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"ekgmscluekrpcysmjs.mg" ;
JCBEMZQY]
[ukhmtktmvb Kgkhysms gtroaujtmog
[ukhmtktmvb kgkhysms mgvohvbs tcb abtbjtmog o` jktmog(s) kga kgmog(s) o` k skht or k emxturb o` skhts.
Qcb systbektmj projbaurb `or qukhmtktmvb kgkhysms o` kg mgorfkgmj skht mgvohvbs tcb `ohhowmgf stbps 4
(k) ^rbhmemgkry tbsts
^cysmjkh kppbkrkgjb (johour kga sebhh). Ary cbktmgf tbst. Jckrjokh jkvmty tbst. Jckrjokh jkvmty kga joikht gmtrktb tbst. @hkeb tbst. Iorkx ibka tbst. Amhutb suhpcurmj kjma tbst. ^otkssmue pbrekgfkgktb tbst. Jogjbgtrktba suhpcurmj kjma tbst. Qbsts `or suhpcktb, pcospcktb kga iorktb.
(i) Vbt tbsts `or kjma rkamjkhs.
(j) Vbt tbsts (froup kgkhysms) `or iksmj rkamjkhs.
;. ^cysmjkh Bxkemgktmog O` tcb Emxturb 4Qcb pcysmjkh bxkemgktmog o` tcb uglgowg emxturb mgvohvbs tcb stuay o` johour, sebhh kga abgsmty.
Qkihb 4 ;^cysmjkh Bxkemgktmog
Bx pbrmeb gt Oisb rvk tmogs Mg`b rbgjb
(k) Johour Ihub or Ihumsc frbbg Ju9+ or Gm9+
Frbbgmsc Gm9+
Hmfct frbbg @b9+
Akrl irowg @b :+
^mgl, vmohbt Jo9+
Hmfct pmgl, `hbsc johour or auhh
bkrtcy johour Eg9+
Vcmtb
Zcows tcb kisbgjb o`
Ju9+,Gm9+,@b9+,@ b:+
Eg 9+, Jo9+
(i) Zeb hh
Ke eogmj kh sebhh GC1+
Pmgbfkr hmlb sebhh JC:JOO
Zebhh hmlb tckt o` rottbg bffs Z9
(m) Cbkvy Zkht o` ^i9+ or Ik9+
(mm) Hmfct `hu``y powabr Jkriogkt b s kht s
(a) Abhmqubsjbgjb
Zkht kisoris eomsturb kga
ibjoebs
pkstb hmlb
(m) M` johourba, eky ib
Ju(GO:)9,
@bJh:
(mm) M` johourhbss, eky ib
Tg(GO:)9, jchormabs o`Tg9+, Ef 9+ btj.
Qklb k pmgjc o` tcb skht ibtwbbgyour `mgfbrs kga rui wmtc k arop o`
wktbr
(.J) Abgsmty
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"ekgmscluekrpcysmjs.mg" 9
JCBEMZQY]
9. Ary Cbktmgf Qbst 4Qcms tbst ms pbr`oreba iy cbktmgf k sekhh keougt o` emxturb mg k ary tbst tuib. [umtb vkhukihb mg`orektmog jkg
ib fbgbrktba iy jkrb`uhhy pbr`oremgf kga gotmgf tcb oisbrvktmogs cbrb. Og cbktmgf soeb skhts ugabrfo
abjoeposmtmog tcus bvohvmgf tcb fksbs or eky ugabrfo jckrkjtbrmstmj jckgfbs mg tcb johour o` rbsmaub.
Qcbsb oisbrvktmogs krb tkiuhktba ibhow khogf wmtc tcb mg`brbgjbs tckt you jkg arkw.
Qkihb 4 9
Oisbrvktmog Mg`brbgjb
;. Fks bvohvba
(k) Johourhbss kga oaourhbss fksJO
9fks turgs hmeb wktbr emhly JO
:9
(i) Johourhbss fks wmtc oaour(m) C
9Z fksZebhhs hmlb rottbg bffs, turgs Cyarktba Z9
hbka kjbtktb pkpbr ihkjl.
(mm) ZO9
fksJckrkjtbrmstmj su``ojktmgf ZO:
9
sebhh, turgs kjmam`mba potkssmue amjcroektb
sohutmog or pkpbr frbbg.
(mmm) CJh fks ^ugfbgt sebhh, wcmtb uebs wmtc Jh
keeogmk, wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc smhvbr gmtrktb sohutmog.
(mv)Kjbtmj kjma vkpoursJckrkjtbrmstmj vmgbfkr JC:JOO
hmlb sebhh.
(v) GC:
fks Jckrkjtbrmstmj sebhh, turgs GC1
+
Gbsshbr's sohutmog irowg.
(j) Johourba fksbs ^ugfbgt sebhh(m) GO
9fks Ybaamsc irowg, turgs `brrous GO
9 orGO
:
suhpcktb sohutmog ihkjl.
(mm) Jh9fks Frbbgmsc ybhhow, turgs stkrjc Jh
moamab pkpbr ihub.
(mmm) Ir9
vkpours Ybaamsc irowg, turgs stkrjc Ir
pkpbr orkgfb rba.
(mv) M9 vkpours Akrl vmohbt, turgs stkrjc pkpbr
ihub.
9. Zuihmektb `oreba(k) Vcmtb suihmektb GC
1+
(i) Ihkjl suihmektb kjjoepkgmba iy vmohbt
vkpours.
:. @usmogQcb emxturb `usbs. Khlkhm ebtkh skhts or skht jogtkmgmgf wktbr o`
jrystkhhmsktmog.
1. Zwbhhmgf
Qcb emxturb swbhhs up mgto vohuemgous ekss. ^O1:
, IO::
mgamjktba2. Ybsmaub(m) ]bhhow wcbg cot, wcmtb wcbg joha. Tg9+
(mm) Irowg wcbg cot kga ybhhow wcbg joha ^i9+
(mmm) Ormfmgkh skht ihub ibjoebs wcmtb og cbktmgf Cyarktba JuZO1
mgamjktba
(mv) Johourba skht ibjoebs irowg or ihkjl og Jo9+ , @b9+, @b:+ , Jr:+ , Ju9+ , Gm9+ , Eg9+
cbktmgf. mgamjktba.
Gotb 4 Rsb k pbr`bjthy ary tbsttuib `or pbr`oremgf tcms tbst. Vcmhb arymgf k tbsttuib, lbbps mt mg shkgtmgf
posmtmog wmtc mts eoutc shmfcthy aowgwkras so tckt tcb arops o` wktbr wcmjc jogabgsb og tcb uppbr
joohbr pkrts, ao got `khh ikjl og tcb cot iottoe, ks tcms eky irbkl tcb tuib.
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"ekgmscluekrpcysmjs.mg" :
JCBEMZQY]
@or tbstmgf k fks, k `mhtbr pkpbr strmp amppba mg tcb kpproprmktb rbkfbgt ms iroufct gbkr tcb eoutc o`
tcb tbst tuib or khtbrgktmvbhy tcb rbkfbgt ms tklbg mg k fksabtbjtor kga tcb fks ms pkssba tcroufc mt.
@mfurb 4 Abtbjtmog o` fks bvohvba.
Ao got cbkt tcb tuib strogfhy kt ogb pomgt ks mt eky irbkl.
:. Jckrjokh Jkvmty Qbst 4Qcms tbst ms iksba og tcb `kjt tckt ebtkhhmj jkriogktbs wcbg cbktba mg k jckrjokh jkvmty abjoeposb to fmvb
jorrbspogamgf oxmabs. Qcb oxmabs kppbkr ks johourba mgjrustktmog or rbsmaub mg tcb jkvmty. Mg jbrtkmg jksbs,
tcb oxmabs `oreba pkrtmkhhy ugabrfo rbaujtmog to tcb ebtkhhmj stktb proaujmgf ebtkhhmj ibkas or sjkhbs.
Bxkephb 4
(k) TgZO1
+ Gk9JO
: TgJO
:+ Gk
9ZO
1
TgJO:
TgO (]bhhow wcbg cot, wcmtb wcbg joha) + JO9
(i) JuZO1
+ Gk9JO
: JuJO
:+ Gk
9ZO
1
JuJO:
JuO + JO9
JuO + J Ju (Ybaamsc sjkhbs) + JO
Qkihb 4 :
Mg`brbgjbMgjrustk tmog or Yb smaub Eb tk hhmj ib ka
]bhhow wcbg cot, wcmtb wcbg joha Gogb Tg9+
Irowg wcbg cot, ybhhow wcbg joha
Frby ibka wcmjc
ekrls tcb pkpbr ^i9+
Go j ckrkj tbrms tmj rbs maub Yba ibkas or s jkhbs Ju9+
V cmtb rbs maub wcmj c fhows og cbktmgf Gogb Ik 9+,J k9+, Ef9+
Ihkjl Gogb Gotcmgf ab`mgmtbfbgbrkhhy
johourba skht
Oisbrvktmog
1. Joikht Gmtrktb Qbst 4Mg jksb tcb rbsmaub ms wcmtb mg johour k`tbr jckrjokh jkvmty tbst, kaa k arop o` joikht gmtrktb mg tcb jckrjokh
jkvmty. K arop o` wktbr ms tcbg kaaba kga tcb ekss ms cbktba mg kg oxmamsmgf `hkeb usmgf ihow pmpb. Mt ms joohba
kga ogb or two arops o` joikht gmtrktb sohutmog ms kaaba kga tcbg kfkmg cbktba mg tcb oxmamsmgf `hkeb. Am `brbgt
ebtkh skhts fmvb am``brbgt johourba ekss ks fmvbg mg tcb tkihb. Qo mhhustrktb 4
TgZO1+ Gk9 JO: TgJO:+ Gk9 ZO1 < TgJO: TgO + JO9
9Jo (GO:)9 9JoO + 1 GO9+ O9< TgO + JoO TgO. JoO (or JoTgO9)(Ymgekgg's frbbg)
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"ekgmscluekrpcysmjs.mg" 1
JCBEMZQY]
Qkihb 4 1
Z.Go. Ebtkh Johour o` tcb ekss
;. Tmgj Frbbg
9. Khuemgmue Ihub
:. Ekfgbsmue ^mgl
Qmg1. Ihumsc - frbbg
2. @hkeb tbst 4Qcb jchormabs o` tcb ebtkhs krb eorb vohktmhb ks joepkrba to otcbr skhts kga tcbsb krb prbpkrba mg smtu iy
emxmgf tcb joepougas wmtc k hmtthb jogjbgtrktba cyarojchormj kjma. Og cbktmgf mg k gog-huemgous Iugsbg
`hkeb tcby krb vohktmhmzba kga mepkrt k jckrkjtbrmstmj johour to tcb `hkeb ks tcbsb kisori bgbrfy `roe tcb
`hkeb kga trkgsemt tcb skeb ks hmfct ks jckrkjtbrmstmj johour .
Qkihb 4 2Johour o` @hkeb Mg`brbgjb
Jrmesog Yba / Jkremgb Yba Hmtcmue
Fohabg ybhhow Zoamue
Pmohbt/Hmhkj ^otkssmue
Irmjl rba Jkhjmue
Jrmesog Ztrogtmue
Kpphb Frbbg/]bhhowmsc Frbbg Ikrmue
Frbbg wmtc k Ihub jbgtrb/Frbbgmsc Ihub Joppbr
@mfurb 4 @hkeb tbst
0. Iorkx Ibka tbst 4Og Cbktmgf iorkx `ores k johourhbss fhkssy ibka o` GkIO9 kga I9O: .Gk9I1O6.;>C9O
Gk9I1O6
9GkIO9+ I9O:
Og cbktmgf wmtc k johourba skht , tcb fhkssy ibka `ores k johourba ebtkiorktb mg oxmamsmgf `hkeb.
@or bxkephb, mg oxmamsmgf `hkeb joppbr skhts fmvb ihub ibka.
JuZO1 JuO + ZO: < JuO + I9O: Ju(IO9)9 (ihub ibka)
Cowbvbr, mg rbaujmgf `hkeb tcb johours eky ib am` brbgt aub to am` brbgt rbkjtmogs.
9Ju(IO9)9 + J 9JuIO9+ I9O:+ JO
9Ju(IO9)9 + 9J 9Ju (irowg rba/rba kga opkqub ibka) + 9I9O:+ 9JO.
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JCBEMZQY]
Qkihb 4 0
Vcbg Cot Vcbg Joha Vcbg Cot Vcbg Joha
Joppbr Frbbg Ihub Johourhbss Irowg rba
Mrog Irowg ybhhow ^khb ybhhow/]bhhow Iotthb frbbg Iotthb frbbg
Jcroemue ]bhhow Frbbg Frbbg Frbbg
Joikht Ihub Ihub Ihub Ihub
Ekgfkgbsb Pmohbt/Kebtcyst Yba/Kebtcyst Frby/Johourhbss Frby/Johourhbss
Gmjlbh Pmohbt Irowg/Ybaamsc irowg Frby Frby
Johour mg oxmamsmgf `hkeb Johour mg rbaujmgf hkebEbtkh
Gog huemgous `hkeb ms jkhhba oxmamsmgf `hkeb. Huemgous `hkeb ms jkhhba rbaujmgf `hkeb.
@mfurb 4 Iorkx ibka tbst
Khh kjma rkamjkhs wcmjc krb mg DBB syhhkius krb johourhbss kga amkekfgbtmj. Cbgjb tcb johour o` tcbskhts ms oghy aub to tcb iksmj rkamjkhs.
Qkihb 4 6ZOHRIMHMQ] JCKYQ
Z.Go. Kgmog Zohuimhmty / Bxjbptmog
;. JO:9 Bxjbpt jkriogktbs o` khlkhm ebtkhs kga o` keeogmue, khh otcbr gorekh jkriogktbskrb mgsohuihb.
9. ZO:
9 Oghy tcb suhpcmtbs o` tcb khlkhm ebtkhs kga o` keeogmue krb wktbr sohuihb. Qcbsuhpcmtb o` otcbr ebtkhs krb bmtcbr spkrmgfhy sohuihb or mgsohuihb.
:. Z9 Qcb kjma, gorekh kga pohysuhpcmab o` khlkhm ebtkhs krb sohuihb mg wktbr. Qcb gorekhsuhpcmabs o` eost otcbr ebtkhs krbmgsohuihb< tcosb o` tcb khlkhmgb bkrtcs krbspkrmgfhysohuihb,iutkrb frkaukhhyjckgfba iyjogtkjt wmtc wktbr mgto sohuihbcyarofbg suhpcmabs.
1. GO9
, GO: Kheost khh gmtrmtbs kga gmtrktbs krb sohuihb mg wktbr. KfGO
9spkrmgfhy sohuihb. Gmtrktbs
o` ebrjurykga imseutc fmvb iksmj skhts og trbktebgt wmtc wktbr. Qcbsb krb sohuihbmg amhutb gmtrmj kjma.
2. JC:JOO Kjbtktbs krb wktbr sohuihb bxjbpt Kf(M) kga Cf(MM) kjbtktbs wcmjc krb spkrmgfhy
sohuihb.
0. Jh Eost jchormabs krb sohuihb mg wktbr. ^iJh9
(spkrmgfhy sohuihb mg joha iut rbkamhysohuihb mg iomhmgf wktbr), Cf
9Jh
9, KfJh, JuJh, ImOJh, ZiOJh kgaCf
9OJh
9krb mgsohuihb
mg wktbr.
6. Ir Zmhvbr, ebrjury(M) kgajoppbr(M),iroemabs krbmgsohuihb. Hbkairoemab ms spkrmgfhysohuihbmg joha iut eorb sohuihb mg iomhmgf wktbr. Khh otcbr iroemabs krb sohuihb mg wktbr.
3. M Zmhvbr, ebrjury(M), ebrjury(MM), joppbr(M), hbka kga imseutc(MMM) moamabs krb tcb hbkstsohuihb skhts. Khh otcbr moamabs krb wktbr sohuihb.
=. ZO1
9 Qcb suhpcktbs o` ikrmue, strogtmue kga hbka krb mgsohuihb mg wktbr, tcosb o` jkhjmuekga ebrjury(MM) krb shmfcthy sohuihb. Zoeb iksmj suhpcktbs o` ebrjury, imseutc kgajcroemue krb khso mgsohuihb, iut tcbsb amssohvbs mg amhutb cyarojchormj or gmtrmj kjma.
;> ^O1
: Qcb pcospcktb o` tcb khlkhm ebtkhs, wmtc tcb bxjbptmog o` hmtcmue kga keeogmue,
krb sohuihb mg wktbr < tcb prmekry pcospcktb o` tcb khlkhmgb bkrtc ebtkhs krb sohuihb.Khh tcb pcospcktbs o` tcb otcbr ebtkhs kga khso tcb sbjogakrykga tbrtmkry pcospcktbo` tcb khlkhmgb bkrtc ebtkhs krb spkrmgfhy sohuihb or mgsohuihb mg wktbr.
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"ekgmscluekrpcysmjs.mg" 0
JCBEMZQY]
Kgkhysms o` KGMOGZ (Kjmamj Ykamjkhs) 4Kgkhysms o` kgmogs (kjmamj rkamjkhs) jkg ib irokahy amvmaba mg to two froups.
(K) FYOR^ 'K' YKAMJKHZ 4Mt mgvohvbs tcosb kgmogs wcmjc krb jckrkjtbrmsba iy vohktmhb proaujts iy rbkjtmogwmtc CJh/ C
9ZO
1Mt ms urtcbr suiamvmaba mg to two froups ks fmvbg ibhow.
(k) Amhutb Zuhpcurmj kjma/Amhutb Cyarojchormj kjma 4 Qcb kgmogs o` tcms froup hmibrktb fksbs or kjmavkpours wmtc amhutb suhpcurmj kjma/cyarojchormj kjma.
Qkihb 4 3
Oisbrvktmog Mg`brbgjb
Fks Ykamjkh
B``brvbsjbgjb wmtc tcb bvohutmog o` k johourhbss JO9
JO:
9
kga oaourhbss fks wcmjc turgs hmeb wktbr emhly.
Bvohutmog o` johourhbss fks ckvmgf sebhh o` rottbg
bff wcmjc turgs hbka kjbtktb pkpbr ihkjl. C9Z Z9
Johourhbss fks ckvmgf su``ojktmgf oaour (hmlb iurgmgf ZO9
ZO:
9
suhpcur) wcmjc turgs kjmam mba L9Jr
9O
6pkpbr frbbg.
Bvohutmog o` rbaamsc irowg pugfbgt sebhhmgf fks wcmjc turgs
(m) @bZO1
sohutmog irowgmsc-ihkjl kga GO9
GO9
(mm) wbt stkrjc moamab pkpbr ihub.Johourhbss fks ckvmgf sebhh o` vmgbfkr. CKJ(f) JC
:JOO
Go pbjuhmkr fks ms bvohvba. Khh kiovb krb kisbgt
(i) Jogjbgtrktba Zuhpcurmj kjma froup 4Qcb kgmogs o` tcms froup hmibrktb kjma vkpours or fksbs wmtcjogj. C
9ZO
1.
Qkihb 4 =
OisbrvktmogMg`brbgjb
Fks Ykamjkh
Johourhbss fks wmtc pugfbgt sebhh wcmjc fmvbs abgsb CJh Jh
wcmtb `uebs wmtc k fhkss roa amppba mg GC1OC.
Ybaamsc irowg fks wmtc pugfbgt sebhh, mgtbgsmty o` Ir9
Ir
rbaamsc irowg `uebs mgjrbksbs og kaamtmog o` k pmgjc
o` sohma EgO9. Khso mt turgs stkrjc pkpbr orkgfb rba.
Bvohutmog o` vmohbt vkpours wcmjc turgs stkrjc pkpbr ihub. M9
M
Bvohutmogo` rbaamscirowg `uebs wcmjc mgtbgsm mbsog GO9
GO:
kaamtmog o` joppbr turgmgfs or imts o` `mhtbr pkpbr.
Ztkrjc moamab pkpbr abvbhops k ihubihkjl spot
aub to tcb `orektmog o` k M9stkrjc joephbx.
(GO9hmibrktba kjts ks oxmamsmgf kfbgt).
(I) FYOR^ 'I' YKAMJKHZ 4 Kgmogs o` tcms froup ao got fmvb kjma vkpours or fksbs wmtc amhutb ks wbhh ksjogjbgtrktba C
9ZO
1iut krb jckrkjtbrmsba iy tcbmr spbjm`mj rbkjtmogs mg sohutmogs. Qcms froup ms urtcbr sui
amvmaba mgto two froups iksba og tcb typb o` tcb rbkjtmogs.
(k) Oxmaktmog kga rbaujtmog mg sohutmogs 4JrO1
9, Jr9O
69 btj.
(i) ^rbjmpmtktmog rbkjtmogs 4 Qcbsb krb fmvbg iy ZO1
9, ^O1
: btj.
Qkihb 4 ;>
Oisbrvktmog Mg`brbgjb
V.B. or Z.B. + IkJh9(kq) Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb mgsohuihb ZO
19
mg amh. CJh kga CGO:.
V.B or Z.B + jogj CGO:(;9 eH) + ^O
1:
keeogmue eohyiaktb kga iomh Jkgkry ybhhow prbjmpmtktb
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V.B. 5 Vktbr bxtrkjt. (Zkht ms amssohvba mg amstmhhba wktbr)
Z.B. 5 Zoamue jkriogktb bxtrkjt
^rbpkrktmog o` soamue jkriogktb bxtrkjt 4
Qklb ;-9 f o` skht/skhts emxturb kga tcrbb tmebs tcb keougt o` purb sohma soamue jkriogktb mg k iorosmh
jogmjkh `hksl. Kaa 9> eH o` amstmhhba wktbr kga iomh tcb jogtbgts `or ;> emgutbs. Jooh tcb sohutmog kga tcbg
`mhtbr. Qcb @mhtrktb ms tbreba ks "Zoamue jkriogktb bxtrkjt".
Zoamue jkriogktb rbkjts wmtc tcb mgorfkgmj skht to `ore wktbr sohuihb soamue skht o` tcb kjma rkamjkh.
IkJh9 + Gk9JO: IkJO: (wcmtb) + 9GkJh (kq)
Ja: (^O1)9 + :Gk9JO: :JaJO: + 9Gk: ^O1 (kq)Zoamue jkriogktb bxtrkjt ms usba wcbg
(k) skht ms oghy pkrtmkhhy sohuihb mg wktbr or mgsohuihb
(i) jktmogs mgtbr`brb wmtc tcb tbsts `or kjma rkamjkhs or tcb johourba skht sohutmogs eky ib too mgtbgsb mg johour
tckt tcb tbst rbsuhts krb got too jhbkr.
Ks soamue jkriogktb bxtrkjt jogtkmgs bxjbss o` soamue jkriogktb, mt scouha ib gbutrkhmsba wmtc k
sumtkihb kjma ib`orb projbbamgf `or kgkhysms o` kg kgmog.
@mfurb 4 ^rbpkrktmog o` soamue jkriogktb bxtrkjt
Mgamvmaukh tbsts 4(K) FYOR^ 'K' YKAMJKHZ 4
(k) AMHRQB ZRH^CRYMJ KJMA/AMHRQB C]AYOJCHOYMJ KJMA FYOR^ 4
;. JKYIOGKQB MOG (JO:9) 4
Amhutb C9ZO1 tbst 4 K johourhbss oaourhbss fks ms bvohvba wmtc irmsl b``brvbsjbgjb.JkJO:+ C9ZO1 JkZO1+ C9O + JO9
Hmeb wktbr/Ikrytk wktbr (Ik(OC)9) tbst 4 Qcb hmibrktba fks jkg ib mabgtm`mba iy mts propbrty o`rbgabrmgf hmeb wktbr (or ikrytk wktbr) turima.
JO9 + Jk(OC)9 JkJO: emhly + C9OOg prohogfba pksskfb o` JO9 tcb emhlmgbss amskppbkrs.
JkJO: + JO9 + C9O Jk(CJO:)9 (sohuihb)
JkJO: + C9O + J O9 Ekfgbsmue suhpcktb tbst (`or sohuihb jkriogktbs) 4
JO:9 (kq) + EfZO1(kq) EfJO:(wcmtb) + ZO1
9 (kq)
Zmhvbr gmtrktb sohutmog 4 Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `orebaJO:
9 + Kf+ Kf9JO:Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg CGO: kga keeogmk. Qcb prbjmpmtktb ibjoebs ybhhow or irowg upog
kaamtmog o` bxjbss rbkfbgt owmgf to tcb `orektmog o` smhvbr oxmab < tcb skeb ckppbgs m` tcb emxturb ms
iomhba.
Kf9JO: Kf9O+ JO9
^cbgohpctckhbmg ms turgba pmgl iy sohuihb jkriogktbs kga johourhbss iy sohuihb cyarofbg jkriogktbs.
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"ekgmscluekrpcysmjs.mg" 3
JCBEMZQY]
Ebrjury(MM) jchormab aobs got `ore prbjmpmtktb wmtc cyarofbg jkriogktb mogs, wcmhb mg k sohutmog o`
gorekh jkriogktbs k rbaamscirowg prbjmpmtktb o` iksmj ebrjury(MM) jkriogktb (:CfO. CfJO: 5
Cf1O:JO:) ms `oreba.
JO:9 + 1 Cf9+ + : C9O Cf1O:JO:+ 0C
+
Hmeb wktbr emhly tbst ms khso scowg iyZO9 iut JO9 aobs got turg tcb `mhtbr pkpbr soklba mg kjmam`mba
L9Jr9O6 frbbg.
Zohuihb imjkriogktbs fmvb wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc EfZO1
(kq) / EfJh9
(kq) oghy og cbktmgf.
Ef9+ + 9CJO:
Ef(CJO:)
9 EfJO
: + C
9O + J O
9
Kjtmog o` cbkt 4Imjkriogktbs 4 9GkCJO
: Gk
9JO
:+ C
9O + J O
9
Jkriogktbs 4 Bxjbpt jkriogktbs o` Gk, L, Yi, Js < tcb Hm9JO
: kga khh khlkhmgb bkrtc ebtkhs
abjoeposb ks fmvbg ibhow 4
Hm9JO
: Hm
9O + JO
9 < EfJO
: EfO + JO
9< KfKf
9JO
: 9Kf + JO
9
JkJO:
JkO + JO9
9. ZRH^CMQB MOG (ZO:9) 4
Amhutb C9ZO1 tbst 4 Abjoeposmtmog o` skht ms eorb rkpmahy og wkremgf, wmtc tcb bvohutmog o` suhpcuramoxmab.
JkZO:+ C9ZO1 JkZO1+ C9O + ZO9ZO9 cks su` ojktmgf oaour o` iurgmgf suhpcur.
Kjmam mba potkssmue amjcroektb tbst 4 Qcb `mhtbr pkpbr amppba mg kjmam mba L9Jr9O6 turgs frbbg.Jr9O6
9 + 9C+ + :ZO9 9Jr:+ (frbbg) + :ZO1
9 + C9O.
Ikrmue jchormab/Ztrogtmue jchormab sohutmog 4 Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` ikrmue (or strogtmue) suhpcmtbms oitkmgba.
ZO:9 + Ik9+/Zr9+ IkZO:/ZrZO:(wcmtb).
Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb amssohvbs mg amhutb CJh, wcbg suhpcur amoxmab ms bvohvba.
IkZO:+ 9C+ Ik9+ + ZO9+ C9O.
Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb (IkZO:) og stkgamgf ms showhy oxmamsba to suhpcktb wcmjc ms mgsohuihb mg amhutb
emgbrkh kjmas. Qcms jckgfb ms rkpmahy b``bjtba iy wkremgf wmtc iroemgb wktbr, k hmtthb jogjbgtrktbagmtrmj kjma or wmtc cyarofbg pbroxmab.
9 IkZO:+ O9 9 IkZO1IkZO:+ Ir9 + C9O 9 IkZO1 + 9 Ir
+ 9C+
Cbgjb, rbaamsc irowg johour o` iroemgb wktbr ms abjohourmsba.
:IkZO:+ 9 CGO: : IkZO1+ 9GO+ C9OIkZO:+ C9O9 IkZO1 + C9O
Qcbsb rbkjtmogs krb got fmvbg iy jkriogktbs (amstmgjtmog `roe jkriogktbs).
Tmgj kga suhpcurmj kjma tbst 4 Cyarofbg suhpcmab fks ms bvohvba.ZO:
9 + :Tg9+ + 3C+ C9Z+ :Tg9+ + :C9O
Hmeb wktbr tbst 4K wcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba. Qcb prbjmpmtktb amssohvbs og prohogfba pksskfb o`tcb fks, aub to tcb `orektmog o` cyarofbg suhpcmtb mogs.
Jk(OC)9+ ZO 9 JkZO: (emhly) + C9O
JkZO:+ ZO9 + C9O Jk(CZO:)9 (sohuihb)
K turimamty ms khso proaujba iy jkriogktbs < suhpcur amoxmab eust tcbrb`orb ib `mrst rbeovba wcbg
tbstmgf `or tcb hkttbr. Qcms eky ib k``bjtba iy kaamgf potkssmue amjcroektb sohutmog to tcb tbsttuib
ib`orb kjmam`ymgf. Qcb amjcroektb oxmamzbs kga abstroys tcb suhpcur amoxmab wmtcout k``bjtmgf tcb
jkriog amoxmab.
Hbka kjbtktb or hbka gmtrktb sohutmog 4 Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` ^iZO:ms oitkmgba.ZO:
9 + ^i9+ ^iZO:Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb fbts sohuihb mg amh. CGO:og iomhmgf. Qcb prbjmpmtktb ms oxmamzba iy kteospcbrmj
oxyfbg kga ^iZO1
ms `oreba.
9^iZO:+ O9 9^iZO1
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JCBEMZQY]
:. ZRH^CMAB MOG (Z9) 4
Amhutb C9ZO1tbst 4^ugfbgt sebhhmgf fks hmlb tckt o` rottbg bff ms oitkmgba.Z9 + 9C+ C9Z
Hbka kjbtktb tbst 4 @mhtbr pkpbr eomstbgba wmtc hbka kjbtktb sohutmog turgs ihkjl.(JC:JOO)9^ i + C9Z ^iZ (ihkjl) + 9JC:JOOC.
Zoamue gmtroprussmab tbst 4 ^urphb johorktmog ms oitkmgba.Z9 +\@b(JG)2 (GO)U
9 \@b(JG)2GOZU1 (vmohbt).
Mt ms k hmfkga bxjckgfb rbkjtmog got k rbaox.Go rbkjtmog ojjurs wmtc sohutmog o` C9Z or `rbb fks. M` cowbvbr, `mhtbr pkpbr eomstbgba wmtc k sohutmog
o` tcb rbkfbgt ms ekab khlkhmgb wmtc GkOC or GC: sohutmog, k purphb johourktmog ms proaujba wmtc `rbb
C9Z khso.
C9Z aobs got provmab su``mjmbgt jogjbgtrktmog o` Z9 mogs so tckt mt aobs got fmvb soamue gmtroprussmab
tbst. Zohuimhmty ms how >.; E kga L; ms dust ;>6.
Jkaemue jkriogktb suspbgsmog/ Jkaemue kjbtktb sohutmog 4 ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.Gk9Z + JaJO: JaZ + Gk9JO:
@mhtbr pkpbr eomstbgba wmtc jkaemue kjbtktb wcbg iroufct mg jogtkjt wmtc bvohvmgf fks mt turgs
ybhhow.
Z
9
+ 9C
+ C9Z < C9Z + Ja
9+ JaZ+ 9C
+
. Zmhvbr gmtrktb sohutmog 4Ihkjl prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms mgsohuihb mg joha, iut sohuihb mg cot,amhutb gmtrmj kjma.
Kf+ + Z9 Kf9Z Ebtcyhbgb ihub tbst 4 GGAmebtcyhppcbgyhbgbamkemgb ms jogvbrtba iy mrog(MMM) jchormab kga
cyarofbg suhpcmab mg strogfhy kjma sohutmog mgto tcb wktbrsohuihb aybstu``, ebtcyhbgb ihub. Qcms ms
k sbgsmtmvb tbst `or sohuihb suhpcmabs kga cyarofbg suhpcmab.
1. GMQYMQB MOG (GO9 ) 4
Amhutb C9ZO1 tbst 4 Zohma gmtrmtb mg joha proaujbs k trkgsmbgt pkhb ihub hmquma (aub to tcb prbsbgjb o``rbb gmtrous kjma, CGO9or mts kgcyarmab, G9O:) `mrst kga tcbg
bvohutmog o` pugfbgt sebhhmgf rbaamsc irowg vkpours o` GO9 tklbs phkjb.
GO9 + C+ CGO9 < (9CGO9 C9O + G9O:)
JCBEMZQY]
Kjmam mba potkssmue pbrekgfkgktb sohutmog 4 ^mgl johour o` LEgO1 ms abjohourmsba iy k sohutmogo` k gmtrmtb, iut go fks ms bvohvba.
2 GO9 + 9 EgO1
+ 0 C+ 2 GO: + 9 Eg9+ + : C9O
Zmhvbr gmtrktb sohutmog 4Vcmtb jrystkhhmgb prbjmpmtktb o` smhvbr gmtrmtb `roe jogjbgtrktba sohutmogs.GO9
+ Kf+ KfGO9
2. KJBQKQB MOG (JC:JOO)
Vmtc amhutb C9ZO1k vmgbfkr hmlb sebhh ms oitkmgba.(JC:JOO)9J k + C9ZO1 9JC:JOOC + JkZO1
Gbutrkh `brrmj jchormab tbst 4K abbp rba/ ihooa rba johourktmog (go prbjmpmtktb) mgamjktbs tcb prbsbgjbo` kjbtktb.
0JC:JOO + :@b:+ + 9C9O \@b:(OC)9(JC:JOO)0U
+ + 9C+
Vcbg sohutmog ms amhutba wmtc wktbr kga iomhba, irowgmsc rba prbjmpmtktb o` iksmj mrog (MMM) kjbtktb ms
oitkmgba.
\@b:(OC)9(JC:JOO)0U+ + 1C9O
Iomh :@b(OC)9JC:JOO+ :JC:JOOC+C+
Zmhvbr gmtrktb sohutmog tbst 4 K wcmtb jrystkhhmgb prbjmpmtktb ms proaujba mg jogjbgtrktba sohutmog mg tcbjoha.
JC:JOO + Kf+ JC:JOOKf
^rbjmpmtktb ms eorb sohuihb mg iomhmgf wktbr kga rbkamhy sohuihb mg amhutb keeogmk sohutmog.
Bxkephb-; Kg kqubous sohutmog o` skht jogtkmgmgf kg kgmog Sg fmvbs tcb `ohhowmgf rbkjtmogs 4
(m) Mt fmvbs tcb purphb or vmohbt johourktmog wmtc soamue gmtroprussmab sohutmog.
(mm) Mt hmibrktbs k johourhbss ugphbkskgt sebhhmgf fks wmtc amhutb C 9ZO1wcmjc turgs hbka kjbtktb
pkpbr ihkjl. Mabgtm y tcb kgmog (Sg) kga wrmtb tcb jcbemjkh rbkjtmogs mgvohvba.
Z o h u t m o g Sg ms Z9 ibjkusb
(m) \@b(JG)2GOU9 + Z9 \@b(JG)2GOZU
1 (purphb or vmohbt johourktmog)
(mm) Z9 + C9ZO1 C9Z(johourhbss ugphbkskgt sebhhmgf) + ZO19
C9Z + ^i(JC:JOO)9 ^iZ (ihkjl) + 9JC:JOOC
Bxkephb-9 Zuhpcmtb og trbktebgt wmtc amh. C9ZO1hmibrktbs k fks wcmjc 4
(K) turgs hbka kjbtktb pkpbr ihkjl (I) iurgs wmtc ihub `hkeb
(J) sebhhs h mlb vmgbfkr (A) turgs kjmam`mba L9Jr9O6 sohutmog frbbg
Z o h u t m o g ZO:9 + C9ZO1 ZO9+ ZO1
9 + C9O
ZO9 turgs kjmam mba L9Jr9O6 sohutmog frbbg.
L9Jr9O6+ C9ZO1+ :ZO9 Jr9(ZO1):(Frbbg) + L9ZO1+ C9O
Qcbrb`orb, (A) optmog ms jorrbjt.
Bxkephb-: K johourhbss pugfbgt sebhhmgf fks (S) ms oitkmgba wcbg k skht ms rbkjtba wmtc amh. C9ZO1 . Qcb fks (S)
rbspogas to tcb `ohhowmgf propbrtmbs.
(K) Mt turgs hmeb wktbr emhly
(I) Mt turgs kjmam mba potkssmue amjcroektb sohutmog frbbg(J) Mt fmvbs wcmtb turimamty wcbg C9Z fks ms pkssba tcroufc mts kqubous sohutmog.
(A) Mts kqubous sohutmog mg GkOC fmvbs k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc ikrmue jchormab wcmjc amssohvbs mg
amh. CJh hmibrktmgf (S).
Mabgtm y (S) kga wrmtb tcb jcbemjkh bquktmogs mgvohvba.
Z o h u t m o g Ks fks S turgs hmeb wktbr emhly mt eky ib JO9or ZO9. Iut JO9ms johourhbss kga oaourhbss, so 'S'
eky ib ZO9. Qcms ms `urtcbr, jog`mreba iy tcb `ohhowmgf rbkjtmogs 4
ZO:9 + C9ZO1 ZO1
9 + ZO9+ C9O < Jk(OC)9+ ZO9 JkZO:(emhly) + C9O
L9 Jr9O6+ C9ZO1+ :ZO9 L9ZO1+ Jr9 (ZO1):(frbbg) + C9O
ZO9+ 9C9Z :Z(wcmtb) + 9C9O < ZO9+ 9GkOC Gk9ZO:+ C9O
Gk9 ZO: + IkJh9 IkZO: (wcmtb) + 9GkJh < IkZO: + 9CJh IkJh9 (sohuihb) + ZO9 + C9O.
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JCBEMZQY]
(i) JOGJ . C9ZO1 FYOR^ 4
;. JCHOYMAB MOG (Jh ) 4 Jogjbgtrktba C9ZO1 tbst 4 Johourhbss pugfbgt sebhhmgf fks ms bvohvba wcmjc fmvbs `uebs o` GC1Jh
wcbg k fhkss roa amppba mg amh. CJh ms iroufct mg jogtkjt wmtc bvohvmgf fks.
Jh + C9ZO1 CJh + CZO1
GC1OC + CJh GC1Jh (wcmtb `uebs) + C9O. 9GkJh + EgO9+ 9C9ZO1(jogj.) Gk9ZO1+ EgZO1+ 9C9O + Jh9
Zmhvbr gmtrktb tbst 4Jh + Kf+ KfJh(wcmtb)Vmtc soamue krsbgmtb mt ms jogvbrtba mgto ybhhow prbjmpmtktb (amstmgjtmog `roe KfIr kga Kf M) iut
mgsohuihb mg amhutb gmtrmj kjma.
:KfJh+ KsO:: Kf:KsO:+ :Jh
.
Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg kqubous keeogmk kga prbjmpmtktb rbkppbkrs wmtc CGO:.
KfJh + 9GC1OC \ Kf(GC:)9UJh (Zohuihb) + 9C9O\Kf(GC:)9UJh + 9C
+ KfJh+ 9GC1+.
Jcroeyh jchormab tbst 41Jh + Jr9O6
9 + 0C+ (jogj.) 9JrO9Jh9 (abbp rba vkpours) + :C9OVcbg abbp rba vkpours krb pkssba mgto soamue cyaroxmab sohutmog, k ybhhow sohutmog o` soamue
jcroektb ms `oreba, wcmjc wcbg trbktba wmtc hbka kjbtktb fmvbs ybhhow prbjmpmtktb o` hbka jcroektb.
JrO9Jh9+ 1OC JrO1
9 + 9Jh + 9C9O
JrO19 + ^i+9 ^iJrO1 (ybhhow)
Cbkvy ebtkh jchormabs sujc ks Cf9Jh9, CfJh9, ZgJh9, KfJh, ^iJh9 kga ZiJh: ao got rbspoga to tcms
tbst ks tcby krb pkrtmkhhy amssojmktba. Qcms tbst ms fmvbg fbgbrkhhy iy mogmj jchormabs.
Qbst scouha ib jkrrmba out mg k ary tbst tuib otcbrwmsb jcroemj kjma wmhh ib `oreba.
JrO9Jh9 + 9C9O C9JrO1 + 9CJh
9. IYOEMAB MOG (Ir) 4 Jogjbgtrktba C9ZO1 tbst 4 @mrst k rbaamsc-irowg sohutmog ms oreba, tcbg rbaamsc-irowg iroemgb
vkpour kjjoepkgmbs tcb cyarofbg iroemab (`uemgf mg eomst kmr) ms bvohvba.
9GkIr + C9ZO1 Gk9ZO1+ 9CIr
9CIr + C9ZO1 Ir9 + 9C9O + ZO9 9LIr + EgO9+ 9C9ZO1 Ir9 + L9ZO1+ EgZO1+ 9C9O
Zmhvbr gmtrktb tbst 4^khb ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `orebaGkIr + KfGO: KfIr + GkGO:
]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms pkrtmkhhy sohuihb mg amhutb kqubous keeogmk iut rbkamhy amssohvbs mg jogjbgtrktba
keeogmk sohutmog.
KfIr + 9GC1OC \Kf(GC:)9U Ir + C9O
Hbka kjbtktb tbst 4 Iroemabs og trbktebgt wmtc hbka kjbtktb sohutmog, fmvbs k wcmtb jrystkhhmgbprbjmpmtktb o` hbka iroemab, wcmjc ms sohuihb mg iomhmgf wktbr fmvmgf johourhbss sohutmog.
9Ir + ^i+9 ^iIr9 Jchormgb wktbr tbst (orfkgmj hkybr tbst) 4Vcbg to k soamue jkriogktb bxtrkjt o` ebtkh iroemab
jogtkmgmgf JJh1, JCJh: or JZ9, jchormgb wktbr ms kaaba kga tcb jogtbgt ms scklbg kga tcbg khhow tosbtthb aowg rbaamsc irowg johour ms oitkmgba mg orfkgmj hkybr.
9Ir + Jh9 9Jh + Ir9.
Ir9+ JCJh:/ JJh1 Ir9amssohvb to fmvb rbaamsc irowg johour mg orfkgmj hkybr..Vmtc bxjbss o` jchormgb wktbr, tcb iroemgb ms jogvbrtba mgto ybhhow iroemgb eogojchormab kga k
pkhb ybhhow sohutmog rbsuhts.
Ir9+ Jh9 9IrJh Ztkrjc pkpbr tbst 4 Vcbg stkrjc pkpbr ms iroufct mg jogtkjt wmtc bvohvmgf iroemgb fks orkgfb rba
spots krb proaujba.
Ir9 + stkrjc stkrjc iroemgb kasorptmog joephbx (orkgfb rba) ^otkssmue amjcroektb kga jogjbgtrktba C9ZO14 Vcbg k emxturb o` sohma iroemab, L9Jr9O6
kga jogjbgtrktba C9ZO1 ms cbktba kga bvohvba vkpours krb pkssba tcroufc wktbr, k orkgfb rba
sohutmog ms oitkmgba.0LIr + L9Jr9O6+ 6C9ZO1 :Ir9+ Jr9(ZO1):+ 1L9ZO1+ 6C9O
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JCBEMZQY]
:. MOAMAB MOG ) 4 Jogjbgtrktba C9ZO1 tbst 4 ^ugfbgt sebhhmgf vmohbt vkpours krb bvohvba.
9Gk+ C9ZO1 Gk9ZO1+ 9CM9CM + C9ZO1 M9 (akrl vmohbt) + 9C9O + ZO9
Bvohutmog o` akrl vmohbt `uebs mgtbgsm`mbs og kaamgf k pmgjc o` EgO9.
:M + EgO9+ 9C9ZO1 M: + Eg9+ + 9ZO1
9 + 9C9Z
Ztkrjc pkpbr tbst 4Moamabs krb rbkamhy oxmamsba mg kjma sohutmog to `rbb moamgb< tcb `rbb moamgb eky
tckg ib mabgtm`mba iy abbp ihub johourktmog proaujba wmtc stkrjc sohutmog.:M + 9GO9
+ 1C+ M: + 9GO+ 9C9O.
Zmhvbr gmtrktb tbst 4Irmfct ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.M + Kf+ KfM
Irmfct ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms mgsohuihb mg amhutb kqubous keeogmk iut ms pkrtmkhhy sohuihb mg jogjbgtrktba
keeogmk sohutmog.
Jchormgb wktbr tbst (orfkgmj hkybr tbst) 4 Vcbg jchormgb wktbr ms kaaba to k sohutmog o` moamab,`rbb moamgb ms hmibrktba wcmjc johours tcb sohutmog irowg kga og scklmgf wmtc JZ9, JCJh: or JJh1, mt
amssohvbs mg orfkgmj hkybr `oremgf k vmohbt sohutmog, wcmjc sbtthbs ibhow tcb kqubous hkybr.
9GkM + Jh9 9GkJh + M9M9+ JCJh: M9amssohvbs to fmvb vmohbt johour mg orfkgmj hkybr..
M` bxjbss o` jchormgb wktbr ms kaaba, M9ms oxmamsba to moamj kjma (johourhbss).
M: + 3Jh9 + =C9O : M
:O + ;0Jh
+ ;3 C+
Hbka kjbtktb sohutmog 4 K ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg cot wktbr `oremgf kjohourhbss sohutmog kga ymbhamgf fohabg ybhhow phktbs ('spkgfhbs') og joohmgf.
9M + ^i+9 ^iM9 ^otkssmue amjcroektb kga jogjbgtrktba suhpcurmj kjma 4Pmohbt vkpours krb hmibrktba, kga go
jcroektb ms prbsbgt mg amstmhhktb.
0M + Jr9O69 + 9C9ZO1 :M9 + Jr
:+ +6ZO19 + 6C9O
Kjtmog o` cbkt 4
Eost o` ckhmabs krb stkihb iut `bw abjoeposb ks
9@bJh:
9@bJh9+ Jh
9 < EfJh
9. 0C
9O EfO + 9CJh + 2C
9O
Cf9Jh
9 CfJh
9+ Cf < GC
1Jh GC
:+ CJh
9JuM9
Ju9M
9+ M
9(wmtcout cbktmgf)
1. GMQYKQB MOG (GO:) 4 Jogjbgtrktba C9ZO1 tbst 4 ^ugfbgt sebhhmgf rbaamsc irowg vkpours krb bvohvba.
1GO: + 9C9ZO1 1GO9+ O9+ 9ZO1
9 + 9C9O
Kaamtmog o` irmfct joppbr turgmgfs or pkpbr pbhhbts mgtbgsm`mbs tcb bvohutmog o` rbaamsc irowg fks.
9GO: + 1C9ZO1 + :Ju :Ju
9+ + 9GO+ 1ZO19 + 1C9O < 9GO+ O9 9GO9
1 J (pkpbr pbhhbt) + 1CGO: 9C9O + 1GO9+ 1JO9. I row g r mgf tbst 4 Vcbg k `rbschy prbpkrba skturktba sohutmog o` mrog (MM) suhpcktb ms kaaba to gmtrktb
sohutmog kga tcbg jogjbgtrktba C9ZO1 ms kaaba showhy `roe tcb smab o` tcb tbst tuib, k irowg rmgf ms
oitkmgba kt tcb dugjtmog o` two hkybrs.GkGO:+ C9ZO1 GkCZO1+ CGO:
0@bZO1+ 9CGO:+ :C9ZO1 :@b9(ZO1):+ 9GO + 1C9O
or 9GO: + 1C9ZO1+ 0@b
9+ 0@b:+ + 9GO+ 1ZO19 + 1C9O.
@b9+ + GO + 2C9O \@b(C9O)2 GO
+U9+ (irowg rmgf).
@mfurb 4 Irowg rmgf tbst
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JCBEMZQY]
Og scklmgf kga wkremgf tcb emxturb, GO bsjkpbs kga k ybhhow sohutmog o` mrog(mmm) mogs ms oitkmgba.
Iroemabs kga moamabs mgtbr`brb mg irowg rmgf tbst ks hmibrktba ckhofbgs oisjurb tcb irowg rmgf.
Gmtrmtbs khso mgtbr`brb tcb irowg rmgf tbst kga jkg ib rbeovba iy kaamgf k hmtthb suhpckemj kjma, or
urbk.
C9GCZO:+ GO9 G9+ ZO1
9 + C+ + C9O
GO9 + C+
CJhCGO9
JO(GC9)9+ 9CGO9 9G9 + JO9 + :C9O Ampcbgyh kemgb tbst 4Ihub rmgf ms `oreba kt tcb dugjtmog o` two hmqumas (rbkfbgt kga gmtrktb skht
sohutmogs).
GkGO:+ C9ZO1 GkCZO1 + CGO:9CGO: C9O + 9GO9+ \OU
9J0C2GCJ0C2 + \OU (J0C2)9 G G ( J0C2)9 (ihub rmgf) + C9O.
Qcms tbst ms khso fmvbg iy vkrmous oxmamsmgf kfbgts hmlb JrO19 , Jr9O6
9, JhO: , IrO:
, MO:, GO9
btj.
QO amstmgfumsc Ir9 wmtc GO9 (iotc krb rbaamsc irowg fksbs)(k) Ir9 + stkrjcmoamab pkpbr Ihub ihkjl johour spots ao got abvbhop meebamktbhy ks Ir9 ms kwbklbr oxmamsmgf kfbgt wcbrbks GO
9
ibmgf strogf oxmamsmgf kfbgt abvbhops tcb ihub ihkjl johour
meebamktbhy.
(i) Iroemgb abvbhops orkgfbrba johour spots og stkrjc pkpbr.
(I) FYOR^ 'I' YKAMJKHZ 4Froup o` kgmogs wcmjc ao got fmvb kgy fks wmtc amhutb ks wbhh ks jogjbgtrktba C9ZO1mg joha iutfmvb prbjmpmtktb wmtc jbrtkmg rbkfbgts 4Qcbsb kjma rkamjkhs krb mabgtm`mba mg mgorfkgmj skhts iy tcbmr mgamvmaukh tbsts ks fmvbg ibhow
;. ZRH^CKQB MOG (ZO19) 4
Ikrmue jchormab tbst 4V.B. or Z.B. + Ikrmue jchormab (kq) Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb
Gk9ZO1+ IkJh9 IkZO1 wcmtb + 9GkJh.
Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms mgsohuihb mg wkre amh. CGO:ks wbhh ks CJh iut eoabrktbhy sohuihb mg iomhmgf
jogjbgtrktba cyarojchormj kjma.
Hbka kjbtktb tbst 4V.B. or Z.B. + Hbka kjbtktb wcmtb prbjmpmtktbGk9ZO1 + (JC:JOO)9^i ^iZO1 Vcmtb + 9JC:JOOGk
Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb sohuihb mg bxjbss o` cot keeogmue kjbtktb.
^iZO1 + 9JC:JOOGC1 (JC:JOO)9^i (sohuihb) + (GC1)9ZO1
Ektjc stmjl tbst 4(k) V.B. or Z.B. + Ikrmue jchormab wcmtb prbjmpmtktb
Gk9ZO1+ IkJh9 9GkJh + IkZO1(wcmtb)(i) Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb + Gk9 JO:(s) emx kga kpphy tcb pkstb og tcb bga o` tcb jkriogmzba ektjc stmjl
or k wooabg sphmgtbr. ^ut mt mg tcb rbaujmgf `hkeb.
IkZO1(s) + Gk9JO:(s) Gk9ZO1+ IkJO: (wcmtb)
Gk9ZO1+ 1J Gk9 Z + 1JO(j) Gow amp tcb ektjc stmjl mg soamue gmtroprussmab sohutmog, purphb johour gbkr tcb `usba ekss ms
abvbhopba.
Gk9Z + Gk9\@b(JG)2GOU Gk1 \@b(JG)2GOZU (purphb) Ebrjury MM jchormab tbst 4 ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba
ZO19 + :Cf9+ + 9C9O CfZO1. 9C9O (iksmj ebrjury MM suhpcktb) + 1C
+
Zmhvbr gmtrktb tbst 4 Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms oitkmgba.ZO1
9 + 9Kf+ Kf9ZO1
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9. ^COZ^CKQB MOG (^O1: ) 4
Keeogmue eohyiaktb tbst 4Gk9 C^O1(kq) + ;9(GC1)9EoO1 + 9:CGO: (GC1):^Eo;9O1> (jkgkry ybhhow) + 9GkGO: + 9;GC1GO: + ;9C9O
Zoeb tmebs keeogmue pcospcoeohyiaktb ms khso rbprbsbgtba iy tcb `oreuhk (GC1): ^O1 . ;9EoO:
Ekfgbsmue gmtrktb or ekfgbsmk emxturb tbst 4 V.B. or Z.B + Ekfgbsmue gmtrktb rbkfbgt (:-1eH) kga khhows to stkga `or 1-2 emgutbs, wcmtb jrystkhhmgb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.
Gk9C^O1 (kq) + Ef(GO:)9 (kq) + GC1OC(kq) Ef(GC1) ^O1 (wcmtb) + 9GkGO: + C9O
Ekfgbsmk emxturb ms k sohutmog jogtkmgmgf EfJh9, GC1Jh kga k hmtthb kqubous GC:.
^O1: khso fmvbs IkJh9tbst aub to tcb `orektmog o` wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` Ik: (^O1)9. Zo pcospcktb
tbst scouha ib jkrrmba out `mrst kga tcbg jogjhuab m` ^O1: ms prbsbgt or kisbgt ib`orb projbbamgf
wmtc tcb tbst `or ZO19.
Zmhvbr gmtrktb sohutmog 4 ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg amhutb keeogmk kga mg amhutbgmtrmj kjma.
^O1: + :Kf+ Kf:^O1
Kf:^O1 + 0GC: :\Kf(GC:)9U+ + ^O1
: < Kf:^O1 + 9C+ C9^O1
+ :Kf+
Mrog (MMM) jchormab sohutmog 4 ]bhhowmsc-wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` @b^O1ms oitkmgbaC^O
1
9 + @b:+ @b^O1
:. IOYKQB MOG (IO::) 4
Zkht (>.9 f) + jogj. C9ZO1(; eH) + Btcyh khjocoh (1-2 eH) emx mg k tbst tuib kga tcbg cbkt. Mfgmtb
tcb bvohvba vkpours wmtc tcb cbhp o` Iugsbg `hkeb, frbbg bafba `hkeb ms oitkmgba.
9Gk:IO:+ :C9ZO1 :Gk9 ZO1+ 9C:IO::J9C2OC + C:IO: (J9 C2):IO:+ :C9O
Bxkephb-1 K joepouga (K) o` Z, Jh kga O cks vkpour abgsmty o` 06.2 (kpprox.). Mt rbkjts wmtc wktbr to `ore two
kjmas kga rbkjts wmtc LOC to `ore two skhts (I) kga (J) wcmhb (I) fmvbs wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtcKfGO:sohutmog kga (J) fmvbs wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc IkJh9sohutmog. Mabgtm y (K), (I) & (J).
Z ohutmog Ks emxturb fmvb wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc IkJh9kga KfGO:, mt scouha jogtkmg ZO1
9
kga Jh
mogs. KsZO9Jh9 wcbg amssohvba mg wktbr fmvbs, k emxturb o` C9ZO1 & CJh wcmjc tcbg rbkjt wmtc LOC to `ore
LJh kga L9ZO1. Qcbrb`orb, (K) ms ZO9Jh9kga (I) & (J) krb L9ZO1kga LJh rbspbjtmvbhy.
Pkpour abgsmty o` ZO9Jh95 eohbjuhkr wbmfct / 9.
Pkpour abgsmty o` ZO9Jh95 ;:2 / 9 5 06.9.
Bxkephb-2 Iroemgb vkpours turg eomst stkrjc moamab pkpbr 4
(K) irowg (I) rba (J) ihub (A) johourhbss
Z ohutmog 9M + Ir9 M9+ 9Ir < M9+ stkrjc ihub stkrjc moamgb kasorptmog joephbx.
Qcbrb`orb, (J) optmog ms jorrbjt.
Bxkephb-0 Gk9Z
9O
:+
9 GkM+ .......... \SU, \SU ms 4
(K) Gk9Z
1O
0 (I) Gk
9ZO
1 (J) Gk
9Z (A) Gk
:ZO
1
Z ohutmog 9Gk9Z
9O
:+
9 9GkM+ Gk
9Z
1O
0 .
Qcbrb`orb, (K) optmog ms jorrbjt.
Bxkephb-6 Johueg M kga johueg MM jogtkmgs `our bgtrmbs bkjc. Bgtrmbs o` johueg M krb to ib ektjcba wmtc soeb
bgtrmbs o` johueg MM. Bkjc bgtry o` johueg M eky ckvb tcb ektjcmgf wmtc ogb or eorb tckg ogb bgtrmbs
o` johueg MM.
Johueg M Johueg MM
(K) Johourhbss fks bvohvba og kaamtmog o` amh. C9ZO1 (p) Jh
(I) Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb og kaamtmog o`KfGO: (q) Z9
(J) ^rbjmpmtktb wmtc sohutmog jogtkmgmgf ^i+9 mogs. (r) GO9
(A) Mts kjmam mba skht sohutmog abjohourmsbs pmgl LEgO1sohutmog. (s) ZO:9
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Z ohutmog (K - p, q, s) < (I - p, r, s) < (J - p, q, s) < (A - p, q, r, s)
(K) Jh + C9ZO1 CJh(johourhbss) + CZO1 < Z9 + 9C+ C9Z(johourhbss)
GO9 + 9C+ GO9(rbaamsc irowg) + C9O < ZO:
9 + 9C+ ZO9(johourhbss) + C9O
(I) Kf+ + Jh KfJh(wcmtb) < Kf+ + Z9 Kf9Z(ihkjl)Kf+ + GO9
KfGO9(wcmtb) < 9Kf+ + ZO:
9 Kf9ZO:(wcmtb)
(J) ^i9+ + 9Jh ^iJh9(wcmtb) < ^i9+ + Z9 ^iZ(ihkjl)
^i9+
+ GO9
^iGO9(sohuihb) < ^i9+
+ ZO:9
^iZO:(wcmtb)(A) 9EgO1
+ ;0CJh 2Jh9+ 9Eg9+ + 0Jh + 3C9O
9EgO1 + 2C9Z + 0C
+ Eg9+ + 2Z+ 3C9O9EgO1
+ 2GO9 + 0C+ Eg9+ + 2GO:
+ :C9O
9EgO1 + 2ZO9+ 9C9O 9Eg
9+ + 2ZO19 + 1C+
Kgkhysms o` JKQMOGZ (Iksmj Ykamjkhs) 4Qkihb 4 ;;
Froup Froup rbkfbgt Iksmj rkamjkh Joeposmtmog kga johour o` prbjmpmtktb
Tbro GkOC or Jk(OC)9, cbkt m` rbqumrba GC1+ Keeogmk fks ms bvohvba.
;. Amh CJh Kf+ KfJh < Vcmtb
Cf99+ Cf9Jh9 < Vcmtb
^i9+ ^iJh9 < Vcmtb
9.(K) C9Z mg prbsbgjb o` amh CJh Cf9+ CfZ < Ihkjl
(Mgsohuihb mg ]KZ) ^i9+ ^iZ < Ihkjl
Im:+ Im9Z: < Ihkjl
Ju9+ JuZ < Ihkjl
Ja9+ JaZ < ]bhhow
9.(I) C9Z mg prbsbgjb o` amh CJh Ks:+
Ks9Z: < ]bhhow(Zohuihb mg ]KZ) Zi:+ Zi9Z:< Orkgfb
Zg9+ ZgZ < Irowg
Zg1+ ZgZ9 < ]bhhow
:. GC1OC mg prbsbgjb o` GC1Jh @b:+ @b(OC):< Ybaamsc irowg
Jr:+ Jr(OC): < Frbbg
Kh:+ Kh(OC): < Fbhktmgous wcmtb
1. C9Z mg prbsbgjb o` GC1OC Tg9+ TgZ < V cmtb
kga GC1Jh Eg9+ EgZ < Iu`` (or ^mgl)
Jo9+ JoZ < Ihkjl
Gm9+ GmZ < Ihkjl
2. (GC1)9JO:mg prbsbgjb o` GC1OC Ik9+ IkJO: < VcmtbZr9+ ZrJO:< Vcmtb
Jk9+ JkJO: < Vcmtb
0. Gk9C^O1 mg prbsbgjb o` GC1OC Ef9+ Ef(GC1)^O1 < Vcmtb
\]KZ 5 ]bhhow keeogmue suhpcmab. (GC1)9ZxU.
Qcbrb krb soeb meportkgt pomgts wcmjc scouha ib lbpt mg emga wcmhb aomgf tcb kgkhysms o` jktmogs.
;. Froup ;st rkamjkhs(Kf+, ^i9+
, Cf99+) krb prbjmpmtktba ks jchormab ibjkusb tcb sohuimhmty proaujt o` tcbsb
jchormabs (KfJh, ^iJh9 , CfJh9) ms hbss tckg tcb sohuimhmty proaujts o` jchormabs o` khh otcbr ebtkh mogs, wcmjc
rbekmg mg sohutmog. Hbka jchormab ms shmfcthy sohuihb mg wktbr kga tcbrb`orb, hbka ms gbvbr joephbtbhy prbjmpmtktba
iy kaamgf amhutb cyarojchormj kjma to k skephb < tcb rbst o` tcb hbka mogs krb prbjmpmtktba wmtc C 9Z mg kjmamjebamue tofbtcbr wmtc tcb jktmogs o` tcb sbjoga froup.
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9. Froup 9ga rkamjkhs krb prbjmpmtktba ks suhpcmabs ibjkusb o` tcbmr how sohuimhmty proaujts wcbrbks suhpcmabs
o` otcbr ebtkhs rbekmg mg sohutmog ibjkusb o` tcbmr cmfc sohuimhmty proaujts. CJh kjts ks k sourjb o` C+ wcmjc
abjrbksbs tcb jogjbgtrktmog o` Z9 aub to joeeog mog b``bjt. Cbgjb, tcb jogjbgtrktmog o` Z9 mog ms too how
tckt mt bxjbbas oghy tcb sohuimhmty proaujts o` tcb ebtkh suhpcmabs o` MMga froup.
Vb jkg got usb C9ZO1 mgphkjb o` CJh ibjkusb soeb jktmogs o` cmfcbr froups m.b. vtc froup wmhh khso prbjmpmtktb
ks tcbmr suhpcktbs hmlb IkZO1, ZrZO1, JkZO1btj.
CGO: jkg't ib usba mg phkjb o` CJh. CGO:ms k powbr`uh oxmamsmgf kfbgt. CGO: wmhh oxmamzb C9Z `oremgf
suhpcur (ybhhow prbjmpmtktb) or johhomakh sohutmog jkusmgf jog`usmog wmtc JaZ, Ks9Z: bvbg tcoufc Ja9+ , Ks:+wmhh ib kisbgt. Qcb johhomakh sohutmog ms wcmtb-ybhhow kga tckt jkggot ib `mhtbrba jkusmgf uggbjbsskry trouihb.
:. Froup :ra rkamjkhskrb prbjmpmtktba ks cyaroxmabs kga tcb kaamtmog o` GC1Jh supprbssbs tcb mogmsktmog o`
GC1OC so tckt oghy tcb froup : jktmogs krb prbjmpmtktba ks cyaroxmabs ibjkusb o` tcbmr how sohuimhmty
proaujts.
(m) Bxjbss o` GC1Jh scouha got ib kaaba, ks ekgfkgbsb wmhh prbjmpmtktb ks EgO 9.C9O
(mm) (GC1)9ZO1jkggot ib usba mg phkjb o` GC1Jh ibjkusb tcb ZO19 wmhh khso fmvb tcb prbjmpmtktb o` IkZO1,
ZrZO1 btj.
(mmm) Vcmhb projbbamgf `or :ra froup `roe 9ga froup, tcb `mhtrktb o` 9ga froup ms iomhba o`` to rbeovb tcb amssohvba
C9Z kga tcbg ogb arop o` jogjbgtrktba CGO: ms kaaba kga kfkmg iomhso tckt m` @b9+ ms prbsbgt ms oxmamsba to
@b:+
. Qcb Lspo` @b9+
ms cmfcbr tckg @b:+
, tcbrb`orb, mt ms pkrtmkhhy prbjmpmtktba kga wmhh tcus mgtbr`brb mg tcbkgkhysms o` 1tc froup rkamjkhs. Mg our sjcbeb @b9+ ms got tcbrb bvbg m` mt ms prbsbgt, wb sckhh rbport oghy @b:+
(@b9+ gbbas otcbr spbjmkh tbsts).
(mv) M` tcb ebamue rbekmgs kjmamj tcb cyaroxmabs ao got prbjmpmtktb kga wb wouha tcmgl tckt @b:+, Kh:+, Jr:+ krb
kisbgt bvbg tcoufc tcby eky ib prbsbgt.
(v) Mg phkjb o` GC1OC, GkOC sohutmog jkg't ib usba `or tcb prbjmpmtktmog ks tcbmr cyaroxmabs ibjkusb mg
bxjbss o` mt wb fbt sohuihb joephbxbs o` Kh:+ kga Jr:+.
1. Mg 1tc froup, keeogmue cyaroxmab mgjrbksbs tcb mogmsktmog o` C9Z iy rbeovmgf C+ `roe C9Z ks ugmogmsba
wktbr.
C9Z 9C+ + Z9 < C+ + OC C9O
Gow tcb bxjbss o` Z9 mogs ms kvkmhkihb kga cbgjb tcb mogmj proaujts o` froup 1tc froup jktmogs bxjbbas tcbmr
sohuimhmty proaujts kga wmhh ib prbjmpmtktba. Mg jksb C9Z ms pkssba tcroufc k gbutrkh sohutmog, mgjoephbtb
prbjmpmtktmog wmhh tklb phkjb aub to tcb `orektmog o` CJh, wcmjc abjrbksbs tcb mogmsktmog o` C9Z. @or bxkephb
EgJh9+ C9Z EgZ + 9CJh
2. Mg 2tc froup tcb rbkfbgt keeogmue jkriogktb scouha ib kaaba mg khlkhmgb or gbutrkh ebamue. Mg tcb
kisbgjb o` keeogmk or keeogmue mogs, ekfgbsmue wmhh khso ib prbjmpmtktba.
^YB^KYKQMOG O@ OYMFMGKH ZOHRQMOG (O.Z) 4Ormfmgkh sohutmog ms usba `or tcb kgkhysms o` iksmj rkamjkhs bxjbpt GC
1+. Mt ms prbpkrba iy amssohvmgf fmvbg skht
or emxturb mg k sumtkihb sohvbgt ks `ohhows 4
C9O
amh CJh jogj. CJh
Zkht or Emxt. + C9O sohuihb (tcbg C
9O ms sumtkihb sohvbgt)
M` fmvbg skht or emxturb ms mgsohuihb mg C9O tcbg mt ms amssohvba mg amh CJh.
Zkht or Emxt. + amh CJh sohuihb (tcbg amh CJh ms tklbg ks sohvbgt)
M` fmvbg skht or emxturb ms mgsohuihb mg amhutb CJh tcbg mt ms amssohvba mg jogj. CJh.
Zkht or Emxt. + jogj. CJh sohuihb
Mg tcms wky k`tbr sbhbjtmgf sumtkihb sohvbgt, fmvbg skht or emxturb ms amssohvba mg sekhh qukgtmty mg tcb sohvbgt
kga `mhtbrba. Oitkmgba `mhtrktb ms jkhhba ks ormfmgkh sohutmog (O.Z.) kga tckt ms usba `or tcb abtbjtmog o` iksmj
rkamjkhs bxjbpt GC1
+.
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TBYO FYOR^ 4
;. KEEOGMRE MOG (GC1+) 4
Zoamue cyaroxmab sohutmog 4Keeogmk fks ms bvohvba og wkremgf tcb sohutmog jogtkmgmgf keeogmue skht
kga soamue cyaroxmab.
GC1Jh + GkOC GC:+ C9O + GkJh
Qcb fks jkg ib mabgtm`mba iy tcb `ohhowmgf jckrkjtbrmstmjs / rbkjtmogs.
Mts jckrkjtbrmstmjs sebhh. Qcb bvohutmog o` tcb wcmtb `uebs o` keeogmue jchormab wcbg k fhkss roa amppba mg amhutb CJh ms cbha
mg tcb vkpour.
GC:+ CJh GC1Jh (wcmtb `uebs)
Mts kimhmty to turg `mhtbr pkpbr eomstbgba wmtc Cf9(GO:)9sohutmog ihkjl.
9CfGO:+ 9GC:
hkjli
CfGO)GC(Cf :9 + GC1GO:
Mts kimhmty to turgs `mhtbr pkpbr eomstbgba wmtc JuZO1sohutmog abbp ihub.
JuZO1+ 1GC: \Ju(GC:)1UZO1
@mhtbr pkpbr eomstbgba wmtc k sohutmog o` ekgfkgbsb (MM) jchormab kga cyarofbg pbroxmab ekabkhlkhmgb wmtc keeogmk fmvbs k irowg johour aub to tcb oxmaktmog o` ekgfkgbsb.
9GC: + Eg9+ + C9O9 + C9O EgO(OC)9 + 9GC1
+
Gbsshbr's rbkfbgt (Khlkhmgb sohutmog o` potkssmue tbtrkmoamaoebrjurktb(MM) 4Irowg prbjmpmtktb or irowg or ybhhow johourktmog ms oitkmgba kjjoramgf to tcb keougt o` keeogmk or
keeogmue mogs prbsbgt. Qcb prbjmpmtktb ms k iksmj ebrjury (MM) kemaomoamab.
GC1
+ + 9\CfM1U9 + 1OC CfO Cf (GC9)M + 6M
+ :C9O
Zoamue cbxkgmtrmtoGjoikhtktb (MMM) sohutmog 4GC
1+ mogs fmvbs k ybhhow prbjmpmtktb wmtc tcb rbkfbgt.
:GC1
+ + \Jo(GO9)
0U: (GC1)\Jo(GO9)0U
Cbxkjchormaophktmgktb (MP) sohutmog (m.b., cbxkjchorophktmgmj kjma) 4GC
1+ mogs fmvbs k ybhhow prbjmpmtktb wmtc tcb rbkfbgt .
9GC1
+ + \^tJh0U (GC1)9\^tJh0U ybhhow
Zkturktba soamue cyarofbg tkrtrktb sohutmog (GkCJ1C1O0) 4GC
1+ mogs fmvbs k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc tcb rbkfbgt .
GC1
+ + CJ1C1O0 GC1 CJ1C1O0
1-Gmtroibgzbgb - amkzogmue jchormab rbkfbgt 4GC1+ fmvbs rba johourktmog wmtc tcb rbkfbgt mgprbsbgjb o` soamue cyaroxmab.
O9G G5GJh + GC1+
+ OC O9G G5GOGC1+ Jh + C9O
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Mst FYOR^ (^i9+, Cf9
9+, Kf+) 4
;. HBKA MOG (^i9+) 4 Amhutb CJh sohutmog 4Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba mg joha sohutmog.
^i9+ + CJh ^iJM9(wcmtb) + 9C+
Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg cot wktbr. Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms khso sohuihb mg jogjbgtrktba CJh or jogjbgtrktba
LJh.
^iJh9 + 9Jh \^iJh
1U9 (johourhbss)
Zoamue cyaroxmab sohutmog 4Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg bxjbss o` tcb rbkfbgt.^i9+ + 9OC ^i(OC)
9 < ^i(OC)
9 + 9OC \^i(OC)
1U9
\^i(OC)1U9 + C
9O
9 ^iO
9(ihkjl / irowgmsc ihkjl) + 9C
9O + 9OC
\^i(OC)1U9 + Z
9O
39 ^iO
9+ 9C
9O + 9ZO
19
^otkssmue moamab sohutmog 4K ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg bxjbss eorb jogjbgtrktba(0E) sohutmog o` tcb rbkfbgt. ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb o` ^iM
9ms eoabrktbhy sohuihb mg iomhmgf wktbr to fmvb k johourhbss
sohutmog.
^iJh9+ 9LM ^iM
9 + 9LJh < ^ih
9+ LM L
9\^iM
1U
]bhhow prbjmpmtktb rbkppbkrs og amhutmog wmtc wktbr. ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb o` ^iM9
aobs got amssohvb mg bxjbss o`
amhutb sohutmog o` LM.
^otkssmue jcroektb sohutmog (mg gbutrkh, kjbtmj kjma or keeogmk sohutmog) 4 K ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms`oreba.
^iJh9+ L
9JrO
1 ^iJrO
1+ 9LJh
]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg soamue cyaroxmab kga CGO:
(gmtrmj kjma).
9^iJrO1+ 9C+ 9^i9+ + Jr
9O
69 + C
9O
^iJrO1
+ 1OC \^i(OC)1
U9 + JrO1
9
Iotc rbvbrsmihb rbkjtmogs og iu``brmgf tcb sohutmog wmtc keeogmk or kjbtmj kjma rbspbjtmvbhy, ^iJrO1
rbprbjmpmtktbs.
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Keeogmk sohutmog 4 Vmtc keeogmk sohutmog, ^i9+ fmvbs k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` hbka cyaroxmab.^i9+ + 9GC
1OC ^i(OC)
9 + 9GC
1+
Amhutb C9ZO
14 Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg eorb jogjbgtrktba keeogmue kjbtktb (0E)
sohutmog or keeogmue tkrtrktb mg tcb prbsbgjb o` keeogmk.
^iJh9+ C
9ZO
1 ^iZO
1+ 9CJh
^iZO1
+ 1JC:JOO \^i(JC
:JOO)
1U9 + ZO
19
^iZO1
+ 9J1C
1O
09 \^i(J
1C
1O
0)
9U9 + ZO
19
Cot jogjbgtrktba C9ZO
1amssohvbs tcb prbjmpmtktb aub to tcb `orektmog o` ^iCZO
1.
^iZO1+ C9ZO1 ^i9+ + 9CZO1
9. EBYJRY](M)MOG(Cf9
9+) 4 Amhutb CJh sohutmog 4Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba mg joha sohutmog.
Cf9
9+ + 9CJh Cf9Jh
9(wcmtb) + 9C+
Keeogmk sohutmog 4K emxturb o` ebrjury ebtkh (ihkjl prbjmpmtktb) kga iksmj ebrjury (MM) kemao jchormab(wcmtb prbjmpmtktb) ms `oreba.
9Cf9Jh
9+ 1GC
1OC
ihkjl
9 CfJh)CfO.Cf(GC + :GC1Jh + :C9O
Amssohutmog o` wcmtb prbjmpmtktb (Cf9Jh
9) mg kqukrbfmk 4
:Cf9Jh
9+ 9CGO
:+ 0CJh 0CfJh
9+ 9GO+1C
9O
(k) Ztkggous jchormab tbst 4Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc `mgkhhy turgs to ihkjl.
9CfJh9+ ZgJh9 Cf9Jh9+ ZgJh1< Cf9Jh9+ ZgJh9 9Cf(ihkjl) + 9ZgJh1(i) ^otkssmue moamab tbst 4Zjkrhbt/rba prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg bxjbss o` tcb rbkfbgt.
CfJh9+ LM CfM
9+ 9LJh < Cf
9+ LM(bxjbss) L
9\Cf
1U (sohuihb)
(j) Joppbr jcmps tbst 4Zcmgmgf frby abposmtmog o` ebrjury og joppbr jcmps ms `oreba.CfJh
9+ Ju Cf (frby) + JuJh
9
^otkssmue moamab sohutmog 4K frbbg prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.Cf
99+ + 9M Cf
9M
9
Frbbg prbjmpmtktb mg bxjbss o` rbkfbgt ugabrfobs amsproportmogktmog rbkjtmog kga k sohuihb \CfM1U9_ mogs kga
ihkjl ebrjury krb `oreba.
Cf9M
9 + 9M \CfM
1U9 + Cf (`mgbhy amvmaba)
Iomhmgf tcb ebrjury (M) moamab prbjmpmtktb wmtc wktbr, amsproportmogktmog tklbs phkjb kga k emxturb o` rba
ebrjury (MM) moamab prbjmpmtktb kga ihkjl ebrjury ms `oreba.
Cf9M9 CfM9 + Cf ^otkssmue jcroektb sohutmog 4K rba jrystkhhmgb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc turgs ihkjl wcbg sohutmog o`
soamue cyaroxmab ms kaaba.
Cf9
9+ + JrO1
9 Cf9JrO
1 < Cf
9JrO
1 + 9OC Cf
9O + JrO
19 + C
9O
^otkssmue jykgmab sohutmog 4K ihkjl prbjmpmtktb o` ebrjury ms oitkmgbaCf
99+ + 9JG Cf + Cf(JG)
9(sohuihb).
:. ZMHPBY MOG (Kf+) 4
Amhutb cyarojchormj kjma/sohuihb jchormabs 4 Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.Kf+ + CJh KfJh + C+
Qcb prbjmpmtktb oitkmgba k`tbr `mhtrktmog ms sohuihb mg jogjbgtrktba CJh.
KfJh + Jh
\KfJh9U
Og amhutmog wmtc wktbr, tcb bqumhmirmue scm`ts ikjl to tcb hb`t kga tcb prbjmpmtktb rbkppbkrs. Amhutb keeogmk
sohutmog amssohvbs tcb prbjmpmtktb `oremgf k sohuihb joephbx.
KfJh+ 9GC:
\Kf (GC:)
9U+ + Jh
Amhutb gmtrmj kjma or cyarojchormj kjma gbutrkhmzbs tcb bxjbss keeogmk kga tcb prbjmpmtktb rbkppbkrs ibjkusb
tcb bqumhmirmue ms scm`tba ikjlwkras.
\Kf(GC:)
9UJh + 9CGO
: KfJh (wcmtb) + 9GC
1GO
:.
^otkssmue moamab sohutmog 4K irmfct ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms mgsohuihb mg amhutb keeogmkiut pkrtmkhhy sohuihb mg jogjbgtrktba keeogmk.
Kf+ + M KfMQcb ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg LJG kga mg Gk
9Z
9O
:.
KfM + 9JG
\Kf(JG)9U
+ M
< KfM + 9Z9O:9
\Kf(Z9O:)9U:
+ M
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^otkssmue jcroektb sohutmog 4 Ybaprbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjcms sohuihb mg amhutbCGO:
kgamg keeogmksohutmog.
9Kf+ + JrO1
9 Kf9JrO
1
9Kf9JrO
1+ 9C+ 1Kf+ + Jr
9O
69 + C
9O
9Kf9JrO
1 + 1GC
: 9\Kf(GC
:)
9U+ + JrO
19
Amsoamue cyarofbg pcospcktb sohutmog 4 Mg gbutrkh sohutmog k ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wmtc tcb rbkfbgt.:Kf+ + C^O
19 Kf
:^O
1 + C+
Qcb ybhhow prbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg gmtrmj kjma kga keeogmk sohutmog.
Cyarkzmgb suhpcktb (skturktba) 4Vmtc amkeemgbkrfbgtktb (M) rbkfbgt `ores `mgbhy amvmaba smhvbr wcmjckacbrbs to tcb jhbkgba fhkss wkhhs o` tcb tbst tuib `oremgf kg kttrkjtmvb emrror.
1\Kf(GC:)
9U+ + C
9GGC
9.C
9ZO
1 1Kf + G
9+ 0GC
1+ + 9GC
:+ ZO
19
Keeogmk sohutmog 4 Irowg prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.9Kf+ + 9GC
:+ C
9O Kf
9O + 9GC
1+
^rbjmpmtktb amssohvbs mg keeogmk.
Kf9O + 1GC
:+ C
9O 9\Kf(GC
:)
9U+ + 9OC
Bxkephb-3 K joepouga og cbktmgf wmtc kg bxjbss o` jkustmj soak sohutmog hmibrktbs k fks (I) wcmjc fmvbs wcmtb
`uebs og bxposurb o` CJh. Qcb rbsuhtkgt khlkhmgb sohutmog tcus oitkmgba k`tbr cbktmgf kfkmg hmibrktbs
tcb skeb fks (I) wcbg cbktba wmtc zmgj powabr. Joepouga (K) og cbktmgf khogb fmvbs k gbutrkh oxmabo` gmtrofbg got gmtrofbg fks. Mabgtm y (K) kga (I) kga fmvb tcb rbhbvkgt jcbemjkh rbkjtmogs.
Zohutmog KsGC:
fmvbs wcmtb`uebs wmtc CJh, tcbrb`orb, (I) scouha ib GC:
kga (K) scouhaibtcb skht o` keeogmue.
@urtcbr wb lgow tckt gmtrmtb o` keeogmue fmvbs GC:
wmtc Tg kga khlkhm kga wcbg cbktba khogb fmvbs
gbutrkh oxmab (G9O) got G
9. Cbgjb tcb skht scouha ib keeogmue gmtrktb got keeogmue gmtrmtb.
GC1
GO:(K) + GkOC GkGO
: + C
9O + GC
:(I) < GC
:+ CJh GC
1Jh (wcmtb `uebs)
GkGO:+ 3\CU GkOCTg GkOC + 9C9O + GC:< GC1 GO: G9O (gbutrkh) + 9C9O
Bxkephb-= K jbrtkmg ebtkh (K) ms iomhba wmtc amhutb CGO:to fmvb k skht (I) kga kg gbutrkh oxmab o` gmtrofbg (J).
Kg kqubous sohutmog o` (I) fmvbs k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb (A) wmtc irmgb wcmjc ms sohuihb mg keeogmue
cyaroxmab. Kg kqubous sohutmog o` (I) khso fmvbs rba / irmjl rba prbjmpmtktb, (B) wmtc potkssmue
jcroektb sohutmog. Mabgtm y (K) to (B) kga wrmtb tcb jcbemjkh rbkjtmogs mgvohvba.Z ohutmog Ks sohutmog o` (I) fmvbs wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc GkJh (kq) kga prbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg keeogmue
cyaroxmab, mt eky ib o` smhvbr skht. @urtcbr mt fmvbs irmjl rba prbjmpmtktb wmtc L9JrO
1, tcbrb`orb, ebtkh
(K) eky ib smhvbr.
:Kf (K) + 1CGO:
:KfGO:(I) + GO(J) + 9C
9O Vcmjc o` tcb `ohhowmgf skht wmhh fmvb wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc tcb sohutmog jogtkmgmgf ^i9+ mogs ?
(K) Gk9JO
: (I) GkJh (J) Gk
9ZO
: (A) Khh o` tcbsb
Z ohutmog ^i9+
+ JO:9
^iJO:(wcmtb)^i9+ + 9Jh ^iJh
9(wcmtb)
^i9+ + ZO:
9 ^iZO:(wcmtb)
Qcbrb`orb, (A) optmog ms jorrbjt.
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MMga Froup (Cf9+, ^i9+, Im:+, Ju9+, Ja9+, Ks:+, Zi:+, Zg9+)
Og tcb iksms o` tcb sohuimhmty o` tcb prbjmpmtktbs o` tcb suhpcmabs o` MM froup jktmogs mg ybhhow keeogmue
suhpcmab, tcby ckvb ibbg jhkssm mba mgto two suifroups ks fmvbg ibhow 4
K4 CfZ, ^iZ, JuZ, Im9Z
:, khh ihkjl iut JaZ ms ybhhow. Khh mgsohuihb mg ybhhow keeogmue suhpcmab.
I4 ZgZ9, Ks
9Z
:krb ybhhow, Zi
9Z
:ms orkgfb & ZgZ ms akrl irowg Khh sohuihb mg ybhhow keeogmue suhpcmab.
MMK Froup (Cf9+, ^i9+, Im:+, Ju9+, Ja9+)
;. EBYJRY] (MM) MOG (Cf9+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc C
9Z mg kjmamj ebamue 4 Ihkjl prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba. ^rbjmpmtktb mgsohuihb mg wktbr,
cot amhutb CGO:
,khlkhm cyaroxmabs, or johourhbss keeogmue suhpcmab.
Cf9+ + C9Z
CCfZ + 9C+
Gk9Z (9E) amssohvbs tcb prbjmpmtktb `oremgf sohuihb joephbx.
CfZ + Z9 \CfZ9U9
Kquk rbfmk amssohvbs tcb prbjmpmtktb.: CfZ + 0 CJh + 9CGO
: : CfJh
9+ :Z + 9GO+ 1 C
9O
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Rgabr tcbsb jmrjuestkgjb CfJh9
ms ugamssojmktba. Vcbg sohutmog ms cbktba wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` suhpcur
amssohvbs `oremgf C9ZO
1.
9 CGO:+ Z ZO
19 + 9 C+ + 9GO
Ztkggous jchormab sohutmog 4Vcbg kaaba mg eoabrktb keougts smhly wcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.9CfJh
9+ ZgJh
9 ZgJh
1+ Cf
9Jh
9
M` eorb rbkfbgt ms kaaba, Cf (M) jchormab ms rbaujba to ihkjl prbjmpmtktb o` ebrjury.
Cf9Jh
9+ ZgJh
9 ZgJh
1+ 9Cf
^otkssmue moamab sohutmog 4 Og show kaamtmog rba prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.Cf9+ + 9M CfM
9
^rbjmpmtktb amssohvbs mg bxjbss o` LM `oremgf johourhbss sohuihb joephbx.
CfM9+ 9M \CfM
1U9
LJG aobs got ckvb kgy b``bjt.
Joppbr jcmps , scbbt or jomg 4 K ihkjl prbjmpmtktb o` ebrjury ms `oreba.Cf9+ + Ju Cf+ Ju9+
Zoamue cyaroxmabsohutmog 4 Vcbg kaaba mg sekhhqukgtmty irowgmscrba prbjmpmtktb o` vkrymgf joeposmtmogms `oreba kga mg stomjcmoebtrmj keougts prbjmpmtktb turgs to ybhhow wcbg Cf (MM) oxmab ms `oreba.
Cf9+ + 9OC CfO+ C9O
^rbjmpmtktb ms mgsohuihb mg bxjbss rbkfbgt iut amssohvbs rbkamhy mg kjmas kga tcms jkg ib usba to am` brbgtmktb
Cf (M) `roe Cf (MM).
Keeogmk sohutmog 4 Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` emxba joeposmtmog (Ebrjury (MM) oxmab + Ebrjury (MM) kemaogmtrktb) ms `oreba wmtc ebtkh gmtrktb.
9 Cf9+ + GO: + 1GC
:+ C
9O CfO.Cf (GC
9)GO
:+ : GC
1+
Joikht (MM) tcmojykgktb tbst 4 Vcbg rbkfbgt ms kaaba to kg kqubous sohutmog o` Cf9+ mogs kga tcb wkhhso` tcb tbst tuib ms stmrrba wmtc k fhkss roa, abbpihub jrystkhhmgb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.
Cf9+ + Jo9+ + 1 ZJG Jo+9 \Cf(ZJG)1U9
Mg phkjb o` Joikht (MM) tcmojykgktb, Jo(JC:JOO)9 kga GC1ZJG jkg ib kaaba to tcb kqubous sohutmog
o` Cf9+ mogs.
9. JO^^BY MOG (Ju9+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc C
9Z mg kjmamj ebamue 4 Ihkjl prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.
Ju9+ + C9Z
CJuZ + 9 C+
^rbjmpmtktb ms mgsohuihb mg iomhmgf amhutb (E) C9ZO
1(amstmgjtmog `roe jkaemue), mg GkOC, Gk
9Z kga (GC
1)
9Z.
^rbjmpmtktb amssohvbs mg cot jogjbgtrktba CGO:
: JuZ + 3CGO:
:Ju(GO:)
9(ihub) + 9GO + 1C
9O + :Z
Vcbg iomhba `or hogfbr Z ms oxmamsba to C9ZO
1kga k jhbkr sohutmog o` Ju(GO
:)
9ms oitkmgba.
LJG amssohvbs tcb prbjmpmtktb `oremgf k jhbkr sohutmog.
9 JuZ+ 3 JG 9 \Ju(JG)1U: + Z
99 (amsuhpcmab mog)
Keeogmk sohutmog 4 Vcbg kaaba spkrmgfhy k ihub prbjmpmtktb o` iksmj skht (iksmj joppbr suhpcktb) ms`oreba wmtc JuZO
1.
9Ju9+ + ZO1
9 + 9 GC:
+ 9 C9O Ju(OC)
9.JuZO
1 + 9GC
1+
Mt ms sohuihb mg bxjbss o` rbkfbgt `oremgf k abbp ihub johourktmog.Ju(OC)
9.JuZO
1 + 3GC
: 9\Ju(GC
:)
1U9+ + ZO
19 + 9 OC
Zoamue cyaroxmab mg joha sohutmog 4 K ihub prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.Ju9+ + 9 OC Ju (OC)
9
Ju(OC)9 Cbkt JuO (rba)+ C
9O
^otkssmue moamab 4 Mt fmvbs k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` Ju(M) moamab iut tcb sohutmog ms mgtbgsbhy irowg ibjkusbo` tcb `orektmog o` trmmoamab mogs (or moamgb).
9 Ju9+ + 2 M Ju9M
9+ M
:
Qcb sohutmog ibjoebs johourhbss kga k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms vmsmihb wcbg bxjbss o` soamue tcmosuhpcktb
sohutmog ms kaaba.
M:
+ 9 Z9O
:9 : M + Z
1O
09
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Qcbsb rbkjtmogs krb usba mg qukgtmtktmvb kgkhysms or tcb moaoebtrmj abtbremgktmog o` joppbr.
^otkssmue `brrojykgmab (^otkssmuecbxkjykgmao`brrktb(MM) ) sohutmog 4 Ju9+ mogs fmvbs irowg/jcojohktbirowg prbjmpmtktb.
9Ju9+ + L1@b(JG)
0 Ju
9\@b(JG)
0U+ 1L+
9 \@b(JG)0U: + : J u9+ Ju
:\@b(JG)
0U
9 (frbbg)
(vm) ^otkssmue jykgmab 4Vcbg kaaba spkrmgfhy `ores `mrst k ybhhow prbjmpmtktb.Ju9+ + 9JG Ju(JG)
9 (ybhhow)
^rbjmpmtktb qumjlhy abjoeposbs mgto JuJG kga jykgofbg.
9 Ju(JG)9
9JuJG (wcmtb) + (JG)9 (cmfchy pomsogous)
Bxjbss rbkfbgt amssohvbs tcb prbjmpmtktb `oremgf k johourhbss sohuihb joephbx.
JuJG + : J G \Ju(JG)1U:
Joephbx ms so stkihb tckt C9Z jkggot prbjmpmtktb Ju (M) suhpcmab (amstmgjtmog `roe jkaemue).
^otkssmue tcmojykgktb sohutmog 4 Qcb Ju+9 mogs sohutmog mgmtmkhhy fmvbs k ihkjl prbjmpmtktb wcmjc tcbgshowhy abjoeposbs to fmvb wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` Ju(M) tcmojykgktb.
Ju9+ + 9 ZJG Ju(ZJG)9
9 Ju(ZJG)9
9 JuZJG + (ZJG)9
Ju (MM) tcmojykgktb jkg ib meebamktbhy jogvbrtba mgto Ju(M) tcmojykgktb iy kaamgf k sumtkihb rbaujmgf
kfbgt hmlb skturktba sohutmog o` suhpcur amoxmab.
9 Ju(ZJG)9+ ZO
9+ 9 C
9O 9 JuZJG+ 9 ZJG + ZO
19 + 1C+
:. IMZERQC MOG (Im:+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc C
9Z mg kjmamj ebamue 4 Ihkjl prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms mgsohuihb mg joha amhutb
CGO:
kga ybhhow keeogmue suhpcmab.
9Im:+ + :C9Z
CIm
9Z
:(ihkjl) + 0C+
Im9
Z:+ 3CGO
: 9Im (GO
:)
:+ 9GO + :Z + 1C
9O
Im9Z:+ 0 CJh (iomhmgf jogjbgtrktba) 9 Im:+ + 0 Jh + : C
9Z
Zoamue cyaroxmab 4Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wmtc tcb rbkfbgt.Im:+ + : OC Im(OC)
:
Pbry shmfcthy sohuihb mg bxjbss rbkfbgt mg joha sohutmog iut sohuihb mg kjmas.
Im(OC):+ :C+ Im:+ + C
9O
^rbjmpmtktb og iomhmgf hosbs wktbr kga turgs ybhhowmsc wcmtb wcmjc ms oxmamsba to ImO: iy C
9O
9.
Im(OC):
ImO.OC + C9O
ImO.OC + C9O
9 ImO
: + C+ + C
9O
Keeogmk sohutmog 4 Vcmtb iksmj skht o` vkrmkihb joeposmtmog ms `oreba. Kpproxmektb jcbemjkh rbkjtmog ms 4Im:+ + GO
: + 9 GC
:+ 9 C
9O Im(OC)
9GO
:+ 9 GC
1+
Khlkhmgb soamue stkggmtb (Zoamue tbtrkcyaroxmaostkggktb (MM)) 4K ihkjl prbjmpmtktb o` ebtkhhmj imseutcms oitkmgba.
Im:+ + : OC Im(OC):
9Im(OC): + \Zg(OC)
1U9 9Im + : \Zg(OC)
0U9
(OK) (YK)
Qcb rbkfbgt eust ib `rbschy prbpkrba kga tbst eust ib jkrrmba out mg joha sohutmog.
Amhutmog wmtc wktbr 4 Zohutmog o` imseutc skhts fmvbs wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wcbg wktbr ms kaaba mg hkrfbrqukgtmty.
Im:+ + GO:
+ C9O ImO(GO
:) + 9C+
Im:+ + Jh + C9O ImOJh(imseutc oxyjchormab or imseutcyh jchormab) + 9C+
Zohuihb mg emgbrkh kjmas (amhutb) iut mgsohuihb mg tkrtkrmj kjma (amstmgjtmog `roe kgtmeogy) kga mg khlkhm cyaroxmab
(amstmgjtmog `roe tmg).
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^otkssmue moamab 4 Vcbg tcb rbkfbgt ms kaaba aropwmsb to k sohutmog jogtkmgmgf Im:+ mogs , k ihkjlprbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.
Im:+ + : Im:
Qcb prbjmpmtktb amssohvbs mg bxjbss LM `oremgf orkgfb johourba sohuihb joephbx.
Im:
+ \Im1U
Og amhutmog tcb rbkjtmog ms rbvbrsba kga ihkjl ImM:
ms rbprbjmpmtktba.
Og cbktmgf wmtc wktbr ihkjl prbjmpmtktb o` ImM:turgs orkgfb.
ImM:+ C
9O ImOM+ 9C+ + 9M
1. JKAEMRE MOG (Ja9+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc C
9Z mg kjmamj ebamue 4 ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc amssohvbs mg cot amhutb
CGO:
.
Ja9+ + C9Z
CJaZ + 9C+
JaZ + 3CGO:
:Ja (GO:)
9+ 1C
9O + 9GO + :Z
^rbjmpmtktb aobs got amssohvb mg LJG.
Keeogmk sohutmog (Aropwmsb kaamtmog) 4 Keeogmue cyaroxmab `mrst fmvbs wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` Ja(OC)9wcmjc fbts amssohvb mg bxjbss o` rbkfbgt `oremgf k sohuihb joephbx.
Ja9+ + 9 GC:+ 9 C
9O Ja(OC)
9+ 9 GC
1+
Ja(OC)9 + 1 G C
: \Ja(GC
:)
1U9+ + 9 O C .
^otkssmue jykgmab 4 Mgmtmkhhy k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` Ja(JG)9
ms `oreba wcmjc mg bxjbss o` rbkfbgt amssohvbs
`oremgf k sohuihb joephbx.
Ja9+ + 9 J G Ja(JG)9
Ja(JG)9 + 9 J G \Ja(JG)
1U9
Qcb johourhbss sohuihb joephbx ms got too stkihb, tcbrb`orb, rbkjts wmtc C9Z fks `oremgf k ybhhow prbjmpmtktb
o` JaZ.\Ja(JG)
1U9 + C
9Z JaZ+ 9 C+ + 1 JG
LM `ores go prbjmpmtktb (amstmgjtmog `roe Joppbr)
Zoamue cyaroxmab 4Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms oitkmgba wcmjc ms got sohuihb mg bxjbss o` soamue cyaroxmab.
Ja9+ (kq) +9GkOC (kq) Ja(OC)9 + 9Gk+
2. HBKA MOG (^i9+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc C
9Z mg kjmamj ebamue 4 Ihkjl prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg cot amhutb
CGO:
.
^i9+ + C9Z ^iZ(ihkjl) + 9C+
:^iZ + 3CGO: :^i(GO:)9+ 9GO + 1C9O + :Z Amhutb C
9ZO
14Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg keeogmue kjbtktb.
^i(GO:)
9+ C
9ZO
1 ^iZO
1 (wcmtb) + 9CGO
:
^iZO1
+ 9JC:
JOOGC1
(JC:JOO)
9^i + (GC
1)
9ZO
1
^otkssmue moamab 4 ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg bxjbss eorb jogjbgtrktba (0E)sohutmog o` tcb rbkfbgt. ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb o` ^iM
9ms eoabrktbhy sohuihb mg iomhmgf wktbr to fmvb k johourhbss
sohutmog.
(JC:JOO)
9^i + 9LM 9JC
:JOOL + ^iM
9 ybhhow
^otkssmue amjcroektb 4]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.(JC
:JOO)
9^ i + L
9JrO
1 9JC
:JOOL + ^iJrO
1 (ybhhow)
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MMI Froup (Ks:+, Zi:+, Zg9+, Zg1+)
;. KYZBGMJ MOG (Ks:+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc C
9Z mg kjmamj ebamue 4 ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg wkre
jogjbgtrktba gmtrmj kjma, soamuecyaroxmab sohutmog kga ybhhow keeogmue suhpcmab.
9Ks:+ + :C9Z
CKs
9Z
: + 0C+
: Ks9Z
:+ 93 CGO
:+ 1 C
9O 0 KsO
1: + = ZO
19 + :0 C+ + 93 GO
Ks9Z
:+ 0OC KsO
:: + KsZ
:: + : C
9O
Ks9Z
:+1 Z
99 9 KsZ
1: + Z
:9
Zmhvbr gmtrktb 4]bhhow prbjmpmtktb o` smhvbr krsbgmtb mg gbutrkh sohutmog ms `oreba wmtc KsO:
: mogs.
KsO:
: + : Kf+ Kf:KsO
:
KsO1: + :Kf Kf:KsO1 (irowgmsc rba)Qcb prbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg iotc gmtrmj kjma kga keeogmk.
Ekfgbsmk emxturb 4 Vcmtb jrystkhhmgb prbjmpmtktb o` ekfgbsmue keeogmue krsbgktb Ef(GC1)
KsO1.0 C
9O ms `oreba `roe gbutrkh or keeogmjkh sohutmog. Rpog trbktmgf tcb wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc smhvbr
gmtrktb sohutmog jogtkmgmgf k `bw arops o` kjbtmj kjma, rba smhvbr krsbgktb ms `oreba (amstmgjtmog `roe pcospcktb).
C:KsO
1+ EfZO
1+ :GC
1OC Ef(GC
1)KsO
1 + (GC
1)
9ZO
1+ :C
9O
EfGC1KsO
1 + : Kf+ Kf
:KsO
1+ Ef9+ + GC
1+
Ekrsc's tbst 4 Qcms tbst ms iksba og tcb `kjt tckt khh sohuihb joepougas o` krsbgmj krb rbaujba iy'gksjbgt'cyarofbg mg kjma sohutmog to krsmgb (KsC
:), k johourhbss, bxtrbebhy pomsogous fks wmtc k fkrhmj-hmlb oaour. M`
tcb fks, emxba wmtc cyarofbg, ms pkssba tcroufc k cbktba fhkss tuib, mt ms abjoeposba mgto cyarofbg kga
ebtkhhmj krsbgmj, wcmjc ms abposmtba ks k irowgmsc-ihkjl 'emrror' dust ibyoga tcb cbktba pkrt o` tcb tuib.
Tg + C9
ZO1
TgZO1
+ 9 \CU < KsJh:
+ : \CU KsC:
+ : \JhU
KsO1
: + 1 Tg + ;; C+ KsC:+ 1 Tg9+ + 1C
9O < KsC
: Cbkt Ks+ :/9 C9
Keeogmue eohyiaktb tbst 4Zohutmog o` KsO1
: mog jogtkmgmgf jogsmabrkihb bxjbss o` CGO:og iomhmgf
wmtc rbkfbgt fmvbs k ybhhow jrystkhhmgb prbjmpmtktb.
C:KsO
1+ ;9(GC
1)
9EoO
1+ 9;CGO
: (GC
1)
:KsO
1. ;9EoO
: + 9;GC
1GO
:+ ;9C
9O
or KsO1
: + ;9EoO1
9 + :GC1
+ + 91C+ (GC1)
:KsEo
;9O
1>+ ;9C
9O.
9. KGQMEOG] MOG (Zi:+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc C
9Z mg kjmamjebamue 4K orkgfb rba prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba `roe emhahy kjmamj sohutmogs.
Zi:+ + :C9Z
CZi
9Z
:(orkgfb) + 0C+
^rbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg wkre jogjbgtrktba CJh, mg keeogmue pohysuhpcmab kga mg khlkhm cyaroxmabs.
Zi9Z
:+ 0 CJh 9 Zi:+ + 0 Jh + : C
9Z
Zi9Z:+ 1 Z99
9 ZiZ1:
+ Z:9
Zi9Z
:+ 1 OC ZiO
9 + : ZiZ
9 + 9 C
9O
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Amhutmog wmtc wktbr 4 Vcbg wktbr ms pourba mg k sohutmog o` sohuihb ZiJh:, k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` kgtmeogyh
jchormab (ZiOJh) ms `oreba, sohuihb mg CJh. Vmtc k hkrfb bxjbss o` wktbr, tcb cyarktba oxmab Zi9O
:.xC
9O ms
proaujba.
ZiJh:+ C
9O ZiOJh + 9 CJh
ZiO+Jh ms sohuihb mg tkrtkrmj kjma iut ImO+Jh ms mgsohuihb mg tkrtkrmj kjma.
Zoamue cyaroxmab or Keeogmk sohutmog 4 Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` cyarktb o` kgtmeogy (MMM) oxmab Zi9O
:.xC
9O
ms sohuihb mg jogjbgtrktba (2E) sohutmog o` jkustmj khlkhmbs `oremgf kgtmeogmtbs.
9 Zi:+ + 0 OC Zi9O
:+ : C
9O < Zi
9O
:+ 9 OC 9 ZiO
9 + C
9O
^otkssmue moamab sohutmog 4]bhhow johourktmog ms oitkmgba owmgf to tcb `orektmog o` k joephbx skht.Zi:+ + 0 M \ZiM
0U:
Ybaujtmog wmtc zmgj or tmg 4 Zi:+ mogs fmvb ihkjl prbjmpmtktb o` ebtkh.9 Zi:+ + : Tg 9 Zi+ : Tg9+ < 9 Zi:+ + : Zg 9 Zi+ : Zg9+
:. QMG (MM) MOG (Zg9+) KGA QMG (MP) MOG (Zg1+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc C
9Z mg kjmamj ebamue 4
Irowg prbjmpmtktb ms oitkmgba wmtc Zg9+ wcmjc ms sohuihb mg jogjbgtrktba CJh kga ybhhow keeogmue suhpcmab
`oremgf tcmostkggktb iut got mg johourhbss keeogmue suhpcmab.
Zg9+ + C9Z ZgZ (irowg) < ZgZ+ Z
99 ZgZ
:9 (tcmostkggktb)
Zg1+ + 9C9Z ZgZ
9(ybhhow) + 1 C+
^rbjmpmtktb ms sohuihb mg jogjbgtrktba CJh (am `brbgjb `roe Ks:+ kga Cf9+) kga mg khlkhm cyaroxmab, kga khso mg
keeogmue suhpcmab kga ybhhow keeogmue suhpcmab.
Zoamue cyaroxmab sohutmog 4 Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` Zg(OC)9
ms `oreba wcmjc ms sohuihb mg bxjbss o`
rbkfbgt.
Zg9+ + 9OC Zg(OC)9 < Zg(OC)
9 + 9OC \Zg(OC)
1U9
Vmtc keeogmk sohutmog, wcmtb tmg (MM) cyaroxmab ms prbjmpmtktba, wcmjc jkggot ib amssohvba mg bxjbsskeeogmk.
Ybaujtmog o` stkggmj jchormab to stkggous jchormab iy mrog `mhhmgf or frkguhktba zmgj 4ZgJh
1+ Tg ZgJh
9+ TgJh
9
Ebrjurmj jchormab sohutmog 4ZgJh
9+ 9CfJh
9 Cf
9Jh
9(smhly wcmtb) + ZgJh
1
ZgJh9+ Cf
9Jh
9 9Cf ihkjl or frby + ZgJh
1
CGO:ms got usba ibjkusb mt kjts ks kg oxmamsmgf kfbgt kga mg sohutmog mt oxmamsbs C 9Z to Z kjjoramgf to tcb`ohhowmgf rbkjtmog.
C9Z + \OU C
9O + Z(]bhhow)
Bxkephb-;; Vcbg GkOC sohutmog ms emxba wmtc kqubous sohutmog o` k skht 'K', kga wkreba, k ihkjl prbjmpmtktb ms
`oreba. Ihkjl prbjmpmtktb ms `mhtbrba kga amssohvba mg jogjbgtrktba CGO:iy iomhmgf. Qcb rbsuhtmgfsohutmog fmvbs k jcojohktb irowg johourba prbjmpmtktb wmtc potkssmue `brrojykgmab sohutmog. Qcb
`mhtrktb oitkmgba k`tbr `mhtbrmgf o`` tcb ihkjl prbjmpmtktb, upog wkremgf wmtc Tg kga GkOC bvohvbs kg
khlkhmgb pugfbgt sebhhmgf fks. Qcb rbsuhtmgf sohutmog khso rbspogas to tcb irowg rmgf tbst. Qcb
`mhtrktb aobs got bvohvb G9
fks wcbg mt ms iomhba wmtc urbk mg tcb prbsbgjb o` C9ZO
1. Mabgtm`ytcb jktmog
kga kgmog prbsbgt mg tcb skht 'K'.
Z ohutmog Ju(GO:)
9+ GkOC Ju(OC)
9 (ihub) + 9GkGO
:
Ju(OC)9 JuO (ihkjl) + C
9O
1Tg + GkGO:
+ 6GkOC 1Gk9TgO
9+ 9C
9O + G C
: (pugfbgt sebhhmgf khlkhmgb fks).
JuO + 9CGO:
Ju(GO:)
9+ C
9O
9Ju(GO:)
9+ L
1\@b(JG)
0U Ju
9\@b(JG)
0U (jcojohktb irowg) + 1LGO
:
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Bxkephb-;9 Zbhbjt tcb jorrbjt stktbebgts `roe tcb ohhowmgf.
(K) Im:+ mogfmvbs ihkjl prbjmpmtktb wmtc LM wcmjc amssohvbs mgbxjbss o` LM `oremgforkgfb johourba sohutmog.
(I) Jchormab o` Ja9+ ms got sohuihb mg bxjbss o` GkOC iut sohuihb mg bxjbss o` kqubous keeogmk.
(J) Hbka suhpcktb ms sohuihb mg keeogmue kjbtktb sohutmog.
(A) Qcb Jo9+ fmvbs frbbg johourba sohutmog wmtc LGO9
kga kjbtmj kjma.
(B) Qcb rba johour sohutmog o` `brrmj kjbtktb turgs to rbaamsc irowg prbjmpmtktb wcbg mt ms amhutba wmtc
wktbr kga tcbg iomhba.
Z ohutmog (K) Im:+ + :LM ImM: (ihkjl) + :L+ < LM+ ImM
: L \ImM
1U (orkgfb)
(I) JaJh9 + 9GkOC
Ja(OC)9 (wcmtb) + 9GkJh < Ja(OC)9 + GkOC
go rbkjtmogJaJh9+ 9GC
1OC Ja(OC)
9(wcmtb) + 9GC
1Jh
Ja(OC)9
+ 1GC1OC \Ja(GC
:)
1U (OC)
9 (sohuihb) + 1C
9O
(J) ^iZO1
+ 9JC:
JOO GC1
(JC:
JOO)9
^i (sohuihb) + (GC1)
9ZO
1
(A) JoJh9
+ 6LGO9
+ 9JC:
JOOC L:
\Jo(GO9)
0U (ybhhow) + 9LJh + 9JC
:JOOL+GO+C
9O
(B) @b (JC:JOO)
: + 9C
9O Iomh @b (JC: JOO) (OC)9 (rbaamsc irowg) + 9 JC: JOOC
Qcbrb`orb, K, I, J kga B krb jorrbjt stktbebgts.
Bxkephb-;: Kssbrtmog 4Mg kqubous sohutmog, CfJh9kga ZgJh
9jkg bxmst ks Cf9+ kga Zg9+ mogs.
Ybksog 4ZgJh9kjts ks strogf oxmamsmgf kfbgt.
(K) Iotc Kssbrtmog kga Ybksog krb trub kga Ybksog ms tcb jorrbjt bxphkgktmog o` Kssbrtmog.
(I) Iotc Kssbrtmog kga Ybksog krb trub iut Ybksog ms got jorrbjt bxphkgktmog o` Kssbrtmog
(J) Kssbrtmog ms trub iut Ybksog ms `khsb
(A) Kssbrtmog ms `khsb iut Ybksog ms trub
(B)Kssbrtmog kga Ybksog iotc krb `khsb.
Z ohutmog ZgMMJh9(bxjbss) + CfMMJh
9 Cf> (ihkjl) + ZgMPJh
1
ZgJh9
kga CfJh9
jkg got bxmst tofbtcbr mg kqubous sohutmog ibjkusb ZgJh9
kjts ks strogf rbaujmgf
kfbgt ibjkusb Zg scow mgbrt pkmr b``bjt.
Qcbrb`orb, (B) optmog ms jorrbjt.
MMMra Froup (Kh:+, Jr:+, @b:+)
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Jogjbgtrktba CGO:ms kaaba to oxmamsb @b9+ to @b:+ m` prbsbgt.
Zohma GC1Jh scouha ib kaaba mg bxjbss otcbr wmsb jktmogs hmlb Tg, Eg, Ef eky ib prbjmpmtktba cbrb.
Qo eujc bxjbss o` GC1Jh scouha ib kvomaba otcbr wmsb Jr ms got prbjmpmtktba kga Kh eky `ore k
johhomakh sohutmog.
;. KHREMGMRE MOG (Kh:+) 4
^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc GC1OC mg prbsbgjb o` GC1Jh 4 Vcmtb fbhktmgous prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjc msshmfcthy sohuihb mg bxjbss rbkfbgt. Qcb sohuimhmty ms abjrbksba mg tcb prbsbgjb o` keeogmue skht. K sekhh
portmog o` tcb prbjmpmtktb pkssbs mgto tcb sohutmog ks johhomakh Kh(OC):(Khuemgmue cyaroxmab soh), tcb soh ms
jokfuhktba og iomhmgf tcb sohutmog or upog tcb kaamtmog o` sohuihb skht ymbhamgf k prbjmpmtktb o` Kh(OC):, lgowg
ks Kh(OC):fbh. @or joephbtb prbjmpmtktmog, kaa keeogmk sohutmog mg bxjbss kga tcb emxturb ms iomhba ugtmh,
tcb sohutmog cks k shmfct oaour o` GC: .
Kh:+ + :GC1OC JhGC1 Kh(OC): + :GC1
+
Zoamue cyaroxmab 4 K sohutmog jogtkmgmgf Kh+: mogs fmvb k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc tcb rbkfbgt.
Kh:+ + :OC Kh(OC):
Vcmtb prbjmpmtktb amssohvbs mg bxjbss soamue cyaroxmab kjjoramgf to `ohhowmgf rbkjtmog.
Kh(OC):+ OC
\Kh(OC)1U
Qcb rbkjtmog ms rbvbrsmihb kga kgy rbkfbgt, wcmjc wmhh rbaujb tcb cyaroxyh mog jogjbgtrktmog su``mjmbgthy
scouha jkusb tcb rbkjtmog to projbba `roe rmfct to hb`t wmtc tcb jogsbqubgt prbjmpmtktmog o` khuemgmue cyaroxmab.
Qcms eky ib b``bjtba wmtc k sohutmog o` keeogmue jchormab (tcb cyaroxyh mog jogjbgtrktmog ms rbaujba owmgf
to tcb `orektmog o` tcb wbkl iksb keeogmk , wcmjc jkg ib rbkamhy rbeovba ks keeogmk fks iy cbktmgf) or
iy tcb kaamtmog o` kjma < mg tcb hkttbr jksb, k hkrfb bxjbss o` kjma jkusbs tcb prbjmpmtktba cyaroxmab to
rbamssohvb.
\Kh(OC)1U + GC1
+ Kh(OC):+ GC:+ C9O
\Kh(OC)1U + C+ Kh(OC): + C9O
Kh(OC):+ :C+ (bxjbss) Kh:+ + : C9O
Hklb tbst 4KhJh:+ :GC1OC Kh(OC): (wcmtb) + : GC1Jh
Qcb prbjmpmtktmog o` khuemgmue cyaroxmab ms aogb mg prbsbgjb o` ihub hmteus. Ormfmgkhhy tcb sohutmog wmhh
kppbkr rba wcbg tcb froup prbjmpmtktb ms amssohvba mg CJh ks ihub hmteus turgs rba mg kjma ebamue. Og kaamgf
hkrfb bxjbss o` GC1OC, Kh(OC): wmhh ib rbprbjmpmtktba kga wmhh kasori tcb hmteus ks mt ms hojjuhbgt iy gkturb.
K`tbr k wcmhb k ihub ekss wmhh ib sbbg `hoktmgf mg k johourhbss sohutmog ks khh tcb johour `roe tcb sohutmog wmhh
kasoriba.
Zoamue kjbtktb sohutmog 4 Go prbjmpmtktb ms oitkmgba mg joha , gbutrkh sohutmog iut og iomhmgf wmtc bxjbssrbkfbgt, k vohuemgous prbjmpmtktb o` iksmj khuemgmue kjbtktb ms `oreba.
Kh:+ + : JC:
JOO + 9 C9
O
Kh(OC)9
JC:
JOO (wcmtb iksmj skht) + JC:
JOOC
Amsoamue cyarofbg pcospcktb sohutmog 4K wcmtb fbhktmgous prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.Kh:+ + C^O1
9 Kh^O1+ C+
Qcb rbkjtmog ms rbvbrsmihb< strogf kjmas amssohvbs tcb prbjmpmtktb. Cowbvbr, tcb prbjmpmtktb ms mgsohuihb mg
kjbtmj kjma (am``brbgjb `roe pcospcktbs o` khlkhmgb bkrtcs, wcmjc krb sohuihb). Qcb prbjmpmtktb jkg khso ib
amssohvba mg soamue cyaroxmab.
Ary tbst 4Khuemgmue joepougas wcbg cbktba wmtc soamue jkriogktb upog jckrjokh fmvbs k wcmtb mg`usmihbsohma, wcmjc fhows wcbg cot. M` tcb rbsmaub ms eomstbgba wmtc k hmtthb joikht gmtrktb sohutmog kga kfkmg cbktba,
k ihub mg`usmihb ekss ms oitkmgba.
9 Kh9O:+ 9 Jo9+ + 1 GO:
9 JoKh9O1(tcbgkra ihub) + 1GO9+ O9
Rsb o` bxjbss joikht gmtrktb sohutmog scouha ib kvomaba smgjb tcms wmhh proaujb ihkjl joikht oxmab (Jo :O1)upog mfgmtmog, wcmjc wmhh eksl tcb ihub johour.
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JCBEMZQY]
9. MYOG MOG (@b:+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc GC1OC mg prbsbgjb o` GC1Jh 4 Fbhktmgous rbaamsc irowg prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba wcmjcms mgsohuihb mg bxjbss rbkfbgt iut sohuihb mg kjmas.
@b:+ + :GC1OC JhGC1 @b(OC): + :GC1
+
^rbjmpmtktmog o` mrog(MM) cyaroxmab ojjurs wmtc keeogmk sohutmog. M` hkrfbr keougts o` keeogmue mogs
krb prbsbgt, tcb amssojmktmog o` GC1OC ms supprbssba kga tcb jogjbgtrktmog o` OC mogs ms howbrba
to sujc kg bxtbgt tckt sohuimhmty proaujt o` mrog (MM) cyaroxmab, @b(OC)9 ms got kttkmgba kga prbjmpmtktmog
aobs got ojjur.
Lspo` mrog(MMM) cyaroxmab ms so sekhh (:.3 ;>:3) tckt joephbtb prbjmpmtktmog tklb phkjb bvbg mg tcb
prbsbgjb o` keeogmue skhts.
@b(OC): Cbkt
@b9O:+ : C9O
Oxmab ms sohuihb wmtc am``mjuhty mg amhutb kjmas iut amssohvbs og vmforous iomhmgf wmtc jogjbgtrktba CJh.
@b9O:+ 0 C+ 9 @b:+ + : C9O
Zoamue cyaroxmab sohutmog 4 Ybaamsc irowg prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba mgsohuihb mg bxjbss rbkfbgt (amstmgjtmog`roe khuemgmue kga jcroemue).
@b:+ + :OC @b(OC): C9Z fks mg kjmamj sohutmog 4@b:+ rbaujbs to @b9+ .
9 @b:+ + C9Z 9 @b9+ + 9C+ + Z(emhly-wcmtb)
M` k gbutrkh sohutmog o` mrog (MMM) jchormab ms kaaba to k `rbschy prbpkrba skturktba sohutmog o` C9Z , ihumscjohourktmog kppbkrs `mrst, `ohhowba iy prbjmpmtktmog o` suhpcur. Qcb ihub johour ms aub to k johhomakh sohutmog o`
suhpcur o` bxtrbebhy sekhh pkrtmjhb smzb.
Qcms rbkjtmog jkg ib usba to tbst tcb `rbscgbss o` C9Z sohutmog.
Keeogmue suhpcmab sohutmog 4Ihkjl prbjmpmtktb jogsmstmgf o` @b(MM) suhpcmab kga suhpcur ms `oreba.9 @b:+ + : Z9 9 @bZ + Z
Mg CJh, tcb ihkjl prbjmpmtktb o` @b(MM) suhpcmab amssohvbs kga wcmtb prbjmpmtktb o` suhpcur ibjoebs vmsmihb.
@bZ+ 9C+ C9Z+ @b9+
Qcb akep mrog (MM) suhpcmab prbjmpmtktb, wcbg bxposba to kmr, ms showhy oxmamsba to irowg mrog(MMM)
cyaroxmab.
1 @bZ+ 0 C9O + : O9 1 @b(OC):+ 1Z
@roe khlkhmgb sohutmogs o` keeogmue suhpcmab, ihkjl mrog(MMM) suhpcmab ms oitkmgba.9 @b:+ + :Z9 @b9Z:Og kjmam mjktmog wmtc cyarojchormj kjma, mrog (MMM) mogs krb rbaujba to mrog (MM) mogs kga suhpcur ms oreba.
@b9Z:+ 1C+ 9 @b9+ + 9 C9Z+ Z
^otkssmue `brrojykgmab (^otkssmue cbxkjykgmao`brrktb(MM) ) 4 Mgtbgsb ihub prbjmpmtktb (^russmkgihub) o` mrog(MMM) cbxkjykgmao`brrktb(MM) ms `oreba.
1@b:+ + : \@b(JG)0U1 @b1\@b(JG)0U:
Qcms ms mgsohuihb mg amhutb kjmas iut abjoeposbs mg jogjbgtrktba CJh. K hkrfb bxjbss o` tcb rbkfbgt amssohvbs
mt pkrthy or bgtmrbhy, wcbg kg mgtbgsb ihub sohutmog ms oitkmgba. Zoamue cyaroxmab turgs tcb prbjmpmtktb rba.
@b1 \@b(JG)0U: + ; 9 O C @b(OC): + :\@b(JG)0U
1
Oxkhmj kjma khso amssohvbs russmkg ihub `oremgf k ihub-sohutmog.
Meportkgt 4M` mrog(MMM) jchormab ms kaaba to kg bxjbss o` potkssmue cbxkjykgmao`brrktb (MM), k proaujt wmtc tcb joeposmtmog
o` L @b\@b(JG)0U ms `oreba. Qcms tbgas to `ore johhomakh sohutmogs ("sohuihb ^russmkg ihub") kga jkg got ib
`mhtbrba.
^otkssmue `brrmjykgmab (^otkssmue cbxkjykgmao`brrktb(MMM)) 4K irowg johourktmog ms `oreba.@b:+ + \@b(JG)0U
: @b\@b(JG)0U
Rpog kaamgf cyarofbg pbroxmab or soeb tmg(MM) jchormab sohutmog, tcb cbxkjykgmao`brrktb(MMM) pkrt o`
tcb joepouga ms rbaujba kga ^russmkg ihub ms prbjmpmtktba.
@b9+ fmvbs akrl ihub prbjmpmtktb wmtc potkssmue `brrmjykgmab. @mrst cbxkjykgmao`brrktb(MMM) mogs oxmamsb
mrog(MM) to mrog(MMM), wcbg cbxkjykgmao`brrktb(MM) ms `oreba.
@b9+ + \@b(JG)0U: @b:+ + \@b(JG)0U
1
kga tcbsb mogs joeimgb to `ore k prbjmpmtktb jkhhba Qurgiuhh's ihub.
1 @b:+ + : \@b(JG)0U1 @b1\@b(JG)0U:
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Gotb 4 Joeposmtmog o` tcms prbjmpmtktb ms mabgtmjkh to tckt o` ^russmkg ihub. Bkrhmbr tcb joeposmtmog suffbstba wks@b:\@b(JG)0U9 , cbgjb am `brbgt gkeb.
:@b9+ + 9L: \@b(JG)0U @b:\@b (JG)0U9 (`brrous `brrmj jykgmab) + 0L+
Qurgiuhh's ihub
@b(MM) mg keeogmjkh sohutmog fmvbs rba sohutmog wmtc AEF johourktmog `kabs og stkgamgf aub to tcb
oxmaktmog o` tcb mrog(MM) joephbx. @b (MMM) aobs got fmvb sujc joephbx.
Mg joephbtb kisbgjb o` kmr, @b(MM) mogs proaujbs wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc potkssmue cbxkjykgmao`brrktb(MM).
@b9+ + 9L+ + \@b(JG)0U1 L9@b \@b(JG)0U
Rgabr oramgkry kteospcbrmj jogamtmogs k pkhbihub prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.
^otkssmue tcmojykgktb (^otkssmue suhpcojykgmab) 4 Mg shmfcthy kjmamj ebamue, k abbp rba johourktmogms proaujba aub to tcb `orektmog o` k gog-amssojmktba mrog(MMM) tcmojykgktb joephbx.
@b:+ + : ZJG @b(ZJG):Qcms gbutrkh eohbjuhb jkg ib bxtrkjtba iy btcbr or keyh khjocoh.
Vmtc purb @b(MM) mogs go johourktmog ms oitkmgba.
@huormabs kga Cf(MM) mogs ihbkjc tcb rba johour.
@b(ZJG):
+ 0@ \@b@0
U: + : ZJG
9 @b(ZJG):+ :Cf9+ 9 @b:+ + : Cf (ZJG)9
Zoamue kjbtktb sohutmog 4 K rbaamscirowg johourktmog ms oitkmgba owmgf to tcb `orektmog o`\@b:(OC)9(JC:JOO)0U
+. Qcb rbkjtmog ibjoebs joephbtb oghy m` tcb strogf kjma wcmjc ms `oreba, ms rbeovba
iy tcb kaamtmog o` kg bxjbss o` tcb rbkfbgt, wcmjc kjts ks k iu``br.
: @b:+ + 0 J C:J O O C + 9 C9O \@b:(OC)9(JC:JOO)0U+ + 9C+
Qcms rbaamscirowg johourba sohutmog og amhutmog wmtc wktbr kga iomhmgf fmvbs rbaamsc irowg prbjmpmtktb o`
iksmj `brrmj kjbtktb.
\@b:(OC)9(JC:JOO)0U+ + 1 C9O : @b(OC)9JC:JOO + : J C:JOOC + C
+
Qcb bxjbss o` kjbtktb mog kjts ks k iu``br kga tcb rbkjtmog fobs to joephbtmog.
Amsoamue cyarofbg pcospcktb sohutmog 4K ybhhowmscwcmtb prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.@b:+ + C^O19 @b^O1+ C+
Qcb rbkjtmog ms rbvbrsmihb, ibjkusb k strogf kjma ms `oreba wcmjc amssohvbs tcb prbjmpmtktb. Mt ms kavmskihb to
kaa sekhh keougts o` soamue kjbtktb, wcmjc kjts ks k iu``br.
:. JCYOEMRE MOG (Jr:+) 4
^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc GC1OC mg prbsbgjb o` GC1Jh 4 K frby-frbbg to frbbg fbhktmgous prbjmpmtktb ms`oreba.
Jr:+ + : GC:+ : C9O Jr(OC): + : GC1+
^rbjmpmtktb ms shmfcthy sohuihb mg bxjbss o` rbkfbgt mg joha `oremgf pmgl or vmohbt johourba sohutmog. Og iomhmgf
tcb sohutmog, jcroemue cyaroxmab ms rbprbjmpmtktba.
Jr(OC): + 0 G C: \Jr(GC:)0U:+ + :OC Zoamue cyaroxmab sohutmog 4K frbbg prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.
Jr:+ + : O C Jr(OC): Qcb rbkjtmog ms rbvbrsmihb. Og kaamtmog o` kjmas tcb prbjmpmtktb amssohvbs. Mg bxjbss o` rbkfbgt tcb prbjmpmtktb
amssohvbs rbkamhy `oremgf jcroemtbs, tcb sohutmog ms frbbg. Qcb rbkjtmog ms rbvbrsmihb < og (shmfct) kjmam mjktmog
kga khso og iomhmgf frbbg prbjmpmtktb o` jcroemue(MMM) cyaroxmab ms oitkmgba.
Jr(OC): + OC \Jr(OC)1U
Og kaamgf C9O9to tcb khlkhmgb sohutmog o` \Jr(OC)1U , k ybhhow sohutmog ms oitkmgba.
9 \Jr(OC)1U + : C9O9+ 9 OC
9 JrO19 + 3 C9O
Qcb frbbg prbjmpmtktb o` Jr(OC): jkg ib amssohvba iy usmgf kgy o` tcb `ohhowmgf ebtcoas.
(K) @usmog wmtc `usmog emxturb (Gk9JO: + LGO:)
9 Jr(OC):
+ 9Gk9
JO:
+ : LGO:
9 Gk9
JrO1
+ : LGO9
+ 9 JO9
+ : C9
O
@usba ekss og bxtrkjtmog wmtc wktbr fmvbs ybhhow sohutmog o` Gk9JrO1 .
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(I) 9 Jr(OC):+ : Gk9O9 9Gk9 JrO1+ 9GkOC + C9O(J) ^rbjmpmtktb ms cbktba wmtc GkOC kga iroemgb wktbr.
9GkOC + Ir9 GkOIr + GkIr + C9O < GkOIr GkIr + \OU
9Jr(OC): + 1GkOC + :\OU 9Gk9JrO1+ 2C9O.Qcb ybhhow sohutmog o` Gk9JrO1fkvb tcb `ohhowmgf rbkjtmogs wmtc hbka kjbtktb, ikrmue jchormab kga smhvbr
gmtrktb sohutmogs.
(k) Hbka kjbtktb sohutmog 4 ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba.
JrO19 + ^i9+ OOCJC: ^iJrO1
(i) Ikrmue jchormab sohutmog 4 ]bhhow prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba owmgf to tcb `orektmog o` ikrmue jcroektbwcmjc ms mgsohuihb mg kjbtmj kjma.
JrO19 + Ik9+ IkJrO1
(j) Zmhvbr gmtrktb sohutmog 4 Yba/Irmjl rba prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba owmgf to tcb `orektmog o` smhvbr jcroektb
wcmjc ms sohuihb mg keeogmk sohutmog kga mts kjmam`mba sohutmog turgs to orkgfb ibjkusb o` tcb `orektmog o`
amjcroektb.
Gk9JrO1 + 9KfGO: Kf9JrO1 + 9GkGO: .
Kjmam`mba C9O9 tbst 4Og kjmam`ymgf tcb ybhhow sohutmog wmtc amhutb suhpcurmj kjma kga kaamgf `bw arops o`btcbr or keyh khjocoh to tcb emxturb kga `mgkhhy kaamgf soeb cyarofbg pbroxmab, ihub johourktmog ms `oreba
wcmjc jkg ib bxtrkjtba mgto tcb orfkgmj hkybr iy fbgthy scklmgf.
Gk9JrO1 + C9ZO1 Gk9ZO1 + C9JrO1 < C9JrO1 + 9C9O9 khjocohKeyh
JrO2 (ihub johourktmog) + C9O
Ihub johourktmog `kabs showhy aub to tcb abjoeposmtmog o` pbrjcroemj kjma (or jcroemue pbroxmab ) wmtc tcb
hmibrktmog o` oxyfbg.
1JrO2+ 0C9ZO1 9Jr9(ZO1):+ 6O9+ 0C9O
;,2Ampcbgyhjkrikzmab tbst 4 Mg amhutb emgbrkh kjma sohutmog tcb rbkfbgt proaujbs k sohuihb vmohbt johourwmtc jcroektb. Aurmgf tcb rbkjtmog, jcroektb ms rbaujba to jcroemue (MMM) kga ampcbgyhjkrikzogb ms `oreba.; eH o` >.92 E JuZO1 sohutmog `ohhowba iy9 eH o` tcb rbkfbgt
proaujbs k vmohbt prbjmpmtktb. Tmgj mogs khogb `ores k wcmtb prbjmpmtktb wmtc tcb rbkfbgt mg tcb kisbgjb o`
joppbr mogs.
Tg9+ + \Cf(ZJG)1U9 Tg \Cf(ZJG)1U .
Mg tcb prbsbgjb o` tcb joppbr mogs, tcb joppbr joephbx joprbjmpmtktba wmtc tckt o` zmgj kga tcb vmohbt (orihkjlmscpurphb) prbjmpmtktb jogsmsts o` emxba jrystkhs o` Tg\Cf(ZJG)1U + Ju\Cf(ZJG)1U.
Ampcbgyhtcmojkrikzogb (amtcmzogb) tbst 4 Amtcmzogb `ores joephbxbs wmtc k gueibr o` ebtkh mogs,wcmjc jkg ib bxtrkjtba wmtc jchoro`ore. Qcb zmgj joephbx, `oreba mg gbutrkh, khlkhmgb or kjbtmj kjma sohutmogs,
ms rba mg johour.
:. JOIKHQ MOG (Jo9+) 4 ^rbjmpmtktmog wmtc C9Z mg prbsbgjb o` GC1OC + GC1Jh 4 K ihkjl prbjmpmtktb ms `oreba. Qcb ihkjlprbjmpmtktb o` JoZ ms mgsohuihb mg amhutb CJh or kjbtmj kjma iut cot jogjbgtrktba CGO: or kqukrbfmk amssohvbs
mt kga wcmtb suhpcur rbekmgs. Og hogfbr cbktmgf tcb emxturb ibjoebs jhbkr ks ibjkusb suhpcur ms oxmamsba
to suhpcktb.
9\Jo(GC:)0U:+ + :Z9 9JoZ + ;9GC:+ Z
or JoJh9+ C9Z OCGC
1 JoZ + 9CJh: JoZ + 9 CGO:+ 0 C
+ : Jo9+ + : Z+ 9GO+ 1 C9O9JoZ + 0CJh + 9CGO: :JoJh9+ 9GO + :Z + 1C9O
Zohutmog og bvkporktmog to arygbss fmvbs ihub rbsmaub (JoJh9) wcmjc turgs pmgl og kaamgf wktbr.
