Date post: | 22-Jan-2018 |
Category: |
Education |
Upload: | philip-adu-phd |
View: | 501 times |
Download: | 2 times |
Philip Adu, Ph.D.Methodology Expert National Center for Academic & Dissertation Excellence (NCADE)The Chicago School Of Professional [email protected]@drphilipadu
Qualitative Content Analysis for
Systematic Reviews
1. Basic understanding of content analysis
2. Types of content analysis
3. Characteristics of qualitative content analysis
4. Content analysis steps
5. Ensuring dependability and credibility
6. Demonstration: Conducting content analysis using NVivo
Outline
Basic Understanding of Content Analysis
Source: Adu, P. (2017, February 24). Understanding Qualitative Content Analysis. Retrieved August 05, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/understanding-qualitative-content-analysis
Basic Understanding of Content Analysis
Systematic process
Ensuring reliability (dependability) and credibility
Making meaning
Meaning construction
By a researcher or a group of researchers
Qualitative data (normally text)
Reduce data to abstract descriptions
The findings represent the data
The findings address the research question
(Schreier, 2012)
Basic Understanding of Content AnalysisSpectrum of Making Meaning
Constructing meaning
More standardized Less effort Less time Context free Background free More objectivity
Less standardized More effort More time Context bound Background influence More subjectivity
Quantifying data Qualifying data
(Schreier, 2012)
Types of Content Analysis
Quantitative Content Analysis Qualitative Content Analysis
Purpose Developing themes based on how many times relevant information occur in the data (frequency-based purpose)
Developing themes to capture the underlying meanings of data portions (latent meaning-based purpose)
Process Identifying relevant data Coding and tallying easily recognized
evidence found in the data Statistically analyzing the quantified
codes to address the research question(s)
Identifying relevant data Coding by examining the text including
the context and background Generating themes to represent the
underlying meanings of data Using the themes to address the research
question(s)
Product Reliable and context-free results Credible and context-bound results
(Schreier, 2012)
When using the same kind of data, qualitative content analysis is more time-consuming than quantitative content analysis
• True
• False
Poll 1
Characteristics of Qualitative Content Analysis
Systematic process
Data reduction
Underlying meaning
• Informed by hermeneutic phenomenology
• Interpretation of the text taking into consideration:
• Intent
• Context
• Audience
Code frame – includes categories and themes initially generated
• They are used to code relevant information in the data(Schreier, 2012)
Qualitative content analysis provides context-free results
• True
• False
Poll 2
Conducting Comprehensive Literature Review:Qualitative Content Analysis Steps
Pre-Content Analysis Stage:
1. Determine which aspect of the studies you plan to analyze
• This should be informed by the research question(s)
• It could be: Methodology (see: Hanson et al., 2005); Findings (see; Zainuddin & Halili, 2016)
2. Decide on specific characteristics of the research reports you plan to document
• Example: Year of publication, type of research design, and data collection strategies used
3. Create an Excel spreadsheet containing characteristics of each study
4. Develop a code frame
• It could be based on existing theory, model, studies or a sampled study
Conducting Comprehensive Literature Review:Content Analysis Steps
Content Analysis Stage (Using NVivo):1. Upload the data into NVivo
2. Create a container (Case Node) for each research article
3. Import the excel spread sheet with the article characteristics
4. Check whether the connection between the case nodes and the
characteristics worked
5. Create nodes for the code frame
6. Drop significant information into their respective nodes
7. Categorize the codes Resource: Adu, P. (2017, September 18). Conducting a Qualitative Content Analysis for Systematic Literature Reviews: Using NVivo. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/conducting-a-qualitative-content-analysis-for-systematic-literature-reviews-using-nvivo
Ensuring Dependability and Credibility
Dependability: (Would we arrive at similar results if the procedures are
followed?)
Clearly presenting step-by-step data collection and analysis process https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/writing-the-
methodology-chapter-of-a-qualitative-study See slide 29
Credibility: (Do the data and findings truly reflect relevant information found in
the articles?)
Accuracy of data and findings Direct connection between findings and data collected Rich context and in-depth description
https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/writing-the-methodology-chapter-of-a-qualitative-study See slide 29
Free Trial: http://www.qsrinternational.com/trial-nvivo
Student version:
• For Windows: http://www.qsrinternational.com/products/nvivo/pro/education/new/nvivo11prostulicense12mon
• For Mac: http://www.qsrinternational.com/products/nvivo/mac/education/new/nvivoformacstulic12mon
Full License
• For Windows: http://www.qsrinternational.com/nvivo-product/nvivo11-for-windows
• For Mac: http://www.qsrinternational.com/product/nvivo-mac
Access to NVivo Software
NVivo Coding Process and Terms
Nodes Containers
Nodes
1. Identify relevant information2. Put it into a node (new or
existing node)3. Label the new node
23 References
Each node contains the number of
relevant information coded. They are called
Node References(Code Frequencies)
Node
With Nvivo, we CODE relevant information and put them in their respective NODES
NVivo Coding Process and Terms
Nodes Containers
1. Identify relevant information2. Put it into a node (new or
existing node)3. Label the new node
1. Label node
2. Describe
node
3. Write memo
(reflections)
For each new node, you are expected to:
Nodes
NVivo Coding Process and Terms
Nodes Containers Parent node
Child node
Child node
Theme
Category
Sub-category
1. Identify relevant information2. Put it into a node (new or existing
node)3. Label the new node
1. Label node 2.
Describe node
3. Write memo
(reflections)
For each new node, you are expected to:
Kinds of nodes
Nodes
NVivo Coding Process and Terms
Node
Node
Node Parent node
Child node
Child node
Theme
Category
Sub-category
Kinds of nodes
Parent node
Category/Theme
Are Grouped
into+
Node
Node Parent node
Category/Theme
Are Grouped
into+
Node
Organizing Cases and Characteristics(Connecting article’s features to respective their research articles)
Case nodesResearch Article = Case
create
Research Article = Case
Organizing Cases and Characteristics(Connecting article’s features to respective their research articles)
Attributes(Article’s features, e.g. Year of publication and research method used)
Values(groupings)
Year of Publication
1998
2014
2003
Research Method
QuantitativeMethod
Qualitative Method
Organizing Cases and Characteristics(Connecting article’s features to respective their research articles)
Case nodesResearch Article = Case
create
Attributes(Article’s features, e.g. Year of publication and research method used)
Values(groupings)
Research Article = Case Year of Publication
1998
2014
2003
Research Method
QuantitativeMethod
Qualitative Method
References
• Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Petska, K. S., & Creswell, D. J. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2(55), 224-235. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.224
• Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative content analysis in practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Zainuddin, Z., & Halili, S. H. (2016). Flipped Classroom Research and Trends from Different Fields of Study. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(3), 313-340.
Philip Adu, PhD.
Methodology Expert
National Center forAcademic & Dissertation Excellence (NCADE) The
Chicago School of Professional Psychology
You could reach me at [email protected] and @drphilipadu on twitter.
To cite this document,copy the following:
Adu, P. (2017, September 18). Qualitative Content Analysis for Systematic Reviews. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/qualitative-content-analysis-for-systematic-reviews