Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Technol., 15(1) (2013), pp. 55-66 International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology ISSN 2229 - 6107 Available online at www.ijopaasat.in Research Paper Quality Assessment and Optimization of Biodiesel from Lagenaria Vulgaris (Calabash) Seeds Oil M.A. Sokoto 1, * , L.G. Hassan 1 , M.A. Salleh 3 , S.M. Dangoggo 1 and H.G. Ahmad 2 1 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2 Department of Crop Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 3 Laboratory of Green Engineering and Sustainable Technology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University Putra, Malaysia * Corresponding author, e-mail: ([email protected]) (Received: 13-12-12; Accepted: 30-1-13) Abstract: This paper studied the production, physicochemical characterization and optimization of biodiesel from the seeds oil of Lagenaria vulgaris (calabash). Oil was extracted from the seeds using soxhlet extractor with n-hexane; then transesterified using single step alkali hydrolysis to biodiesel. The biodiesel produced was analyzed for its physicochemical and fuel properties using ASTM methods. Fatty acid methyl esters yield was measured using GC-MS and optimization of process parameters was determined by central composite design and response surface method. The results obtained showed percentage oil yields of 36.7± 0.15%. Some critical fuel parameters like cetane index, iodine value, flash points, acid values, sulphur content, and other fuel properties determined showed compliance with ASTM and EN standard specification. Methyl-9,12-octadecadienoate was the dominant ester with percentage of 78.34% in the analyzed biodiesel. Optimum yield of 96.52% was observed at 55 o C,1%wt of catalyst and 1:7 molar oil to methanol ratio. Analysis of variance showed that temperature and molar ratio were the major parameters that determine the response output (biodiesel yield). The results infer that the oil from calabash seeds possess some beneficial properties that are suitable for biodiesel production. Keywords: Lagenaria vulgaris seed oil, transesterification, fuel properties, optimization process using RSM.
Transcript
Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Technol., 15(1) (2013), pp. 55-66
International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology ISSN 2229 - 6107 Available online at www.ijopaasat.in
Research Paper
Quality Assessment and Optimization of Biodiesel from Lagenaria Vulgaris (Calabash) Seeds Oil
M.A. Sokoto1, *, L.G. Hassan1, M.A. Salleh3, S.M. Dangoggo1 and H.G. Ahmad2
1 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 2 Department of Crop Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 3 Laboratory of Green Engineering and Sustainable Technology, Institute of Advanced Technology,
Abstract: This paper studied the production, physicochemical characterization and optimization of biodiesel from the seeds oil of Lagenaria vulgaris (calabash). Oil was extracted from the seeds using soxhlet extractor with n-hexane; then transesterified using single step alkali hydrolysis to biodiesel. The biodiesel produced was analyzed for its physicochemical and fuel properties using ASTM methods. Fatty acid methyl esters yield was measured using GC-MS and optimization of process parameters was determined by central composite design and response surface method. The results obtained showed percentage oil yields of 36.7± 0.15%. Some critical fuel parameters like cetane index, iodine value, flash points, acid values, sulphur content, and other fuel properties determined showed compliance with ASTM and EN standard specification. Methyl-9,12-octadecadienoate was the dominant ester with percentage of 78.34% in the analyzed biodiesel. Optimum yield of 96.52% was observed at 55oC,1%wt of catalyst and 1:7 molar oil to methanol ratio. Analysis of variance showed that temperature and molar ratio were the major parameters that determine the response output (biodiesel yield). The results infer that the oil from calabash seeds possess some beneficial properties that are suitable for biodiesel production. Keywords: Lagenaria vulgaris seed oil, transesterification, fuel properties, optimization process using RSM.
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1. Introduction Energy is an essential driving factor to socioeconomic development in our present society. Its impact touches all aspect of human endeavours such as agriculture, health, education, transportation among others. Petroleum based fuels are the major fuel source used in transportation sector in most of the developing nations. Its combustion generates emissions which are nuisance to environment and adversely affect human health. It has been established that these emissions are carcinogenic (BBC, 2005). However, climate change and increase in pump price has also redirected research interest to renewable energy resources. The renewed interest to the quest for greener fuels sources is a topical issues that gain wide societal and political interest especially for its reduced greenhouse emissions, biodegradability, sustainability as well its competitive nature to fossil fuels and food supply (Amish et al., 2009; Mushtaq et al., 2009). Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oil or fat via transesterification reaction. According to American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM) biodiesel is conceived to be mono alkyl ester of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. However, increasing interest and the used of biodiesel necessitate the search for other viable feedstock from the abundant and versatile renewable resource especially plant seeds. Cucubitacea family is among the abundant crop domesticated and grown at wild in most tropics (especially in Nigeria). Lagenaria vulgaris is a member of such family, commonly known in Hausa language as ‘kwarya or duma’ and calabash in English. It possesses simple leaves which are 400mm long and 400mm broad, oval shape and whitish seeds embedded in a spongy pulp, 7 – 20 mm long (Welman, 2005). They were widely grown in Northern part of Nigeria for excavation of domestic utensil and food containers. The fruits of these species contain vast number of seeds that have no commercial application in the locality they were produced. Therefore, this study tends to explore the potentials of these seeds for the production of biodiesel. 2. Materials and Methods The seeds of Lagenaria vulgaris (calabash) were obtained from calabash scrappers in Gummi town in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The sampled seeds were dehulled manually to obtain the seed kernel and then crushed to powder using an electrical blender. Oil was extracted from the powdered sample seeds using Soxhlet extractor with n-hexane as the extracting solvent. Analytical grade reagents obtained from Chemistry Department Laboratory, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, (Nigeria) were used in this analysis.
Analyses of the Lagenaria Vulgaris Oil The crude extracted seed oil was analyzed for its saponification value, free fatty acids content and molecular weight in accordance with AOCS, (1997) methods.
Transesterification
A single-stage alkali-transesterification reaction using methanol and potassium hydroxide catalyst was employed for the production of methyl esters (biodiesel). A 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to calabash oil methylation process, was carried out by dissolving 1g of KOH in 75 cm3 of methanol , then mixed with 100 grams of the extracted Lagenaria vulgaris oil in a 500 cm3 round bottom flask fitted with a cork. The content was stirred with magnetic stirrer for 5 minutes. The mixture was heated on a water bath at 600C for one hour, then transferred into a separating funnel and allowed to separate under gravity overnight. The separated upper layer was placed into an evaporating dish and heated in water bath at 900C for 30 minutes to remove the residual methanol, then neutralized with dilute phosphoric acid (pH 4.0). The methyl esters were then washed with hot distilled water (1:5 v/v) until the washed water had a pH of 7.0. The residual water was removed by drying the methyl esters over heated (1000C) anhydrous sodium sulphate. The percentage yield was calculated using equation 1.
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( )% 100...............1weight of the biodiesel
Biodiesel yield xweight of the sampled oil
=
Determination of Biodiesel Properties The fuel properties of the produced Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (Biodiesel) was determined according to ASTM (1999 and 2001) and EN 14214 (2003) Standard methods. Kinematic viscosity was measured according to ASTM D 445 method. Flash Point of biodiesel using, Pensky-Martens Closed Flash Tester (ASTM D93). The Corrosion effect of the biodiesel was measured based on ASTM D130. Experimental Design for Optimization of Biodiesel Production from L. Vulgaris Seeds Oil Transesterification of L. vulgaris seed oil was optimized using the Central Composite Design (CCD) and Surface Response Model (RSM). This experimental design predicts the response (yield) and interaction among the reacting variables. A three level–three factors central composite was adopted for the variables, consisting of 8 factorial points, 6 axial points and six replicates at the center points. The numbers of runs performed were calculated using equation 2 below. N = 2n + 2n + 6…………………………………………………………………………2 Where N is the total number of experiments required and n is the number of factors. Temperature, oil methanol molar ratio and catalyst concentration were chosen as the independent variables in the experiment, each considered at two levels: low (-1) and high (+1). Table 1 lists the range and levels of the variables studied.
Table 1: Experimental Variables and Levels in Coded Form
Variables Coding units Coded factors levels
-1 0 +1
Reaction temperature A oC 45 55 65
Oil methanol molar ratio B M 1:3 1:7.5 1:12
Catalyst Conc. C wt% 0.5 1.0 1.5
The experimental matrix design used for this study was generated using Design-Expert 6 (Stat-Ease inc., Minneapolis, MN) and is shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Design Matrix of the Experiment in Coded Term
Std Run A(Temperature) (oC)
B(Methanol/Oil Molar ratio) ConC
C(Catalyst) (w/w %)
12 1 0.000 1.000 0.000
7 2 -1.000 1.000 1.000
14 3 0.000 0.000 1.000
17 4 0.000 0.000 0.000
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20 5 0.000 0.000 0.000
16 6 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 7 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000
9 8 -1.000 0.000 0.000
18 9 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 10 -1.000 1.000 -1.000
15 11 0.000 0.000 1.000
5 12 -1.00 -1.000 0.000
8 13 1.000 1.000 1.000
11 14 0.000 -1.000 0.000
19 15 0.000 0.000 0.000
10 16 1.000 0.000 0.000
6 17 1.000 -1.000 1.000
13 18 0.000 0.000 -1.000
4 19 1.000 1.000 -1.000
2 20 1.000 -1.000 -1.000
Responses obtained from the transesterification reaction according to design (Table 2) was evaluated using a second-order regression model to determine the regression coefficients that were used to predict the biodiesel yield. Equation 3 showed the coefficient of the regressors in coded terms.
Biodiesel Yield = +91.83 + 4.02 x A+ 9.32 x B +1.68 x C - 2.23 x A2 - 26.95 x B2 +1.97 x C2 + 1.01 x AB - 0.34 x AC - 0.13 x BC…………………………………………..…3
Analyses of the Transesterified Products using GC-MS
The method described by Rubinson and Nryer-Hilvert, (1997) was used to quantify the fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) mixture from the produced biodiesel using a QP-2010 model GC-MS machine. Two microlitres (2 µl) of the produced biodiesel sample was injected into the gas chromatograph at injection temperature of 2500C.The column oven temperature was programmed between 60-2800C at 50C/min; hold 5 min at 2800C. The acquired chromatographs were scanned and the components identified based on software matching with mass spectra. 3. Results and Discussion Oil content of the plant seeds is one of factors for assessing the economic viability of a feedstock for biodiesel production especially for the underutilized plant seeds. Results in Table1 showed the oil content of 36.7±0.15% from the seeds L. vulgaris. Although, documented information on oil content of this plant seeds is scarce, comparison with their family members, indicates that the percentage oil yield obtained is lower than 39.22% reported in bottle gourd seeds (Hassan and Sani, 2010) and water melon seeds 50.0±0.2% (Baboli and Kordi, 2010). The oil content from the seeds of this plant is still appreciable considering oil content in other plants seeds domesticated for biodiesel production. Thus, the L. vulgaris could serve a good feedstock for oil exploitation for biodiesel production and other applications.
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Table 3: Percentage Crude Lipid Yield and Properties of Oil Extracted from the Seeds of Lagenaria vulgaris
Parameter Yield
Crude Lipid Yield (%) 36.7 ± 0.15
SV(mgKOH) 112.22± 0.15
FFA(%) 3.24± 0.01
MW(gmol-1) 512.61
SV= Saponification Value, FFA= Free Fatty Acid Content, MW= Average Molecular Mass Free fatty acids (FFA) content of the raw oil is a parameter that affects the optimal conversion of the vegetable oils to fatty acids methyl esters and also dictates the selectivity of a suitable catalyst for the transesterification reaction (Meher et al., 2004, and Deshukh and Bhuyar, 2009). Free fatty acids value (3.24± 0.01 %) obtained in the Lagenaria vulgaris oil falls within the category of oils that may optimally yield ester on single step alkaline transesterification reaction (Deshukh and Bhuyar, 2009). Oil having high FFA value (> 3%) will deactivate alkaline catalyst on single stage transesterification reaction thus pre-treatment is required prior to the transesterification. The FFA values of the analyzed oil is lower than 5.3% for palm oil, 5.6% for frying oil (Balat and Balat, 2008) and 6.85% for Jatropha curcas oil (Bojan and Durairaj, 2012) but higher than the content in crude lipid of melon seeds (Solomon et al., 2010). The average molecular mass of the extracted crude lipids (Table 1) also showed that Lagenaria vulgaris oil had the highest molecular mass (512.61 gmol-1). The high molecular mass is associated with lower saponification values.
Fuel Properties of Biodiesels Produced The fuel property of the produced biodiesel is shown in Table 4. API gravity of diesel fuel measure its specific gravity or density and indicates the compositional range of the fuel as well as directional prediction of fuel economy, power, deposits, wear and smoke (Biomass, 2006). Lower API gravity value infers heaviness of the fuel and its difficulty to burn. Low API gravity of fuel also revealed its energy content per gallon (heating value) and tendency of improved economy (Biomass, 2006). Conversely, higher value of API gravity, indicate lightness of the fuel and poor fuel consumption rate. The measured API gravity of is lower to that of bottle gourd oil (22.47) reported by Hassan and Sani (2010), but in proximity to value (36.40) reported for groundnut seed methyl esters (Galadima et al., 2008) and also fall within the limit of standard biodiesel specification. Thus infer that could economically viable form of biodiesel.
Table 4: Fuel Properties of the Biodiesel Produced from L. vulgaris Seeds Oil Fuel parameter L. vulgaris ASTM Limits* European
Standard** Acid value mgKOHg-1 0.44 ± 0.03 0.80 Max 0.5 Max
Sulphur content (%) 0.06 0.050 0.001
Cloud point (0C) 3.3 NS NS
Copper corrosion 1a No. 3 Max 0.001
Aniline point (0C) 29.4 48-65
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Specific gravity (g/cm3) at 150C 0.8879
API gravity 27.86
Kinematic viscosity @ 400C (cSt) 5.4 6.0 Max 3.5-5.0
Diesel index 23.65
Iodine value(g/100g) 14.86± 0.04
Flash point (0C) 135 130 min <120
Source: *Schinas, et. al,(2009) and ** Van-Gerpen ,et. al., (2004); NS= Not specified
Kinematic viscosities of Lagenaria vulgaris fatty acid methyl esters correspond to biodiesel specification for both ASTM and European Standard limits (Table 4), which indicate the presence of short chain unsaturated methyl fatty acid esters and is likely to produce less deposit when burnt in combustion engines. The flashpoint is the lowest fuel temperature at which application of ignition source causes the vapour of the fuel sample to ignite under the prescribed test conditions. It is a parameter used to assess the overall flammability hazard of fuel (Knothe et al., 2005). The flash point of calabash fatty acid methyl esters, conforms to the ASTM and European standard specification (EN 2003) for biodiesel (Table 4). This showed the less likelihood of the produced biodiesel to ignite accidentally and could be safely handled for storage. This agreed with the findings reported by Amish et al. (2009). The flash point values obtained in the produced biodiesel was lower than the value for melon methyl esters (Solomon et al., 2010), but higher than (55oC) in bottle gourd oil (Hassan and Sani, 2010).
Acid value in diesel determines the level of free fatty acids or processing acids that may be present in
biodiesel and is an indicator of biodiesel quality( Schinas et al., .2009). Biodiesel with high acid value increases fueling system deposit and increases the likelihood of corrosion (NREL, 2009). The acid value (0.44± 0.03) for calabash biodiesel is within the limit of ASTM. This indicates that it has less tendency of causing wear in fuel systems and storage tanks. Diesel fuels contain compounds that are corrosive (NREL, 2009) which susceptibly corrodes copper and its compound components in engine and storage compartments. A copper strip corrosion limit is a parameter used to predict the possible corrosion effect of copper, brass or bronze fuel system components. Fatty acid methyl esters of calabash, portrayed insignificant chemical effect on strip of copper plate (Table 4). This is an indication that they may not pose significant effect on the fuel and storage compartments.
The percentage sulphur in the samples is slightly above the specification limit which indicates that the biodiesel produced could emit SOx upon combustion beyond the permissible limit. Cloud point test characterize the low temperature operability of diesel fuel. There is no standard specification for cloud point due to variation in atmospheric condition of places. The observed value is in proximity with values reported from lard methyl ester (130C), edible tallow methyl ester (160C) and inedible tallow methyl ester (150C) (Biomass, 2006). High aniline point indicates high diesel index and a very good ignition quality The methyl esters analyzed have low aniline point (Table 4) in comparison with the value 1350C reported in Jatropha seeds oil (Amish, 2009). Therefore, cetane enhancers can be added to improve the ignition quality of the biodiesel generated from seed oil of Lagenaria vulgaris. The Diesel Index indicates the ignition quality of the fuel. It is found to correlate, approximately, to the cetane number of commercial fuels. Lower cetane values result in smoky exhaust. The lower cetane index obtained on the analyzed ester could be due to low aniline value and API gravity; therefore, cetane improver can be added to enhance their ignition quality.
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Iodine Value determines the chemical stability of biodiesel fuels. Higher iodine value indicates less stability of biodiesel. Lagenaria vulgaris fatty acids methyl esters had iodine values of 14.86±0.01 g/100g (Table 4). The results indicate the likelihood of the produced methyl ester to undergo chemical oxidation that will affect it stability upon long storage. The Iodine values obtained is lower than 156 gI/100g for melon seed oil (Baboli and Kordi, 2010).
Table 5: Methyl Fatty Acids Esters (approximate wt %) of Biodiesel Produced from, L. vulgaris Seeds Oils
Methyl esters Molecular formula L. vulgaris
Methyl hexadecanoate C17H34O2 16.78
Methyl-12-octadecenoate C19H36O2 1.34
Methyl 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoate C19H34O2 78.34
Methyl eicosanoate C21H42O2 1.23
Methyl docosanoate C23H46O2 1.42
Other non methyl ester - 0.89
Wt%- percentage weight, ND – Not detected The profile of fatty acids methyl esters in calabash biodiesel shown in Table 5, indicates methyl 9Z,12(Z) - octadecadienoate (linoleic acid ester) as the dominant ester. This compound has two level of unsaturation which may accords it likelihood to undergo a peroxidation. Therefore, a biodiesel produced from this feedstock could deteriorate on long storage due its susceptibility to the attack of oxygen. However, methyl-12(E)-octadecenoate is another unsaturated ester present in calabash biodiesel, which could also increase the level of unsaturation in the diesel and in turn increase its instability. Conversely, presence of Methyl hexadecanoate as the second most abundant ester in the produced biodiesel will enhance the stability of the diesel been it saturated compound and less susceptible to peroxidation. Methyl 9Z, 12(Z) - octadecadienoate (linoleic acid ester) is also the predominant methyl ester in soybean, sunflower, rape and grape seeds oil as reported by Ramos et al., (2009). This portrayed a similar composition to biodiesel from calabash seeds oil. Table 5 showed the response values of the experimental and predicted biodiesel yield based on the RSM experimental design. The empirical values showed agreed with the observed values over the selected range of the operating variables. The experimental response gives the highest yield of 96.52 w/w% which differs with the predicted response by 1.04%. The result (Table 6) showed that highest biodiesel yield of (96.52%) was obtained at run14. This portrayed the condition which gives maximum biodiesel yield. The lowest response of 50.10% was recorded at run 7. This implies that at lower temperature, methanol oil ratio and catalyst, inefficient transformation of the L. vulgaris seed oil to biodiesel could be observed. Table 6: Experimental and predicted surface Responses for Central Composite second- order Design
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3 45 0.50 1:12 68.00 67.02 0.98 4 65 0.50 1:12 78.20 77.20 0.44 5 45 1.50 1:30 54.20 54.43 -0.23 6 65 1.50 1:30 59.00 59.78 -0.78 7 45 1.50 1:12 70.54 70.81 -0.27 8 65 1.50 1:12 80.40 80.17 0.23 9 45 1.00 1:7.5 85.10 85.57 -0.47 10 65 1.00 1:7.5 93.26 93.62 -0.36 11 55 1.00 1:30 56.10 55.55 0.55 12 55 1:00 1:12 72.82 74.20 -1.38 13 55 0.50 1:7.5 90.24 92.12 -1.88 14 55 1.50 1:7.5 96.52 95.48 1.04 15 55 1.00 1:7.5 92.68 91.83 0.85 16 55 1.00 1:7.5 90.82 91.83 -1.01 17 55 1.00 1:7.5 92.68 91.83 0.85 18 55 1:00 1:7.5 92.20 91.83 0.37 19 55 1:00 1:7.5 90.00 91.83 0.17 20 55 1:00 1:7.5 92.24 91.83 0.41 Experimental values are mean of duplicate measurement The results (Table 6) showed the analysis of variance for the quadratic model used for optimisation of biodiesel yield from L. vulgaris seed oil. The results of the analysis showed the Model F-value of 435.75 . This implies the significance of the model and the chance that 0.01% of error for the values due to noise. However, values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 observed from the analysis infer that
model terms A, B, C, A2, B2, C2, and AB are significant model terms. While AC and BC are not significant model term for having values are greater than 0.0500.The "Lack of Fit F-value" of 4.16 implies there is a 7.18% chance that a "Lack of Fit F-value" this large could occur due to noise. Result of ANOVA (Table 7) showed that there is an interaction between the molar ratio and reaction temperature towards the response output (biodiesel yield). This is for the fact that the model term AB is significant for having value lower than 0.05. Results in Table 6, also implie that there is no relationship between increase or decrease in temperature and amount of catalyst to the biodiesel yield. Likewise no linkage was established between oil methanol molar ratio and amount of catalyst to the yield of biodiesel from L. vulgaris weed oil. Diagrammatic view of this relationship is shown in Figure 3 a,b and c.
Table 7: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Response Surface Quadratic Model(biodiesel L. vulgaris)
Parameters Sum of squares DF Mean squares F- value Prob>F
Model 4760.15 9 528.91 435.75 < 0.0001
A 161.93 1 161.93 133.40 < 0.0001
B 869.37 1 869.37 716.24 < 0.0001
C 28.22 1 28.22 23.25 0.0007
A2 13.68 1 13.68 11.27 0.0073
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B2 1997.33 1 1997.33 1645.53 < 0.0001
C2 10.67 1 10.67 8.79 0.0142
AB 8.08 1 8.08 6.66 0.0274
AC 0.95 1 0.95 0.78 0.3966
BC 0.14 1 0.14 0.11 0.7455
Residual 12.14 10 1.21
Lack of Fit 9.79 5 1.96 4.16 0.0718
Pure Error 2.35 5 0.47
Cor Total 4772.29 19
Std dev=1.10 CV= 1.41R2 = 0.9975 adjusted R2 = 0.9975 PRESS 81.71 The alignment of the values linearly (Figure 1 and 2) showed strong similaraties between the values and goodness of the model in predicting the response.The predicted biodiesel responses showed proximity to the experimental values.
Figure 1: comparison of predicted and actual biodiesel yield for RSM
22
Actual
Pre
dicted
Predicted vs. Actual
50.10
61.70
73.31
84.91
96.52
50.10 61.70 73.31 84.91 96.52
Predicted
Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Technol
Figure
Figure 3 (a) shows linear interaction between the catalyst and reaction temperature. A decrease in temperature and amount of catalyst lowers the response. Figure 3. (b) shows the plot of temperature and oil methanol ratio, the graph show that curvature of the grapthe ratio increase the percentage biodiesel yield decreases. While increase or decrease in temperature with respect to methanol oil ratio show nothe catalyst concentration and methanol oil ratio with respect to biodiesel yield.
Figure 3 (a): Interaction of Catalyst Conc. and Temperature on Biodiesel Y
Studentized Residuals
Norm
al %
Probability
Normal Plot of Residuals
-2.39 -1.30
1
5
10
20
30
50
70
80
90
95
99
hnol., 15(1) (2013), 55-66
Figure 2: Normal plot of residuals
(a) shows linear interaction between the catalyst and reaction temperature. A decrease in temperature and amount of catalyst lowers the response. Figure 3. (b) shows the plot of temperature and oil methanol ratio, the graph show that curvature of the graph is at 7.50 methanol oil ratio. When the ratio increase the percentage biodiesel yield decreases. While increase or decrease in temperature with respect to methanol oil ratio show no impact on the yield. Figure 3(c) show no linkage between
ncentration and methanol oil ratio with respect to biodiesel yield.
Interaction of Catalyst Conc. and Temperature on Biodiesel Y
Studentized Residuals
Normal Plot of Residuals
-1.30 -0.21 0.88 1.96
64
(a) shows linear interaction between the catalyst and reaction temperature. A decrease in temperature and amount of catalyst lowers the response. Figure 3. (b) shows the plot of temperature
h is at 7.50 methanol oil ratio. When the ratio increase the percentage biodiesel yield decreases. While increase or decrease in temperature
(c) show no linkage between
Interaction of Catalyst Conc. and Temperature on Biodiesel Yield
Normal Plot of Residuals
1.96
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Figure 3 (b): Interaction of Methanol/oil ratio and Temperature on Biodiesel Yield
Figure 3(c): Interaction between methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst conc. on biodiesel yield 4. Conclusion Oils extracted from the seeds of methanol and potassium hydroxide. appreciable oil content and analyses of their methyl ester showed that they properties within the ASTM and EN standard specification be documented as valuable feedstock that could References [1] A.O.C.S.: Association of O
Analysis of Commercial Fats and Oil,[2] P.V. Amish, N. Subrahmanyam
transesterification of Jatropha oil u
hnol., 15(1) (2013), 55-66
Interaction of Methanol/oil ratio and Temperature on Biodiesel Yield
Interaction between methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst conc. on biodiesel yield
of L. vulgaris, can be transesrified to fatty acid methanol and potassium hydroxide. The results indicate that seeds of Lagenaria
analyses of their methyl ester showed that they posseM and EN standard specification for biodiesel. Therefore,
feedstock that could be used for biodiesel production.
A.O.C.S.: Association of Oil Chemists, Method Cd 3d-63, Acid Valueysis of Commercial Fats and Oil, Arlington, Virginia (Vol. 1) (15th ed.)
Subrahmanyam and A.P. Payal, Production of biodiesel through esterification of Jatropha oil using KNO3/Al 2O3, Fuel, 88(2009), 625
65
Interaction of Methanol/oil ratio and Temperature on Biodiesel Yield
Interaction between methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst conc. on biodiesel yield
fatty acid methyl esters using Lagenaria vulgaris have
possesses some viable biodiesel. Therefore, these seeds could
biodiesel production.
Acid Value, Sampling and (15th ed.), 1997.
, Production of biodiesel through 625-628.
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