralization Number:(e) Acidity and Neutralization Number: The lubricating oil should have low acidity. The neutralization number is a measure of acidic or alkaline contents of oil. (f) Oiliness:(f) Oiliness: Oiliness is responsible for the boundary layer of molecules that can adhere or cling to a metal surface and provide lubrication after most of the oil gets displaced or squeezed out.

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Types of Lubricating Oil

Vegetable oils have been used in the past, especially for racing car engines. The main advantages of these oils are their high film strength, and they have a good lubricity.

Later, specially formulated mineral oils have replaced their use in high performance engines. Mineral oils are most readily available and cost effective. They readily respond to additives, and can be produced in a wide range of viscosities. The main disadvantage lies with its wax content that affects cold performance and can clog filters.

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Classification of Lubricants

Animal Vegetable Mineral Synthetic

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Animal Lubricants Lubricants with animal origin:

Tallow Tallow oil Lard oil Neats foot oil Sperm oil Porpoise oil

These are highly stable at normal temperatures

Animal lubricants may not be used for internal combustion because they produce fatty acids.

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Vegetable Lubricants Examples of vegetable lubricants are:

Castor oil, Olive oil, Cottonseed oil Animal and vegetable oils have a lower

coefficient of friction than most mineral oils but they rapidly wear away steel.

These lubricants are used to a large extent in the lubrication of aircraft internal combustion engines.

There are three classifications of mineral lubricants: Solid, Semisolid, Fluid

Mineral Lubricants

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Synthetic LubricantsSynthetic Lubricants

Because of the high operating temperatures of gas-turbine engines, it became necessary to develop lubricants which would retain their characteristics at temperatures that cause petroleum lubricants to evaporate and break down.

Synthetic lubricants do not break down easily and do not produce coke or other deposits.

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Additives

Corrosion and Rust Inhibitors

Anti-foam Agents

Pour Point Improvers

Oiliness and Film-strength Agents

Detergent-Dispersants

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Conclusions

In order to minimize friction between the moving parts and hence wear, lubrication system in an engine plays a significant role. The lubrication system is designed to deliver clean oil at the correct temperature and pressure to every part of the engine. Lubricating oil can be supplied to the various engine components by a splash system or by a pressurized system or a by a combination of both. In two-stroke engines, oil is mixed with the fuel itself.

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Technologists, Addison Wisley.3.3. Fergusan CR, Fergusan CR, andand Kirkpatrick ATKirkpatrick AT,, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John

Wiley & Sons.4.4. Ganesan VGanesan V,, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.5.5. Gill PW, Smith JH, Gill PW, Smith JH, andand Ziurys EJZiurys EJ,, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford

and IBH Pub Ltd. 6.6. Heisler H,Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.7.7. Heywood JB,Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.8.8. Heywood JB, Heywood JB, andand Sher E,Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.9.9. Joel R, Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.10.10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP,Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,

Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.11.11. Pulkrabek WW,Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.12.12. Rogers GFC, Rogers GFC, andand Mayhew YRMayhew YR, (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison

Wisley. 13.13. Srinivasan S,Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.14.14. Stone R,Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.15.15. Taylor CF,Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2,

The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

References

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Web Resources

Classification of LubricantsAnimal LubricantsVegetable LubricantsSynthetic Lubricants