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Q.O.T.D.
Q: What does coffee do to your body?
Go ask Alice – Columbia University
Chemistry of the cell
Biology 11
Chapter 2
Please read pages: 32-42
Life is organic!
Organic compounds are Carbon (C) based compounds.
Living things (including cells) are composed of the following types of organic compounds: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Periodic Table
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches Used for energy (example = glucose) and
structural parts of cells (example = cellulose)
Contain the following elements: C, H & O
Always have a 2:1 ratio of H:O
Monosaccharides
Building blocks = monosaccharides
examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharides are also known as single sugars.
Molecular formula = C6H12O6
Monosaccharides continued…
Structural formula for glucose:
Note: the “ring” thing
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are double sugars. Molecular formula = C12H22O11
Examples:Maltose = glucose + glucoseLactose = glucose + galactoseSucrose = glucose + fructose
Notice the “ose” trend???
How do you build a disaccharide?
Dehydration synthesis:
Dehydration synthesis
Is the building of a larger, more complex compound by the removal of a water molecule from two smaller, less complex compounds. (an anabolic process)
A + B AB + H2O
Hydrolysis
The reverse process of dehydration synthesis.
The breaking down of a larger more complex compound into two smaller less complex compounds by the addition of a water molecule. (a catabolic process)
AB + H2O A + B
Biochemistry Video
Frozen Frogs
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates
Examples = cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin
Exoskeletons are made of chitin!
Lipids
Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids
Contain elements C, H & O Do not dissolve in water!
Uses of Lipids:
Long term energy storageFYI - 1g of lipid contains 2.25X as much
energy as 1g of carbohydrate! Cushioning of internal organs Hormones (estrogens, testosterone) Cell membrane (phospholipids)
Lipids
Building blocks = glycerol + fatty acids
Glycerol Fatty acid
Let’s build a triglyceride!
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Q: What is ear wax and why is it produced in the human body?
A: Ear wax a.k.a. cerumen It is produced by two different types of glands in the ear It is composed of:
Skin cells and keratin Fatty acids Alcohol Cholesterol
Functions include: Natural cleanser Protects the ear Anti-bacterial / anti-fungal properties
Contains lysozyme and has a low pH
Discussion Questions
Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Give some examples of complex carbohydrates. How could a cell get usable energy from starch
or glycogen? Explain how and where lipids are formed. What is the difference between a saturated and
unsaturated fat?
Nitrogen
ProteiNs
Contain elements C, H, O & N (nitrogen!)
Examples: feathers, wool, silk, hormones (example = insulin), hemoglobin, enzymes, membrane proteins, pigments…
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins = Amino Acids General formula:
R = variable, differs for each of the 20 AA’s
Language of proteins
Dipeptides – two amino acids bonded together
Polypeptides – long chains of amino acids bonded together
Peptide bonds – covalent bonds formed between amino acids (by dehydration synthesis!)
Cystic Fibrosis
Cracking the Code of Life
Summary questions
How would you be able to identify a carbohydrate, from a lipid, from a protein?
Compare and contrast:carbohydrate & lipid lipid & proteincarbohydrate & protein
Probe tomorrow… are you ready?!
#1 What are the building blocks of carbohydrates, give an example.
#2 How / where are polypeptides built? #3 List two functions of lipids. #4 What are the components of a
triglyceride?
Q: Why is horseshoe crab blood blue? A: They do not have hemoglobin, they have
hemocyanin.
•Benefits of blue blood – NGM
•Blood clots in the presence of endotoxins (which are produced by harmful bacteria)
•Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL)•1 quart of horseshoe crab blood is worth ~$15 000!
Interesting facts about the…
Horeshoe crab!http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2
008/01/080131-oldest-crab.html
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/?p=6442
Too cute!!!
Horeshoe crab!http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/
2008/01/080131-oldest-crab.html
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/?p=6442
Too cute!!!
Cell Chemistry Essay
Step One – Do you know the vocabulary? Use your glossary / chapters 1 & 2
Step Two – Organize the terms Protein words, lipid words, and carb. words
Step Three – Write paragraphs Don’t just define words…
Step Four – Introduction and conclusion Welcome and wrap up…
Mrs. Cobb’s M&M guilt - rationalized??
Ingredients:Sucrose (sugar)Lactose (milk sugar)Glucose (corn syrup)Cocoa butterCarnauba waxPeanuts
Protein Peanut oil