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1 AIR 2014 JOURNAL LIHENG QU 581800 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN STUDIO
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AIR 2014

JOURNAL

LIHENG QU 581800

ARCHITECTURE DESIGN STUDIO

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Hi, I’m Jason third year ar-chitecture student. I am

interested in architecture since I was in primary school. When I was little, my dream is to design and build buildings for my hometown. Since I study in Unimelb, the idea of sustainable and energy efficient architec-ture has influenced me. I used to think that a good architecture is to have a nice façade only. However, I realized that appear-ance of a building is just one of the evaluation criteria. As we all know, architecture is design for people to use, therefore, provid-ing different spaces for people to experience various environments become more important than just design a beautiful façade. So in my future career, design-

ing comfortable, interesting and energy saving buildings will be my point of focus.

Design Studio Air is a good subject for me to learn some

new approach of architecture design. By using computation, the future building structure will be more flexible in shape. Computation also gives us an opportunity to jump out of the old boundary, and free our mind to be more creative. In the first year virtual environment, I have touched a little bit about para-metric design through Paneling Tool in Rhino. It is the first time that I feel interested with digital design. Putting different shapes of panels on a geometric curved surface gives that geometry dif-

ferent meaning. I also like the idea of using natural elements in the design to experience the connection between architecture and nature.

In the fabrication part, it is in-teresting to know the potential

of different materials. I real-ized that even a paper material can present to us a high quality model. With the rapid develop-ment of 3D printer, more and more excited designs can be able to transform from virtual to physical world. I’m looking forward to experience the beauty of parametric design and may be learn something for my future architecture career.

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CONTENTS

PART AA.1. DESIGN FUTURING 06A.2. DESIGN COMPUTATION 10A.3. COMPOSITION/GENERATION 16A.4. CONCLUSION 22A.5. LEARNING OUTCOMES 22

PART BB.1. RESEARCH FIELD 28B.2. CASE STUDY 1.0 30B.3. CASE STUDY 2.0 36B.4. TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT 42B.5. TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES 47B.6. TECHNIQUE: PROPOSAL 56B.7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES 58

PART CC.1 DESIGN CONCEPT 64C.2 TECTONIC ELEMENTS 78C.3 FINAL MODEL 94C.4 Additional LAGI Brief Requirements 98C.5. LEARNING OUTCOME 104

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PART A. CONCEPTUALISATION

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The Tree is a very interesting project in the past competi-

tion entries. The design idea is unique and it has well con-nected with the main goal of the LAGI. In order to build a generator for produce renew-able energy and to keep the symbol of tree shape at the same time, the artists de-signed an artificial tree which made of recycled industrial balloons and PVC pipes.

The designers for the proj-ect described their work

as follow ‘This artificial tree simultaneously alludes to the man-made past of the site and the role of the park as renewal of the natural while also pro-viding shading for the visitors and harvesting energy through the swaying and bending of the branches.’ In addition those rendering images also give audiences a quite strong visual impact. It looks very artistic in the way that shows people the idea of renewable energy can be beautiful.

Nevertheless, the design has no relation with landscape

and surrounding environment, it feels that the tree can be placed anywhere they want. Furthermore, the swaying mo-tion for each balloon may not produce good amount of elec-tricity, and those ‘branches’ seems breakable under heavy wind pressure. It may be my redundant conjecture but I think the judges for this com-petition is looking for a solu-tion with artistic view as well as high technical feasibility.

LAGI COMPETITION ENTRY REVIEW - THE TREE

1. Yijie Dang, Tom Tang, Function

A.1. DESIGN FUTURING

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4. Yijie Dang, Tom Tang, The Tree

2. Yijie Dang, Tom Tang, night view 3. Plan

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SOLAR CHEMICAL - Artificial Photosynthesis

Since the photosynthetic process removes CO2 from

the atmosphere, a highly effi-cient system in wide commer-cial application could help to bring down atmospheric levels of CO2 while at the same time producing clean energy.

Artifical photosynthesis is still in a developing stage,

however this type of renew-able has a very great potential

to be the future energy solu-tion as well as a solution for the carbon dioxide emission.

In a design point of view, the shape of the artificial photo-

electric cell are fixable, which means it can be designed in any shape. It can be built as a skin of a structure; a sun shading device or in other types of form.

Energy Technology Research

1. Lynn Savage. Artificial leaf

2. RSC. Artifical photosynthesis pathway from sunlight to fuels

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3. RSC. Photosynthesis: nature’s way of making solar fuel.

4. RSC. Producing hydrogen by spliting water using sunlight.

Photosynthesis can be viewed as the planet breathing: taking in

carbon dioxide and releasing oxy-gen. It is a process by plants use solar energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars and oxygen. It can be seen as the planet’s nervous system.

To recreate the photosynthesis that plants have perfected, an

energy conversion system has to be able to do two crucial things: harvest sunlight and split water molecules.

For an artificial system to work for human needs, the output

has to change. Instead of releasing only oxygen at the end of the reac-tion, it would have to release liquid hydrogen as well. That hydrogen could be used directly as liquid fuel or channeled into a fuel cell.

The hard part is to find a cata-lysts that can split the water

molecules to get the electrons necessary to facilitate the chemi-cal process that produces the hy-drogen. The scientists had devel-oped few successful catalysts such as manganese, Dye-sensitized titanium dioxide and cobalt oxide.

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“Computational thinking is the thought pro-cesses involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions are repre-sented in a form that can be effectively carried out by an information-processing agent.”

Jan Cuny, Larry Snyder, and Jeannette M. Wing, “Demysti-fying Computational Thinking for Non-Computer Scientists,” work in progress, 2010

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Nowadays, architectural design is changing from

purely visual concerns to architecture justified by its performance. Structure, eco-nomic, constructional, sus-tainability and other aspects have become the primary concern of contemporary architectures. A new design method known as computa-tional design technique has emerged, and it is helping architects design and dealing with problems which are diffi-cult to solve twenty years ago.

Computing affects the de-sign process in many ways.

Digital computing has been

used by progressive designers to result a new generation of forms during process. Com-puting can help people find forms that operate more effi-ciently from a structural point of view, then during the design process it may help a lot in selecting better outcome and also saving materials. In addi-tion, it also is used as a tool to test out and evaluate designed structures. In this way, the design process has changed to become more flexible.

A.2. Design Computation

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The Voussoir Cloud is a site specific installa-tion designed for Southern California Insti-

tute of Architecture gallery by Buro Happold’s Los Angeles office and the architecture firm Iwamoto Scott. The project features a series of complex, digitally-derived vaults created out of a paper-thin wood material. It is a light, porous surface made of compressive elements that creates atmosphere with these luminous wood pieces, and uses this to gain sensorial effects.

Because computing modeling technique, designers were able to digitalize Voussoir, a

heavy masonry arch, into an ultra-light mate-rial object. This paper-thin wood material was folded along curved seams to give each petal strength and geometric interest. The petals are wedge-shaped and act in compression, yet display an ethereal sense of lightness when the sunlight was shine onto it.

Voussoir Cloud installationIwamotoScott Architecture, SCI-Arc, Los Angeles, 2008

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The design process is focused on revising the relationship of digital model to physi-

cal result. By using computational method, it explores the structural paradigm of pure compression coupled with an ultra-light mate-rial system. The resulting design process was highly mathematical incorporating geometry to understand how folding along a curve af-fected each petal as well as the overall form. Therefore, this process can only be achieved by computing. Each petal has a dished shape and the curvature is according to its adjacent voids. In order to figure out the curvature, a computational script was developed for the Rhino model that managed the petal edge plan curvature as a function of tangent offset -- the more the offset, the greater the curvature. Ac-cording to the document, there are 2,300 petals were instantiated by Rhino script for achieving finally outcome. This shows computing design can help people to solve massive problem and to save a lot of time. Once the petal geometries were digitally modeled, each petal will be un-

folded for laser cutting. Finally, the petals are reconstituted by folding along the curved score lines, and simply zip-tied together.

The overall project of Voussoir Cloud at-tempts to explore both structure and ma-

terial in order to rediscover the potential of postmodern architecture. More importantly, computational methodology helps architects to reach their goal.

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The Gyeonggi-Do Jeongok Prehistory Museum

The Gyeonggi-DO Jeongok Prehistory Mu-seum is pictured as an extension of the

surrounding landscape. The project is like a fibrous volume expanding onto the site, chang-ing tremendously from a soft terrain surface shape into a strong and foreign structure. If we look closer of this design, we will notice that all the form is based on flexible curved lines. The whole building looks very liquid and or-ganic which emphasizes the connection with landscape.

From the early structure diagram, the design was start from some simple cured lines,

by creating more layers of those same lines, a basic form is generated. Then architects changed some basic data of those curves, such as radius and frequency, and even randomly changing, in this process architects handed out their jobs to computer. By the end, the most in-teresting and suitable form would be selected for further design.

Qua’Virarch, PAUL PREISSNER, 2nd prize, 2006

Interior view large curved window

Early structural diagram

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From the early structure diagram, the design was start from some simple cured lines,

by creating more layers of those same lines, a basic form is generated. Then architects changed some basic data of those curves, such as radius and frequency, and even randomly changing, in this process architects handed out their jobs to computer. By the end, the most in-teresting and suitable form would be selected for further design.

I think this kind of design process has totally changed the basic understanding of design.

Because of the unknown outcome during computing design, it makes architecture more interesting and innovative. The design process of this project is a good example for my future design strategy.

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Wayne Brown, Intro-duction to Algorithmic Thinking

“Algorithmic thinking is the ability to under-stand, execute, evaluate, and create algo-rithms.”

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A.3. Composition/Generation

From composition to gen-eration, computational

systems have emerged as a fundamental keystone in ar-chitectural design during the last decades, because of that, more and more people start to engage with design cognition, computation and generative principles in contemporary design practice. In paramet-ric design, a line or a simple geometry can be seen as a composition, when we start to add more geometry together, it shows more complex form. From my understanding, this process of formation is called generative design. In this

whole process of generative formation, we need to focus on four important elements, an input like geometry or param-eter, a set of rules or algo-rithms, all kinds of outcome as output, and finally selec-tion of the suitable outcome for further design. Different inputs and rules, will directly influence the outcome, how-ever, the only method for producing satisfactory output is to try all kinds of algorithms and inputs.

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Model of the building Reflection of the building skin

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This very interesting screen façade of the building is design by Faulders

Studio and Proces2 in 2007. The build-ing is a four-story multi-family dwelling unit, located in an old residential area. Compare with surrounding building, it gives visitors a strong contrast feeling. It shows the beauty of post-modern archi-tecture and the potential of parametric design. The building skin is not only a nice looking façade from outside but also an interesting spacial experience from internal environment.

The project has a 3000 square foot ex-terior building skin which is inspired

by the dense vegetation that previously wrapped on the old building. For this new building, the screen façade com-

prises four different overlapping organic patterns. By using parametric design, architects create those artificial vegeta-tion patterns for providing sun shading and reflection of excess light away from the building. Furthermore, it also been used as a rainwater gutter to channel water away from building and exterior walkways. The scientific terminology is known as capillary action. I think it is a good approach that connects architec-ture design with some science knowl-edge. Generative process of this building façade must be very complicated. Those four layers of building skins look very random but designers must have tried hundreds of possibility in order to create the best overlapping combination.

AIRSPACE TOKYOScreen Façade Design: Faulders Studio, Proces2, Tokyo, 2007

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Similar to what we have learned in rhino and grass-

hopper, a small triangle mesh has no meaning unless we placed them in different sur-faces. It gives us an idea of using individual components interact in space to form a new environment. To con-nect with my future design, in order to design a big genera-tor for people to use, it will be a good idea to design some

small components and ask people built their own genera-tor. Although it may be difficult to achieve, the idea of letting people involve in the design is a good way to get more visi-tors on site. It is also a good opportunity for people to real-ize the importance of using renewable energy as well as the potential of computational design in future architecture.

Digital origami installation

This design is produced by LAVA-Laboratory for vi-

sionary Architecture. It is a good sample for us to under-stand how digital creations are generated from computer to physical world. Because of the current trends in para-metric modeling, digital fab-rication and material science, LAVA uses their knowledge to create a space-filling instal-

lation. From small composi-tions, such as those cardboard molecules, this installation generates architectural space. Those molecules don’t have any meaning by itself; how-ever by jointing them together, it explored the intelligence of natural and architectural systems through the smallest elements of design.

Model detail

Cardboard molecules

Cutting file for fabrication

LAVA – Laboratory for Visionary Architecture, 2010

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A.4. Conclusion

A.5. Learning outcomes

By analyzing the previous work from other people, I start to have an understand-ing of parametric design and a future view of computational design. Looking at the past LAGI Competition entry review I realized there are a lot of interesting ways to design re-newable energy generator by using computational method. I think computational design gives us more opportunity to

deign something out of the old box, however, in the same time parametric modeling is also a good way to help us to design with the constraints. Computation provides a plat-form for designers to have a general understanding of what the final outcome will be look like without really building them in physical world. In this way, they can free their mind and putting all kind of input in

order to select the best out-come for fabrication. At the same time, people can notice what will be the problem for transforming from digital to physical. It saves a lot of time, money as well as labor, people such as architects, project owner and contractor, will benefit from this method. I think this kind of design approach will be the main stream in future design.

Studying the theory of com-putation and doing some real practice with grasshopper and rhino, gives me a brief knowl-edge of architectural comput-ing. There are lots of amazing outcome and methods of de-sign that provide from grass-hopper. Those design methods

are reality useful to help us design, if I could use some of them in my past work, I world have a better outcome and save times in doing unneces-sary work. So I will learn more about computation design method.

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REFERENCE

PART A. 1

PART A. 2

PART A. 3

1. Yijie Dang, Tom Tang, in LAGI, http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/yjblljsl/

2. RSC , photosynthesis: nature’s way of making solar fuel, 2012, graphic, in RSC, <www. rsc.org/solar-fuels>

3. Lynn Savage, Artificial leaf, 2013, digital drawing, http://www.osa-opn.org/home/articles/volume_24/february_2013/features/artificial_photosynthesis_saving_solar_energy_for/#.UyF0yfmSzdo

4. RSC, Artifical photosynthesis pathway from sunlight to fuels, 2012, graphic, in RSC, <www. rsc.org/solar-fuels>

5. Voussoir Cloud installation, IwamotoScott Architecture, SCI-Arc, http://www.iwamotoscott.com/VOUS-SOIR-CLOUD

6. The Gyeonggi-Do Jeongok Prehistory Museum, http://architettura.it/architetture/20060816/

7. PAUL PREISSNER INTERVIEW, http://mocoloco.com/archives/003111.php

8. AIRSPACE TOKYO, Faulders Studio, Proces2, Tokyo, http://faulders-studio.com/AIRSPACE-TOKYO

9. AIRSPACE TOKYO, http://urbangrammars.blogspot.com.au/

10. Digital origami installation, LAVA – Laboratory for Visionary Architecture, http://www.morfae.com/0218-lava/

11. Digital-origami-profile, LAVA, http://openbuildings.com/buildings/digital-origami-profile-42676/me-dia

4. Yijie Dang, Tom Tang, plan, 2012, digital drawing, in LAGI, http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/yjblljsl/5. Yijie Dang, Tom Tang, elevation, 2012, digital drawing, in LAGI, http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/yjblljsl/

1. Yijie Dang, Tom Tang, The Tree, 2012, digital drawing, in LAGI, http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/yjblljsl/2. Yijie Dang, Tom Tang, Function, 2012, digital drawing, in LAGI, http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/yjblljsl/3. Yijie Dang, Tom Tang, night view, 2012, digital drawing, in LAGI, http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/yjblljsl/

3. RSC , photosynthesis: nature’s way of making solar fuel, 2012, graphic, in RSC, <www. rsc.org/solar-fuels>4. RSC , producing hydrogen by spliting water using sunlight, 2012, graphic, in RSC, <www. rsc.org/solar-fuels>

1. Lynn Savage, Artificial leaf, 2013, digital drawing, http://www.osa-opn.org/home/articles/volume_24/february_2013/features/artificial_photosynthesis_saving_solar_energy_for/#.UyF0yfmSzdo2. RSC, Artifical photosynthesis pathway from sunlight to fuels, 2012, graphic, in RSC, <www. rsc.org/solar-fuels>

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PART B. CRITERIA DESIGN

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B.1. Research Field

Our group has decided to look at strip and fold-ing technique as the start point. For me, this technique can have many variations in the de-sign world. Some of the precedent projects are very interesting, it is good to know how those precedents are designed and fabricated.

This pavilion is designed and constructed by ICD and ITKE. It is made by numbered of fold-ing plywood strips. The overall shape of this structure is simple but there is a complex method behind this design.

In the journal article, Achim Menges and his colleagues describe their work as an explana-tion for “how feedback between computational design advanced simulation and robotic fabri-cation expands the design space towards previ-ously unexplored architectural possibilities”.12

Focusing on the computational design of this project, those folding strips are very interesting to study with. The curved strip of this struc-ture seems to be easy to achieve, however it is actually based on numbers of data that been

collected by measuring the deflections of the plywood strip through series of physical tests. After the test, designers put data into comput-er and use them as parameters for the digital model on the computer. Therefore the folding ratio of strips can be computerized by designer and more importantly the overall outcome will be controllable by calculation. In this way computational design is strongly related with actual material behavior, it design method tells us the connection between parametric design and fabrication.

After knowing the design process of this re-search pavilion, I realized that computational design is not just creating some nice geometry shape without meaning, it is more important to consider the design with its material behavior in the physical world. By collecting data from experiments and use them as parameters in parametric design, the outcome will be more achievable and meaningful.

ICD/ITKE Research PavilionInstitute for Computational Design (AchimMenges) and Institute of Building Structuresand Structural Design (Jan Knippers), Universityof Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2010

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1. ICD / ITKE Research Pavilion, 2010, http://www.oliverdavidkrieg.com/?page_id=1232. Folding test, 2010, http://www.oliverdavidkrieg.com/?page_id=123

1. ICD / ITKE Research Pavilion

2. Folding test

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B.2. CASE STUDY 1.0

SEROUSSI PAVILION BIOTHING

Seroussi Pavilion is a computational design, based on the behavior of electromagnetic fields. After the pattern were generated, they will then get ‘lifted’ into number of struc-tural arches (depends on the pattern). Those arches are lifted section follow by a sine graph. 13 In the grasshopper, the technique of elec-tromagnetic fields and the graph mapping influence the formation of curves in three-dimensional world.The strip and folding ideas are used in this parametric design. Each curve can be seen

as one strip and they are folded by the pa-rameter that designer give for graph mapper in order to get the shape they want.Seroussi Pavilion is good approach for us to create interesting curves and even control them by setting different parameter, however I think the design is also strongly rely on the material they choose use for each strip in order to make it structurally supported. For our group, we decide to take the tech-niques of creating curves and try to gener-ate more interesting curves by play with all those parameters.

3. Electromagnetic fields curves,11 May 2009, http://www.dailytonic.com/biothing-a-transdisciplinary-lobratory-founded-by-alisa-andrasek/

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4. Seroussi Pavillion, Biothing exhibition, 11 May 2009, http://www.dailytonic.com/biothing-a-transdisciplinary-lobratory-founded-by-alisa-andrasek/

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MATRIX

Basic geometry Original defi-nition with

Circle radius & number of points on circle

Integer param-eter for field line & Graph mapper

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Graph mapper & Divide curve

Point charge decay (negative)

Changing all the parameter

Spin force

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POTENTIALSELECTION CRITERIA

Space creationThis iteration is generated by series of sine curves, they are attracted by two cir-cular pattern. Those curves create walk-way in between which shows the potential to create space.

Natural landscape or natural elementThis iteration has shown the potential to create some interesting landscape kind of form. Looks like series of mountain jointing together.

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Potential to further develop as sculp-tural form. This tornado looking form looks like a huge machine that generates energy by rotating. It can be a inspiration for designing a wind energy generator.

This one can be seen as public facil-ity and has a function such as chair or shading devices. Those curves can easily loft together to generate some surface or making them as series of section, which means buildable.

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B.3. Case Study 2.0

After last week’s practise, our team has familiar with strip and folding technique by using field commons in grasshopper. In order to get more understand-ing of parametric design from different aspects, we are going to pick something else for this week’s Reverse-Engineer.

We decide to reproduce the project called Hyperbody MSc2.14 The interesting parts of this project are the overall streamlined shape and those triangle patterns along the curves. If we can re-produce this model by using grasshop-per, it will be helpful for our

team to learn generate ge-ometry along the curves. Fur-thermore if we can use those pattern as solar panel it will be useful for the final design in part 3. This project is designed by the evolutionary patterns deep-Formations studio. There is not much information about how the designer generate this prototype and it is made by other software. So for us, using the grasshopper techniques we learned from previous video is the only way to start with. First step for me to start this reverse engineering is to un-derstand the basic logic behind

this project.From the images, I noticed a series of triangle shape pat-terns and they are generated along numbers of curve struc-ture. Looking closer, my group mate found that those triangle patterns are not just on one direction, some of them appear to be on other direction too. Therefore we named this type of structure ‘spine’.After figuring out how the spine works, our team starts looking for the initial definition in order to generate similar pattern with grasshopper.

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1st try is to create points along two parallel curves and use cull Nth, shift list to change the order of points. Problem shows that numbers tri-angle are joint to last point. Therefore this definition need to be further develop.

2nd try is better, all the point has connected with its related points. However those triangles are limited by the position of the points.

For the next try, those fixed points need to be movable, so that the size of triangle patterns are able to change too.

This is a way to achieve a better parametric design.

REVERSE ENGINEERING

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3rd try is to add a graph mapper to the parameter of the curve. After having the graph mapper, it is possible to move and control all the points. Therefore the triangle patterns are also becoming changeable and controllable.

4th try is another way to changing the triangle patterns. From the defi-nition, we can notice that the pattern change is follow by the curve on the graph mapper. This is a great step, because it help us to visualize

the change by using graph mapper.

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RECORD PROCESS

1

2

3

4

5

6

After adding those definitions together, the diagram that illustrate how those triangle patterns are generated.

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REVERSE-ENGINEER DIAGRAM

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B.4. Technique: Development

In case study one, the focusing point is para-metric manipulation of curves that can also be understand as developing form. In case two, the idea of spine, which is creating patterns on curves, which is known as spine, becomes the other direction for study.

Therefore, the development of both form and spine are necessary steps for presenting a final proposal in the later stage.

The first part of these iterations shows the process of finding basic form.

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This second part of iteration shows what can be a good spine pattern to work with.

THE SPINE

FLAT PATTERN

CHANGE IN SIZE (DECAY)

CHANGE IN SIZE (GROW-ING)

ROTATION

DNA CIRCLE DEVELOPING PATTERN 1

DEVELOPING PATTERN 2

CURVE NUMBER

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FLAT PATTERN

ROTATION

FORM

SPINE

The sculpture based form will stand out on the site and it also has potential to use as a tower shape energy generator.

SELECTION

Simple panels along series of curves, if the curves are based on site data, then it will have a great potential to site related design. Fur-thermore Each panel has the potential to move and rotate, which links to kinetic energy. A good prototype to further develop

This approach has focused on the func-tional use of individual panels, at the same time, possible to be a type of kinetic energy generator. Making it as one of the proto-type can help to explore how people will use them on the site.

Complex spinal pattern but possible to further develop in different ways of using it. In addi-tion, compare it with a simple pattern, to ex-plore which type of spine is more beneficial to final design.

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Before making the physi-cal prototype, we decide to make a decision for selecting energy genera-tion technology.

The final selection is based on our initial se-lection of the prototypes as well as site consider-ations. As a city located in northern Europe, Copen-hagen is cold and windy in most of time.15 Due to the lack of sunlight in winter period, the panels in our design is not going to be

energy efficient by using solar. Therefore, base on the site condition, using wind power seems like the best choice.

In our case, wind are used as a driving force to create vibration onto the panels, which contains piezoelectric cells, in or-der to generate energy.

ENERGY SELECTION

5. piezoelectric cells

5. piezoelectric cells, http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/piezoelectric-ed01.jpg

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B.5. Technique: Prototypes

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PROTOTYPE ONE

Making this model is for develop-ing the functional usage with the spine and also looking for some methods how to combine kinetic energy with the spine. Keeping panels in same size and shape is to achieve the idea of modular-ity. In this way, everything can be fabricated in a standard size which is money saving method for actual construction.

There are many ways of using those panels, by rotating panels and folding curves, it shows many functional usage in the actual site. They can be used as seating, shad-ing, fencing and even for people to play with.

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In term of energy generation, an interesting idea of generating energy while people interacting with the design. What it means is when people seat on those panels or rotate those panels, it whole structure will generate energy. It is base on the principal of kinetic energy generator.

In order to achieve this, “strains” are needed to connect those panels. So when people are act-ing force on the panel, it will cre-ate tension on the “strain”, then

those tension will change into kinetic energy.

Furthermore, if consider using different materials in different parts of the spine. For example, solid material for people to sit on and very light material for the panels that hanging above. In this way, those hanging panel can be rotate by wind, which makes this prototype has mul-tiple ways to generate energy.

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PROTOTYPES TWO

INTERLOCKING

The form of this prototype is generated by complexity of the curves, however without actual site data to base on, the curves is meaningless. After prototype one, our aim is to minimise the complexity of the each panel but they still need to achieve all those functions. Therefore, in this stage, the focus point is to explore how does each rectangular panel work between each other.

Interlocking method has a limitation on creating changeable structure as every panel are fixed with each other. Therefore in order to create curve structure, the angle of each interlocking needs to be con-sider individually.

As a result, this method is against the idea of modular system.

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CENTRAL WIRE STRUCTURE

Using a wire as supporting structure helps those panels work along the curve. This is a good step for solving the prob-lem of modular system. In addition, the wire can also seen as the power cable for transforming the energy to centre stor-age.

However, due to the weakness of the each joints, the whole structure has not able to be construct in real life yet.

Some problem with the rotation of each panel. Because the design is based on kinetic energy that wind force acting on each panel to create vibration.

So in order to get energy, the vibration need to be created by putting side panels structure for limiting the rotation. In this way, the panel with piezoelectric cells can bouncing between the vertical structure, so enough vibration for kinetic energy should be generated.

However nothing is holding each main panels, makes them not able to vibrate properly.

SIDE PANELS STRUCTURE

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FIXED SIDE PANELS WITH SPRINGS

After adding a fixing element between the gap of each panel, the structure seem to be more stable than before.

After creating some wind blow to those panels to test the result of vibration, we find it is working, however it is not as sen-sible as we wanted.

So the idea of placing some spring be-tween the fixed panel structure is made.

INSTALLING PIEZOELECTRIC CELLS

Every panel will have the piezoelectric cells. Therefore this model is just a reminder of panel needs to be cut for installing piezo-electric cells

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PROTOTYPE TWOSPINE WITH ENERGY IN CONSIDERATION

Diagram for summarize the model making process.

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B.6. Technique: Proposal

A sculptural and energy generating design which functions as an architectural composition of space as a visualization of the complexity of the context. In-teraction between visitors, design outcome and site is necessary.

In order to achieve the site related design outcome. An understandable logic is provided to explain the entire design process.Starting with collecting data that relates to the actual site. The data, such as movement on the site, direc-tion of wind, water wave around site, will be convert into grasshopper pa-rameters to create curves and points. Then gives those curves and points

an logic algorithm to create interac-tion with other data within that sys-tem. After creating those curves, the design of spine will be created along those curves. Therefore, every part of the spine structure will have its own meaning that related with site data.

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Image is rendered by group mate-Tony Yu

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B.7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes

Part B has helped me understand the process of parametric design. I learned that it is important to consider all different aspect of the design. In the beginning, I will feel lost in thinking about make a nice looking form without given any meaning to it. Then I realized that para-metric design is not just for making design look great in shape, it still need to have a strong connection with the concept and design brief.

In the computational design part, I have learned two very different technique. Although they don’t seem to be related with each other, after think further, I realize the connection in between. Which help our design to be unique. Sometime those potential ideas are close to you, but we need to work harder in order to get them.

During the process of making physical prototype, i think our group is too focus on the detail part. We should think boarder, consider the de-sign as a whole. So we can understand more about the design in term of scale.

As we have cleared what our group should be focus on for the next part, analyzing the actual site in different aspect is important. In addi-tion, while we have a complex shape, it is important for us to balance between computational design and construction in physical world.

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REFERENCES

13. “Seroussi Pavillion Paris 2007,” Biothing, last modified 24 March 2010, http://www.biothing.org/?cat=5

12. Moritz Fleischmann, Jan Knippers, Julian Lienhard, Achim Menges and Simon Schleicher. “Material Resourcefulness: Activating Material Information in Computtional Design,”Architectural Design 82, no. 2 (2012): 44–51,

14. “Evolutionary Patterns deepFormations,”, Matthujs la Roi, Last Modified 2010, http://www.atthijslaroi.nl/cnc-manufacturing/evolutionary-patterns-deepformations-part-2/

15. City of Copenhagen, “Carbon Neutral 2025 Copenhagen Climate Adaptation Plan,” City of Copenhagen (2011), www.kk.dk/klima

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PART C. DETAILED DESIGN

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C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT

DESIGN PROPOSAL

To render the metaphysical con-text of the site into an experience of complexity.

In the traditional sense, this pro-posal was contrived from a goal in the form of an experience. This intention gradually changes throughout C.1 with the progres-

sion of the project: along the way, the process and project will be critiqued in relation to computa-tional design and the role of the designer, a limit which ran deep throughout.

Feedback from the interim pre-sentation, we noticed there are many things that needed to be considered in next couple weeks of final design. Our design is to cre-ate an interactive site for people to experience the complexity of local context. In order to do so, the de-sign of curve and spine becomes important. Curve as the main structure, it provides strength for supporting the entire structure and also creates the general form. However, for now we haven’t figure out a way to create those curve lines by using parametric design method. One way that we have considered to use is creating curve

base on site data. So the first thing we should do for this part is to have a detailed site analysis, by doing this, we will be able to create curve by using computa-tional algorithm. About the spine design for the next stage, panels will be designed differently for each height level. So the spine will create multiple functions, we are thinking to have solid seating part at bottom level and a moveable energy generator part at top level.

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PROCESS OF DESIGNFrom Part B towards C.2

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SPIINE LOGIC

The spine consists of three parts:A Central Core curve, substructures for the fin and the fin.

These five digital spine structures have reached to the idea of parametric flexibility, which has come up with the concept of chaos. The idea of chaos is not only represent visu-ally, but also creates different functions for each level of the spine. As the spines are parametrically controlled, designing for each level become easy to control. In addition, the idea of the chaos feeds parametric random-ness, which we can choose what size of the substructure and fin we want for final out-come.

The Chaos and order becomes our final choice for spine arrangement which relates with the design intent and functional use of the project. Further detail of the spine will be mentioned in energy generation part.

RandomOrder to Chaos

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Ordered Form Longer substructure Chaos to order

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EXPERIMENTATION OF THE FORMCURVE ALGOR ITHM

Height 100 mLengths: 1:2:12Level 3: 1500 mLevel 2: 270 mLevel 1: 125 mSize: 3:3:2Energy Fin Size: 0.7

5,000,000kW/Year

Analysis: Too high for constructionThree levels have too much difference will cause structural problem

Exploring the algorithmic logic behind the curve generation, it was difficult to generate co-herent and interesting forms. Parametric design need to base on data and logic, however in our case, algorithm was very difficult to control.

The first attempt is to generate curves by Rabbit, after putting site data into the definition, the algorithm produced undesirable results which were not clear and understandable. As this method is hard to work with, we decide to just abstract curves which would work. Then we can use the logic of push and pull curve to create spacial experience through the curves.

Height: 80 m (8m, 20m)Lengths: 8:7:5Level 3: 500 mLevel 2: 700 mLevel 1: 800 mSize: 1:2:3Energy Fin Size: 2

3,000,000 kW/Year

Analysis:still too highgood balanve between three levels

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Height: 20 mLengths: 1:3:9Level 3: 900 mLevel 2: 323 mLevel 1: 128 mSize: 1:2:3Energy Fin Size: 1.5300,000MW/Year

AnalysisHeight is appropriate to fit the design intent. Size of the fin seem to be big enough for the scale.However, the level different is still too big, as the top being 900m wide in total, which causes a heavy top part. We want the top part be lighter.

Height: 20 m (1.5m, 6m)Lengths: 2:2:1Level 3: 350 mLevel 2: 700 mLevel 1: 700 mSize: 3:3:2Energy Fin Size: 2200,000 kW/Year

As a result, this experiment has the best option so far, all the number are seem to be relevant to the design intent. Therefore we will use this one for the future design.

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SITE ANALYSIS

Copenhagen, DenmarkRefshaleøen site analysis Site data (based on past ten years, from Jan 2004 to Dec 2013)

Wind: directionN 9%NE 7%E 11%SE 10%S 15%SW 17%W 24%NW 7%Heavy wind on west and south direction, so the design may be better to face these two direction.

Snowy day (note: the data has 20-57% availability) Jan 19.3Feb 17.3Mar 13.9Apr 0May 0Jun 0Jul 0Aug 0Sep 0Oct 0Nov 5.3Dec 39Average per year: 72 days

Climate Graph1

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SunCopenhagen has the south direction sun due to the geographic position. Known that, during summer period, the longest daylight hours will be up to 17 hours. However, in winter it only has 7 hours. Base on this, our design needs to provide shading and also creat-ing resting space during summer time.

WindCopenhagen has the dominant wind from the south and west. The city currently attains 22% (highest in the world) of their energy from the wind due to its consistency. 2 Furthermore, the site is wide open without anything blocking the wind. Therefore, we can also consider wind as our energy resource.

WaterThe site is surrounded with sea water, which makes our design have the potential to use hydropower. However, lack of information about the sea water flow, we decide to abandon this option.

Snow & RainFrom the Copenhagen Climate Graph. It shows Copenhagen has quite a lot of rainy and snowy day, in this case, solar energy will not be the best option for energy choice. However, on the other side, the drop of the rain and the weight of snow can both be used as kinetic energy.

Site ViewThe site is opposite to the Little Mermaid across the harbour, which creates an advantage as being more noticeable. When people are visiting the Little Mermaid, they will see the design and it maybe attract people to the site.

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N0 100

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Providing function by focusing on the water-taxi terminal. Keeping the existing circulation and link with the new movement which create by the curve.

Creating pathways through curves, lead people towards main structure as well as water-taxi terminal at southeast cor-ner.

The movement on the site will by not influenced the complex structure on the ground level, because pathway will be created by the logic of lifting up curve from computational design.

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Open space as playground

Enclosed space as gathering place

Semi-closed space with shading

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AA

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SITE PLAN

SECTION A-A

After getting the curves from a Rabbit simu-lation, all the curves are going to be further developed. Base on the site analysis, for the site design we need to consider local pathway for group level design. Considering wind path is to manipulate curves in upper level.Numbers of key words are used to control the design outcome. There are circulation , explo-sion, space generation scale and growth.All the points are essential to be considered while using grasshopper to alter curves.

The overall design is to express the process from chaos to order.

Section that explained the growth from com-plexity toward simplicity.

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C.2 TECTONIC ELEMENTS

LEVEL 3ENERGY

LEVEL 2TRANSITION

LEVEL 1BASE

LEVEL 0FOOTING

Once the overall curve design has been finished, it is time to go a step further, designing spine in detail. As we have noticed that every curve is grow from the ground to the sky and come back to the ground again. The idea of dividing curve into dif-ferent levels has been decided, from complexity to simply, from bottom to top, the spine is divided into four parts.

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LEVEL 0FOOTINGTwo types of footing systems are designed for holding the structure in place.

Elements from bottom up in footing system:- base square mesh steel reinforcement- central footing reinforcement- self leveling mortar- base plate- wild in position- central core

Elements from bottom up in footing system:- base square mesh steel reinforcement- central footing reinforcement- intersecting steel reinforcement- central core

In this stage, both types of footing seem to be possible work on site, but need to have real engineer involved to decide.

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LEVEL 1BASE

This level is ground level where the spine structure used as seating. The surface of the panel will use wicker in order to provide comfortable seating. In addition, underneath the wicker surface, we were thinking to install some piezocells for energy generation purpose. So when people sit on the panels, they will also generate energy. Note that this level is not the main level for energy generation.

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LEVEL 2TRANSITION

Having these kind of substructure at this level is caused by computational design,

During the process of designing spine by grasshopper, the kind of long substructure appears to be interesting in the overall spine. The substructures are touch to the ground, so they can be used as supporting columns for the entire spine. This is an advantage of using parametric design, because the computer will provide surprising result which is useful for the design. To further design this part, the panels become semi transparent to create interesting visual experience when people walk through our design.

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PIEZOELECTRICITY

Piezoelectricity is the electric charge accumulates in solid materials in re-sponse to applied mechanical stress. There are two ways to generate power by piezoelectricity. Pressure and Vibration.1

In order to create energy, force will be required to squeeze the piezoelectic panel. This system con-verts movements into electricity and will last for over 100 years.A piezoelectric element is attached on host structure and a charging circuit is connected to the piezoelec-tric elements. The piezo-electric elements convert the vibration energy of the host structure into electrical energy. Electri-

cal energy is stored in the storage buffer later.Our design will involve both way in order to maximize the energy generated.Piezoelectricity cells will be coated on the panel. When the wind hits the panel, there will be pres-sure present on panel so generate energy. At the same time, panels can be vibrated due to the wind and hit the fixed side joint pieces where springs lo-cated. 2

Georgia Tech’s piezo-electric cells, due to the increased efficiency can replicate the area of a membrane. Each cell is roughly 1cm in diameter, with fives time the efficien-cy it can be assumed that one cell per 5cm would then be substitutable. 3

200 cells per square me-ter

LEVEL 3 ENERGY

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PROTOTYPES

In terms of tectonic elements, we have consid-ered the design of fins. Our aim is to make the fins work well with the wind; keep the struc-ture simple for fabrication and also correspond with our design intent. In order to do so, we have made numbers of prototypes to test dif-ferent ways of using piezoelectric cells on the fin. Here are some of the prototypes we made.

This prototype is the very early idea, which only has the rectangle substructures on two sides. The structure provides a visual under-standing of how the fin should be look like. This can be seem as the starting point for the rest of the prototype design.

The bulbed shape of this prototype has the potential to work well with the wind. The con-cept of an aerodynamic shape was considered, this shape can also provide some protection for the core structure. Need to design a protection that covers the entire core structure.

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Several narrow fin structures were combined into one, rotate and fix them in different di-rection has the potential to receive maximum wind load.

Some other experiments that are quite differ-ent from those we did before. For this pro-totype, each small panel is hanging by steel cable, they will vibrate when wind hit on it. However, after making the model, we realized it need to have a high skill labor.

This one is similar to the previous one, I have increased the number of the panels. Same problem with fabrication process, it is too dif-ficult to make. The components of this prototypes have been cut, but it seem to be too difficult to make. Similar problem will occur in real life fabrica-tion. Therefore, the design of panel, go back to origin.

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This one is close to what we want as final, those three middle structures are designed for holding the fins. However, our group de-cided to cover up the core structure and make the panel structure as simple as possible.

Making five of them and connect them with wire has create a actual physical spine structure. It helped us to test for its rotation potential. This experiment also rises a problem with how do we design a rotatable joint between each panel.

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Detail Drawing of the fin

1. Recycled PVC casing as a protection layer, it is also designed as a stop to limit the bending of the fin.

2. Piezoelectic fin component: layer of piezoelectric cells sandwiched between two pieces of waterproof transparent bendable PVC sheets.

3. Piezoelectric cells (thinking to add LED lights on each cell in order to create a visible effect at night.

4. Wires for transforing energy from piezo-cells.

5. Circular Hollow Section, know as the core, electric wire will go through the core to deliver electricity.

6. Steel bracket holds with the core,using clip on method.

7. Bolts for holding the piezoelectric fins and steel bracket. Avoiding piezo-fin blow away by strong wind force.

1

2

7

65

4

3

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1. CHS core

2. Holes for core to insert

3. Bolts for fixing core in position

4. 180 degree rotation joint base on one axis

5. Bolt No. 2

6. 360 degree rotation joint base on another axis

Because each spine is based on the central core curve, the con-struction method of the curve becomes important. We have solutions like fabricating the core curve as one continuous steel structure or weld series of hollow beams into one, but both of them are hard to be achieved and not re-lated to parametric design. There-fore, we worked out a solution, that is to design a joint which has a

standard size and each part can be controlled by parameter. The joint is to connect each fin structure and it will help the fin to rotate in a right position, once it set in correct position, the joint will be fixed. The design of this joint is to achieve standardized production which improves work efficiency and work quality. And it links to the idea of parametric design.

Joint Design

2

1

3

4

5

6The joint is able to rotate in almost every di-rection in order to achieve our design intent. Relating to parametric, each component of the joint are aim to control by parameters. For example, the size of the entire joint and the diameter of the insert holes.

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Fabrication method

Because I was using 3mm thick MDF board as the laser cut material, so every jointing edge would be considered as 3mm deep. Thinking to do entire process by grasshopper but turns out it is very difficult to use grasshopper for the fabri-cation part. So I have to do it by using boolean difference command in rhino. Will try to solve it by only grasshopper one day.

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Joint connected with all different types of panel as an experiment

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250x150x5RHS200CHS

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

AIMRESULT

6.7 DEFLECTION

To further test the constructability, we did some analysis by using millipede in grasshopper.At this point it is not fully resolved, but, we looked at one component, and simplified it down to the core structure and substructures that became columns

Using CHS (circular hollow section) of 200mm diameter for central core curve is reasonable, and is enough to roughly meet the design, as result, the bottom is okay but it completely fails at the top.

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250x150x5RHS700+ CHS

0 DEFLECTION

CHS of 700mm is required to actu-ally hold this up free standing, but that’s unreasonable.Introducing more support fixes this, but is ungraceful.

250x150x5 RHS200x7 CHS

0.5 Deflection

Adding more support columns is an easy way to solve the support issue, however, this was deemed too un-graceful and in blatant contradiction to the design intent and overall scheme.

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One way that would work is if we reorganized the curves in the design so that they over-lap directly and support each other, this works again with the 200mm CHS. Wind load and loads create by fins are considered in the solution.

The structure anaysis should be consider earlierThe entire design would be changed by this structure issue, so we are not going to change the design again for this time. However, I think the structure analysis should be consid-ered earlier in order to achieve construction purpose.

250x150x5 RHS200x7 CHS

1.5 Deflection

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C.3 FINAL MODELDue to the difficulty of 3D printing, our site model is made by numbers paper strips.

Making Process

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1:1000 SITE MODEL

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JOINT & FIN

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C.4 Additional LAGI Brief Requirements

RYGSOJLEN is a landscape energy generation system formed by algorithmic logic which reflects the complex system of surrounding environment and human interaction. With consistent aesthetic appearance, the design is derived from chaos at ground level to order at top level.

The design aims to create a landmark gathering place for the site which includes open space as playground, semi-closed space with shading and enclosed space as gathering place. Clear path-way is formed to lead visitors to the water taxi terminal which functioning as a station. Main struc-ture is located on the northwest side of the site in order to take advantage from across the harbor. Comparing to the ground level, top level of the design has a much simple appearance which will allow visitors to visualize the wind.

The design generates energy at the top levels, wind is captured by the fins which convert mechani-cal strain into electrical energy through the piezoelectric effect. In addition, to make use of human interaction on the site, piezoelectric systems are also used in the lower level.

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Technology: Piezoelectric CellsEmergy Generartion Calculation1

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P = 1/2 x C x A x d v3 where,P is the power generatedC is the efficiency coefficient = 63.5%A is the area = 601.235 m2

d is the air density = 1.225 kg/m3

v is the wind speed = 5 m/s

P = 0.5 x 0.635 x 601.235 x 1.225 x 53 = 29230W

250 FINSTOTAL AREA: 601.234 M2

Annually: 247776kWhCopenhagen Residentual Consumption ~ 1340kWh / year

185 Residences Supported

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Material List

200x7 CHS 2596m

250x150x5 RHS ~300m

Piezoelectric Cells x 200,000+ Wiring + Battery

3M Waterproof Membrane 1200 m2

-Translucent-Sizes vary

3M Waterproof Membrane 2190 m2

-Semi-Opaque-Sizes vary

White Wicker 4180 m2

-Sizes vary

Recycled PVC 12600 m2

-For fabricated cladding

VALUABLE SPACEChaos and Simplicity

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VALUABLE SPACEChaos and Simplicity

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C.5. LEARNING OUTCOMEAir studio has focused on the exploration of using parametric design tools to reinforce the design abilities. Unlike the traditional designing studio, Air is more about changing the old idea of thinking design from top and bottom, it leads us to think in an opposite way. By making use of the paramet-ric design, it has improved our abilities in designing practices. The abilities for rapidly iterations in design process is an interesting point. It helps to rapidly and precisely visualized the design proposal which make the design process much faster. Another good thing about parametric design is its efficiency. All the output date is driven by the con-trol of input parameter which makes everything change immediately without redo the previous work. By learning and using parametric design tools, it has improved the design possibility which make the design practise not only a form generation process but also be a logical based exploration. Our project turn out to be complex form based design, however, the logic behind is still quite un-derstandable. This is why I think parametric design is relatively easy to communicate between each other. In term of group work, our have divided the work load quite reasonable. Communicating with group mate is very import in a group project. Sometime a lack of understanding between each other will lead us go to a wrong path. There are still a lot of parts that we need to improve in our design and the process of design is also need to be think more clearly for the future. One example is about the structure analysis, if we can do it earlier than it will be much helpful for our final design. But overall, I think our group has worked quite well.

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REFERENCE

C.1 REFERENCES

1. City of Copenhagen, “Copenhagen: Solutions for Sustainable Cities,” City of Copenhagen (2011), www.kk.dk/klima

2. City of Copenhagen, “Carbon Neutral 2025 Copenhagen Climate Adaptation Plan,” City of Copenhagen (2011), www.kk.dk/klima

C.2 REFERENCES1.Mechanical Engineering, “The Power of Foot Steps into Energy,” 2011, Accessed on 7 May,2014, <http://www.mechanicalengineeringblog.com/1598-the-power-of-foot-steps-into-ener-gyelectricity-produced-by-the-piezo-electricity-theory-ge-new-piezo-electric-charging/>

2. “Traffic Intersection Powered By Footsteps Concept,” Rue Liu, Last modified 22 March 2011, http://www.slashgear.com/trafficintersection-powered-by-footsteps-concept-22141875.html.

3. “Georgia Tech’s Self-Charging Piezoelectric Power Cell Can Harvest 5x More Engergy From Footsteps,” Timon Singh, Inhabitat, Lastmodified 2014, http://inhabitat.com/georgia-techs-self-charging-piezoelectric-power-cell-can-harvest-five-times-more-energy-fromfootsteps/

C.4 & C.5 REFERENCES

1. Xiaotong Gao, “Vibration and Flow Energy Harvesting using Piezoelectric” (PhD., Drexel University, 2011)

2. Rendering images by groupmate Tony Yu

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