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B. Banerjee
Price Rs. 100/-President’s Page
QUALITY - Striving for Excellence
www.ncqm.com NATIONAL CENTRE FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
April - June 2013Vol. I No. 2
NCQM's contribution to world environment:
C O N T E N T S
Practical tips towards energy saving
by Mr. S.V.Viswanathan .....3
Coal kills by Mr. Sarath K. Guttikunda and Ms. Puja Jawahar .....5
E-Waste (Source TOI June 2013) .....6
Environment and health by Dr. S.V. Datar .....7
You may be aware, the first UN convention on the human environment was held at Geneva during 5th to 16th June 1972. The basic objective was to raise global awareness of the need to take positive environmental action. Our late Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi read a paper written by Dr. K. C. Pant, the then chairman of Planning Commission. 137 heads of countries participated in this convention. Thereafter 5th June is celebrated as world environment day (WED) in each year which is administered by united national environmental program (UNEP) committee. The first WED was held in 1973. WED is the spring in the northern hemisphere and fall in the southern hemisphere. WED is similar to Earth Day. A theme and a host country are selected for this annual convention. Theme of this year (2013) is “Think-Eat-Save” (TES) and the host country is Mongolia.
TES is an anti-food waste and food loss campaign that encourages you to reduce your food print. According to the UN-Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO) every year 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted. At the same time 1 in 7 people in
the world go to bed hungry and more than 20,000 children under the age of 5 die daily from hunger. You may be shocked to know Mumbai alone with a home of 20,000 established restaurants has 2 lakh kids who go hungry in each day. 9.6 lakh kgs of veggies and fruits are wasted daily. In India the rotting of food grains grew from 19 tons in 2009-10 to 99 tons in 2010-11. In 2011-12, 200 tons of food grains rotted away in store houses (Source: Mumbai Mirror- 23rd June'13).
Given this enormous imbalance in life style and the resultant devastating effects on the environment, this year's theme encourages you to become more aware of the environmental impact of the food choices you make and empowers you to make informed decisions.
You may recall, in 2011 India was the host country and the theme was “Forest-Nature at your Service”. 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihood. India with its wide biodiversity was therefore, the right choice for the theme.
As we know ISO 14001:1996 was the first EMS standard. Its First revision came in 2004. Unlike ISO 9001 on QMS, whose focus is mostly to produce wanted good products for external customers, an organization opting for EMS basically focuses in controlling unwanted products to protect its hidden customers such as its suppliers, shareholders, bankers, insurance agents, society at large, mother earth, flora & fauna etc. Conceptually, therefore, EMS has no direct customers.
ISO 50001: 2011 on Energy Management System (EnMS) came out on 15th June'11. Both EMS and En MS have half a dozen focus areas. For EMS they are:
• Prevent air, water & noise pollution and land contamination.
• Conserve natural resources such as water, oil, coal, tree, electricity, flora & fauna.
• Remove, reduce, recycle and reuse all forms of wastages.
• Meet and exceed all statutory, regulatory, legal and other requirements of the operating country as well as those countries where goods &
services are exported by the organization.
• Have top management commitment towards continual improvement on all the above and
• Have structured framework for regular review and updating mechanism.
The last three focus areas remain the same for EnMS. Highlights on first three focus areas for En MS are
• Support purchase of energy efficient products and services.
• Design for improved energy performance through efficient use and consumption.
• Ensure availability of information and necessary resources to achieve objectives and targets.
To respond to Environmental and Energy Management needs NCQM has started offering special discount coupled with expert guidance to organizations going professionally for Environmental Management System (ISO 14001: 2004 on EMS) and recently developed Energy Management System (ISO 50001: 2011) Certification.
Many organizations have already started integrating EnMS with IMS (integrated management system) comprising ISO 9001:2008 on QMS, ISO 14001: 2004 on EMS and OHSAS 18001:2007 0n SMS (safety management system). NCQM's panel of experts can provide necessary training and “hand holding” towards this noble venture of yours. Together we can positively contribute to world environment.
B.Banerjee
Renewable energy by Mr. J. Mazumdar .....9
Carbon credit by Dr. P. Poddar .....12
NCQM News .....15
Future of Quality by Mr. Navin Dedhia .....16
Practical tips towards energy saving
Based on years of experience certain practical tips
to save energy in specific areas are summarised
below. They will definitely go a long way in
protecting our environment. Their religious
adoption will help you save lot of money as well.
Indian Car Manufacturers recommend cars to be
driven for efficient fuel consumption depending
upon the road conditions, type of car you are
driving & these vary at an average speed of 45
kmph to 60 kmph. So if you are in a congested
road with heavy traffic running the car at an
higher speed is meaningless. Similarly use AC in
a car ef fect ively depending upon the
environment. If you accelerate or decelerate
drastically fuel consumption will be more, cars
wear & tear will also be high. Under 80 Kmph
having the windows open is a reasonable
alternative to using the A/C. Ensure servicing of
the car regularly as recommended by the
manufacturer. Be sure to keep the belts tight, fans
running, filters clean and tyres properly
pressurized in order to get the best out of your
vehicle.
About 50% of the energy used in a household goes
towards heating and cooling,19% to heating
water, and 30% to other household appliances. In
office buildings, 35% of the energy used goes
towards heating and cooling, 30% to lighting, 5%
to heating water, and 30% to office equipment,
ventilation, and other miscellaneous uses.
Heating and cooling constitute the largest energy
use in both homes and offices. Buy energy star
products for greater energy efficiency. 5 Star
mean better energy efficient.
Maintain your systems at least once in a year
1. Petrol, diesel and gas
2. Heating and cooling
3. Heating
professionally for leaks, cleaning of openings,
insulation and carbon monoxide. Get a carbon
monoxide detector for your own safety and so
leaks don't increase your energy bill. Insulating
the windows, doors, & attics is of prime
importance to save energy. Don't heat unused
spaces or vacant rooms. Ensure fire place and
other ducts are closed before you use your
heating devices.
Invest in a programmable thermostat. In the
summer, set the thermostat between 24 to 26 deg
centigrade. Ensure all doors & windows are
closed to avoid load on the coolers. In the winter
use of a humidifier makes lowering the
thermostat more. Run the fan instead of the AC to
circulate air. To maximize heating and cooling
efficiency, clean air filters once a fortnight, and
keep air delivery and return vents clear of
blockages. Thoroughly insulate your home or
office building to minimize heat loss in the winter
and heat gain in the summer.
Invest in a programmable thermostat. In the
summer, set the thermostat between 24 to 26 deg
centigrade. Ensure all doors & windows are
closed to avoid load on the coolers. In the winter
use of a humidifier makes lowering the
thermostat more. Run the fan instead of the AC to
circulate air. To maximize heating and cooling
efficiency, clean air filters once a fortnight, and
keep air delivery and return vents clear of
blockages. Thoroughly insulate your home or
office building to minimize heat loss in the winter
and heat gain in the summer.
Set refrigerator temperature between 37°- 40°F,
4. Cooling
5. Electricity and lighting
6. Kitchen appliances
6.1 Refrigerator
Quality - Striving for Excellence3April - June 2013
S. V. Viswanathan *
and freezer temperature at 0°F. Do not keep at
maximum the freezer to avoid unnecessary
energy consumption. Refrigerators need to be
maintained once in a year. Be sure to vacuum the
condenser coils every 6 months.
Do full loads when washing or drying clothes.
Use only warm or cold water. Drying loads
consecutively saves energy so the dryer does not
have to heat up each time. Be sure to clean the lint
filter after each load. Air dry your clothes using a
clothes line or a hanging rack inside.
Induction heating helps in reduction of gas costs.
When cooking try to use a range rather than the
oven as much as possible. Use pressure cookers
and microwaves to lower energy consumption.
Insulate water heater and surrounding pipes to
reduce heat loss and water consumption. Set
geyzers to medium while dishwashers at 140 deg.
centigrade.
Check for and fix leaks. A leak from a worn faucet
washer can waste 40 litres of water a day. Read
your water meter after 2 hours of not using water.
If the meter has changed, there is a leak and it
should be repaired. While waiting for a shower to
heat up, capture cold water in a bucket or pan and
use it for watering plants or other household uses.
Take shorter showers. Do not keep the faucet on
when you brush your teeth, shave, wash your face
or rinse dishes. Invest in a high efficiency toilet to
reduce the amount of water used per flush. Use
aerators on all faucets and low-flow shower
heads for better water pressure while using less
water in total. Only wash full loads of clothes, and
do the same with dishes. clean vegetables after
soaking in water and use a vegetable brush to
clean food items to make washing/preparation
quicker and more efficient.
6.2 Washing machines
6.3 Cooking
7. Water heating
8. Water saving in kitchen and bathroom
9. Outdoor water use
10. Solar power
11. Wind power
When washing car use water from buckets and
not hose pipe to avoid larger consumption. Use a
broom to clean your driveway, front stoop or
porch, rather than a hose pipe with water. When
planning a garden, group plants according to
their water needs, and plant drought-resistant
plants and bushes where less water is required.
Add compost to your garden and lay down mulch
to help the soil retain moisture. Water your lawn
in the morning or when it is overcast to minimize
evaporation. Avoid watering when it is sunny or
windy. 'Deep-soak' your lawn. Water the lawn
long enough for the water to seep down to the
roots to promote deeper root systems. Adopt rain
harvesting system including collecting rainwater
in a rain barrel and use this to water plants.
Position sprinklers to avoid watering the
sidewalk, street, or driveway. Use non potable
water for gardening
The economic use of solar power is still debated,
however if economy works one can replace
geyzers, outside & passage lighting with the help
of solar geyzers/ lightings. Most of the Industry
canteens are followers of this. So also roads,
passages are seeing replacement with solar
lamps.
The economic use of wind power is again
favorable where wind power can be utilized
effectively to garner energy and the same can be
converted to use in industry as well as at homes.
* Mr. S. V. Viswanathan is a Six Sigma master
black belt and an expert on world class
initiatives. He is in NCQM's expert panel.
4 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
Coal Kills
The abstract of the paper titled “Coal based
thermal power plants in India” by the authors is
presented here, For details the reader is advised
to contact the authors through NCQM office.
Access to electricity is a basic requirement to
support a growing economy. Currently coal
accounts for 41% of the world’s electricity
generation. At approximately 210 GW, India is
the 5th largest generator of electricity in the
world and will increase in the future. Currently,
66% of this power generation capacity is derived
from coal with the vast majority of capacity
additions planned - the 12th five year plan (2012-
2017) includes an addition of 76 GW and the 13th
five year plan (2017-2022) includes 93 GW.
Emissions from coal-fired power are responsible
for a large mortality and morbidity burden on
human health. In 2011-12, 111 coal-fired power
plants with a total generation capacity of 121
GW, consumed 503 million tons of coal, and
generated an estimated 580 ktons of particulates
with diameter less than 2.5 μm, 2100 Ktons of
sulfur dioxides, 2000 Ktons of nitrogen oxides,
1100 Ktons of carbon monoxide, 100 Ktons of
volatile organic compounds and 665 million tons
of carbon dioxide annually. These emissions
resulted in 80,000 to 115,000 premature deaths
and more than 20.0 million asthma cases from
exposure to total PM10 pollution in 2011-2012,
which cost the public and the government an
estimated 16,000 to 23,000 crores of Rupees (USD
3.2 to 4.6 billion). The largest impact of the coal-
fired power plant emissions is felt over the states
of Delhi, Haryana, Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Indo-Gangetic plain,
and most of central east India.
It is found that aggressive pollution control
regulations such as mandating flue gas
desulfurization, introduction and tightening of
emission standards for all criteria pollutants,
and updating the procedures for environment
impact assessments for existing and newer
plants, are imperative to reduce health impacts.
Sarath K. Guttikunda and Puja Jawahar *
NCQM FORTHCOMING PROGRAMMES
• HACCP Awareness - April 19, 2013
• Internal Audit (IA) as per ISO 9001: 2008
Quality Management System-April 26-27, 2013
July 29-30, 2013
• Effective Management of Work Place Through
Principles of Housekeeping (5S) & Waste
Elimination (7W) - July 15, 2013
• Internal Audit for Integrated Management
System - August 2013
• Internal Audit for Energy Management
System- August 2013
• Root Cause Analysis & Use of QC Tools -
August 3, 2013
• Lean Six Sigma Green Belt - September 2013
5
ASQ EXAMINATION
Following ASQ Examination were conducted at
NCQM Learning Centre, Mumbai.
March 2, 2013
HACCP Auditor,
Manager of Quality/ Organizational Excellence,
Six Sigma Black Belt
Reliability Engineer
June 1, 2013
Six Sigma Green Belt
Quality Process Analyst
Quality Auditor
Pharmaceutical GMP Professional
Next Examination is scheduled onOctober 5, 2013.
Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
E-Waste: Alarming danger to mankind and environment *
E-Waste or electronic waste was not recognized as
a separate entity almost till the beginning of the
year 2000. It started getting recognized in India
from 2003 under Hazardous Waste Rules. India is
signatory to various International Conventions
and Protocols dealing with waste disposal, like
Montreal Protocol, Basel Convention etc. It is
obligatory on India to legislate for the same.
E-Waste is generated from refrigerators,
televisions, printers, mobile phones, personal
computers, music systems, transistors, tape
recorders, video recorders, VCD, laboratory
equipments, etc. E-Waste is generated from
domestic consumers as well as industrial and
commercial establishments. The IT sector is the
prime source of this kind of waste Estimated E-
Waste generation for India is 8 lakh MT/Year
whereas 20,000 MT/Year is estimated E-waste
from Maharashtra. (Source:siliconindia.com.
WEEE assessment study).
The Electronic Waste Rules 2011 under
Environment Protection Act 1986 came into effect
from May 1, 2012. Under this Act, collection
centres are required to be established under the
authorization of State Pollution Control Boards
and Committees which will collect the E-Waste
from their sources. The E-Waste will be sent to
registered recyclers and dismantlers for
processing.
In Maharashtra, the establishment of scientific
management system for E-Waste is under process.
There are currently three authorized.
Recycling/Dismantling centres which are
operational, and 20 Recyclers/Dismantlers are
stated to be established under the authorization of
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB).
Most of the E-Waste is collected and processed by
unauthorised and unorganized entities following
very crude and environmentally hazardous
methods. These 'backyard' techniques pose
dangers to poorly protected workers and their
local natural environment.
Cadmium is one of the hazardous materials
involved in E-Waste which can bio-accumulate in
the environment and is extremely toxic to humans
in particular adversely affecting kidneys and
bones.
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) cables when burnt or
landfilled, release dioxins that have harmful
effects on human reproductive and immune
systems.
Mercury (Hg), which is used in lighting devices in
flat screen displays, can cause damage to the
nervous system, kidneys and brain, and can even
be passed on to infants through breast milk.
In addition to various hazardous material, E-
Waste all contains many valuable and precious
metals like copper, ver, gold, etc. Because of this
complex composition of valuable and hazardous
substance specialized, often 'high-tech' methods
are required to process. E-Waste in ways that
maximize resource recovery and minimum
potential harm to humans or the environment.
Unfortunately, the use of these specialized
methods is rare, with much of the world's E-Waste
travelling great, distances, mostly to developing
countries. In India, import of Waste is permitted
only with to permission of Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF).
Though there are a few registered recyclers, their
number not in proportion to the estimated
quantity of E-Waste generated annually. There is
an urgent need to organise, establish, control and
monitor the overall working of E-Waste scenario.
MPCB needs to function active to achieve
environmentally sound management of E-Waste
to Maharashtra.
* Towards public awareness this article is
published by Maharashtra Pollution Control
Board in TOI June, 2013 is reproduced here.
6 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
Environment and Health
1. Introduction
2. Six themes
3. Environmental factors
The term environment implies all external factors
which surround humans. Humans interact with
environment constantly and these interactions can
have positive or negative impact on health.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines
environment, as it relates to health, as “all the
physical, chemical, and biological factors external
to a person, and all the related behaviors.”
Environmental health consists of preventing or
controlling disease, injury, and disability related
to the interactions between people and their
environment.
Although the exact contribution of environmental
factors to the development of death and disease
cannot be precisely determined, the World Health
Organization (WHO) has estimated that thirteen
million deaths annually are attributable to
preventable environmental causes. The report also
estimates that 24% of the global disease burden
(healthy life years lost) and 23% of all deaths
(premature mortality) are attributable to environ-
mental factors. The environmental burden of
diseases is 15 times higher in developing countries
than in developed countries, due to differences in
exposure to environmental risks and access to
health care.
The “Healthy People 2020” environmental health
objectives focus on six themes, each of which high-
lights an element of environmental health:
• Outdoor air quality
• Surface and ground water quality
• Toxic substances and hazardous wastes
• Homes and communities
• Infrastructure and surveillance
• Global environmental health
The environmental factors can be divided into 3
major categories
• Physical : Water, air, temperature, soil, housing,
wastes, noise
• Biological : Plants and animal life including
bacteria, viruses, insects, rodents and animals
• Social : Occupation, culture, habits, religion,
income
As per a WHO study, diseases with largest burden
attributable to modifiable environmental factors
are diarrhea, lower respiratory tract infections,
workplace injuries/accidents and malaria.
The immediate environment the man lives in is the
air. Fresh air, proper ventilation in homes and
workplace and avoiding exposure to extremes of
temperatures zone contribute to positive health.
Air pollution remains a major concern especially
in cities and surrounding industries. The major
sources of air pollution are automobiles and some
industries. More than 100 substances that can
pollute air have been identified. The effects of air
pollution on health are chest infections, allergies,
asthma and some types of cancer.
Most of the health problems in developing
countries can be attributed to lack of safe and
sufficient water supply and lack of adequate
human waste disposal facilities. Water can be
easily polluted by sewage, industrial and trade
wastage and agricultural pollutants such as
pesticides. The contaminated water may contain
different kinds of germs which can cause diseases
such as acute diaorrhea, jaundice, typhoid,
cholera, worm infestations etc. The chemical
pollutants in water also can affect health. The
classical example is excess of fluorides in drinking
water can cause affection of teeth and bones.
Noise pollution is a major problem in some
industries and cities. Prolonged and sustained
exposure to noise can cause certain type of
deafness. It also can cause effects such as lack of
sleep, irritability, lack of concentration etc.
3.1 Air quality
3.2 Water quality
3.3 Noise
Dr. S.V. Datar *
7 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
3.4 Toxic substances
3.5 Hazardous waste
3.6 Health hazard at workplace
3.7 Social
Due to wide spread use of pesticides, polluted
water, soil and food items are becoming major
areas of concern. The adverse effects of pesticides
on health such as cancers and affection of brain are
well known.
Accumulation of garbage and wastes in public
places result in proliferation of rodents and
insects. Exposure to insect bites such as
mosquitoes can cause many diseases such malaria,
filaria, dengue etc. Houseflies and cockroaches are
carriers of many diseases. Rodents such as rats can
also transmit diseases such as leptospirosis and
plague.
One of the major factors that may have adverse
impact on health is exposure to health hazards at
workplace. There is a lack of awareness among the
general population about the same. The various
hazards at workplace may be physical viz.
extremes of temperature, noise, vibration,
lighting, radiation, chemical viz. gases, fumes and
dusts, biological (e.g. viruses and bacteria) and
psychological viz. work stress etc. Musculo-
skeletal injuries due to adverse ergonomic factors
at workplace are emerging as major occupational
related disorders.
The other environmental factors such as income,
housings, beliefs, habits, customs etc. can also
have effect on health. The classic examples are
relying on quacks and witch doctors, not seeking
medical help in time etc.
The word environmental sanitation refers to
general cleanliness of our environment and not
limited to sewage disposal. It is a very complex
task and requires concerted efforts of individuals,
communities, scientists and government
authorities on a national and global level. Simple
civic sense can contribute greatly towards effective
environmental sanitation. The legal measures can
also contribute if implemented effectively.
4. Containment measures
Remember
Some of the measures that can be taken by
individuals and communities to protect the
mother earth are listed below :
• Reduce automobile pollution• Ensure proper ventilation in homes and
workplaces• Ensure drinking water safety at community and
personal level• Provide adequate toilet facilities to avoid open
air defecation• Ensure cleanliness not only in homes but also
surroundings• Ensure proper disposal of domestic waste • Reduce use of plastic materials• Develop adequate and effective solid waste
management facilities • Reduce noise at public places• Cover stagnant water sources such as tanks,
puddles etc to decrease mosquito menace• Implement effective pest control measures for
common pests such as houseflies, cockroaches,
mosquitoes etc.• Take care of personal hygiene and cleanliness• Use pesticides judiciously and rely less on
chemical pesticides• Ensure proper effluent treatment facilities in
industries• Evaluate and control occupational hazards • Create awareness on health & education for
community• Effectively implement legislative measures• Reduce environmental risk factors with the help
of technology & engineering.
Although pollution has been occurring
throughout the earth's history, the rate at which
the human species have contributed to the amount
of pollution that has entered our environment over
the past several hundred years far exceeds the
earth's inherent ability to heal itself.
Mother Nature has gifted us a beautiful
environment. It is up to us humans supposedly the
most intelligent species on earth not to destruct it
but maintain and improve it.
* Dr. Datar is in NCQM's expert panel in the area
of Health Care.
8 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
Renewable Energy
1. Renewable energy
2. Hybrid energy system
3. Objective of BK's project at Mount Abu
Renewable energy technologies offer a sustainable solution for bringing power and its educational, economic development, health and quality of life benefits to remote villages without electricity supply, or to those who currently have an unacceptable level of service. Photovoltaic, small wind turbines, and micro hydro systems have gained increasing recognition as reliable, cost effective alternatives to grid extension and diesel generator sets for village electrification applications. Electricity grid extension is generally uneconomical, while diesel generator sets are expensive to operate and maintain and do not provide long term environmentally and economically sustainable solutions for remote applications.
Hybrid energy systems rely on two or more sources of energy for electrical generation and are configured so that the loads can be served directly or indirectly by one or more of these sources. Most hybrid electricity supply systems have a diesel alternator and a renewable energy source such as photovoltaic (PV) and /or wind. By providing battery storage at partial loads, smaller diesel generators and power conditioner (inverters) are able to meet short term overloads and provide 24 hour grid quality power, which in most cases is not available to industry in rural India.
One such hybrid system is installed at the Brahma Kumari's (BK) Academy in Mt. Abu, Rajasthan, India. It is 1200 meters above sea level. Also Mt. Abu provides almost continuously clear skies. The wind speed and the solar radiation are among the best in the state of Rajasthan.
The system's element (10kw peak output) include solar photovoltaic (SPV) panels, an Australian made wind generator, batteries and a control system.
A key objective of the project WHO to improve the living standards of underprivileged remote villages in Rajasthan by increasing the uptake of alternative energy technology.
By the constant stream of participants in various programs, conferences and seminars held at the Academy, this project acts as a reference point from which the social, environmental and economic benefits of such a technology are demonstrated.
In collaboration with the scientist and engineer's wing of the Brahma Kumaris, several workshops on renewable energy have been held successfully and further activities in this area are planned. Networking with Rajasthan energy development agency (REDA), Gujarat energy development Agency (GEDA) and Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) and other NGO organisations has created a broad base dissemination forums.
The system consists of a 10kw power system (120V DC), a west wind 2.5 kW wind generator and 5 kW photovoltaic cells.
The inverter has been recently introduced to the market by Advanced Energy Systems, a Perth based company. The system is offering a complete solution to remote areas powers supplies (RAPS ) . The controller has a very high level of feature integration.
The single phase controller is operating with a single generator system to enhance capacity to operate as a stand alone unit. With solar wind input to the battery system the unit is supplying current to some essential consumers of the Academy.
The unit can configure either as a charger or inverter and will intelligently start and stop the generator / mains to maintain battery reserve with optional integrated DC renewable control.
In charging mode the system maintains the battery voltage at a user specified value and charges the battery in accordance with the manufacturer procedures. This maximises the life of the battery bank, a potentially costly investment.
The operation and control set points of the system
4. Technical description
J. Mazumdar *
9 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
are completely flexible, making the system the one of the most configurable unit available. This guarantee that its function can be tailored for each application. In this case for the Academy, allowing optimally customised performance.
The system offers through LED screen a full over view of the performance and status. There is a self test in built, and it is possible to attach a computer or a modem for remote monitoring and control (SCADA). If there is a telephone line, it is possible to access the system and get a full over view of the performance. Through a in built data logger special events can be stored and evaluated.
The wind generator has a maximum output of 2.5 kW at a rated wind speed of 12.5.m/s and is manufactured by Westwind Turbines in Kelmscott, Western Australia. The wind turbine has 3 blades, a rotor diameter of 3.6 metres, a permanent magnet generator with 3 phases, variable volts and hertz . The weight of the turbine is around 150kg and the turbine is mounted on a 18 meters pole. The wind turbine has a cut in wind speed of 2.5 m/s. The photovoltaic array consists out of 2.7 kW modules of Tata BP solar of Bangalore and 3.3 kW modules of Siemens. The modules are mounted on manual tracking frames.
The mains, the wind generator and the solar array are connected to the AES power control system and are charging a battery bank of 120 V DC and 600 Ah capacity.
From the output of the AES power control system different loads in the Academy are connected. The loads are spread over a distance up to 300 meters and are as follows:
50 lamps PL 10 W, 10 computers, 4 printers, telephone exchange, water pump, electronic laboratory, emergency light
The AES power control system has performed until now without any major problems. They had a smaller problem with the software, which did not effect the performance of the system. By a recent visit of a AES engineer the problem could be solved by reloading the software. The out put of the inverter as is sine wave, frequency,efficiency, stable voltage, overload, surge capacity and so far as availability is concerned it is excellent.
5. Evaluation of results
Through the microprocessor controlled hardware it is possible to configure and adapt the system to the local requirements and specifications. They could adjust the float voltage of batteries, the bulk charge voltage, the cut in voltage of the mains charger, alarm status, priority of solar wind charge against mains charge. The system is even immune to the rough condition of the Indian Grid and can deal with power cuts spikes and other most hazardous irregularities.
The solar charge controller which features a maximum power point tracker and optimises the charging current of the solar cells has performed without any problems. The same was observed with the wind controller.
Through the individual settings of the parameters it is possible to configure the whole system in such a way that optimisation of size and efficiency of the wind generator the solar array and the battery can be achieved. This ultimately results in a significant reduction of the overall system costs and an increased life span. As per the performance and the features of the AES power system it definitely has to be rated among the top products in this range. The wind generator manufactured by West Wind of Perth runs since its erection very smoothly without any problems. The output rating of the manufacturer could be confirmed by individual ampere readings at specified wind speeds.
The turbine has passed already several serious storms without damage. The 3-blade arrangement and the 12 pole permanent generator ensure a easy starting and early power production. The mechanical stability and workmanship of the turbine is excellent.
The photovoltaic cells perform as per their specification. Mt. Abu has al most clear skies and has a annual solar irradiation of nearly 2000kw/sq. The wind speed at Mt. Abu is around 4 meters per year average. The grid has a very bad quality and is available 75 % of the time only.
At present to maximum load at the inverter is 5kw peak. The actual load follows a curve as per the demand of the users.
The peak load is in morning (computers) and
10 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
evening (light). By a good load management for the pump etc. the load could be diverted more equal through out the day.
The daily total charge by solar is in full sunshine around 25 kwh. In night time they battery bank discharges by 15% of its rated capacity of 600Ah. However, this ensures a long life span of the battery. In addition there is a good back up time for cloudy condition.
The contribution of the wind generator, is as per the wind speed in Mt. Abu more significant in the summer and monsoon time. In any case it is observed that the charging is more irregular and that under this wind regime the wind generator can be seen only as a secondary additional charging source.
As per the microprocessor settings the charging through the grid comes into picture only if solar and wind is not sufficient. By the size of the battery bank and the present load 5 sunshine days can be managed without additional charge through the grid. Especially in rainy season Mt. Abu is quite cloudy and then charging through the grid or diesel generator becomes necessary.
Finally we can say that the 10 kW AES Power system in combination with solar / wind / grid or diesel has proven to be a reliable option for the electrification of remote areas.
Training and some technical expertise at the side is necessary to maintain and run the system efficiently.
The Academy attracts around 60000 visitors per year. Out of them many are getting introduced to the renewable energy systems at the Academy. They receive quite a good feedback from many and the informations regarding prices, manufacturer etc. are duly passed on.
Through awareness campaigns the public should be informed about the advantages of a decentralised power generation based on renewable energy. This can redirect some of the investment presently needed to improve the
6. Cost benefit analysis on renewable energy products
quality of the grid by UPS or stabilisers towards renewable energy products.
Acknowledgement: The World Renewal Spiritual Trust of Brahma Kumaris, Mount Abu.
* This article is compiled by Mr. Jayabrata Mazumdar, who is in NCQM's expert panel in the area of Energy Audit and Energy Management.
11
Admissions Open For
JULY 2013 BATCH
Post Diploma in
Total Quality Management
Distant Learning Modewith contact sessions for providing
guidance and responding tostudents difficulties
For brochures & details: please contact the
Course Co-ordinator
National Centre for Quality Management,Mumbai
(Brochure & Application form
can also be downloaded
from www.ncqm.com)
Focuses on TQM, TPM, Kaizen, 5S & 7W, Six Sigma,ISO 9000 QMS, ISO 14000 EMS, OHSAS,
IMS, HACCP, TS 16949, SA 8000, SPC, Statistical Techniques and
Organisational Excellence
Examination centres Mumbai, Ajmer, Nagpur, Noida, Pune
Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
Carbon credit
1. What is Carbon credit
2. Background
Carbon credits are a key component of National
and International emissions trading schemes that
have been implemented to mitigate global war-
ming. They provide a way to reduce greenhouse
effect emissions on an industrial scale by capping
total annual emissions and letting the market
assign a monetary value to any shortfall through
trading. Credits can be exchanged between
businesses or bought and sold in international
markets at the prevailing market price. Credits can
be used to finance carbon reduction schemes
between trading partners and around the world.
There are also many companies that sell carbon
credits to commercial and individual customers
who are interested in lowering their carbon
footprint on a voluntary basis. These carbon off-
setters purchase the credits from an investment
fund or a carbon development company that has
aggregated the credits from individual projects.
The quality of the credits is based in part on the
validation process and sophistication of the fund
or development company that acted as the sponsor
to the carbon project. This is reflected in their price;
voluntary units typically have less value than the
units sold through the rigorously-validated Clean
Development Mechanism.
Burning of fossil fuels is a major source of
industrial greenhouse gas emissions, especially
for power, cement, steel, textile, fertilizer and
many other industries which rely on fossil fuels
(coal, electricity derived from coal, natural gas and
oil). The major greenhouse gases emitted by these
industries are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), etc, which all
increase the atmosphere's ability to trap infrared
energy and thus affect the climate. The concept of
carbon credits came into existence as a result of
increasing awareness of the need for controlling
emissions.
The mechanism was formalized in the Kyoto
Protocol, an international agreement between
more than 170 countries, and the market
mechanisms were agreed through the subsequent
Accords The mechanism adopted was similar to
the successful US Acid Rain Program to reduce
some industrial pollutants.
The protocol agreed 'caps' or 'quotas' on the
maximum amount of Greenhouse gases for
developed and developing countries. In turn these
countries set quotas on the emissions of
installations run by local business and other
organizations, generically termed 'operators'.
Countries manage this through their own national
'registries', which are required to be validated and
monitored for compliance by the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFCCC. Each operator has an allowance of
credits, where each unit gives the owner the right
to emit one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or other
equivalent greenhouse gas. Operators that have
not used up their quotas can sell their unused
allowances as carbon credits, while businesses that
are about to exceed their quotas can buy the extra
allowances as credits, privately or on the open
market. As demand for energy grows over time,
the total emissions must still stay within the cap,
but it allows industry some flexibility and
predictability in its planning to accommodate this.
By permitting allowances to be bought and sold,
an operator can seek out the most cost-effective
way of reducing its emissions, either by investing
in 'cleaner' machinery and practices or by
purchasing emissions from another operator who
already has excess 'capacity'.
Since 2005, the Kyoto mechanism has been
adopted for CO2 trading by all the countries
within the European Union under its European
Trading Scheme (EU ETS) with the European
Commission as its validating authority. From
2008, EU participants must link with the
3. Emission allowances
Dr. P. Poddar *
12 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
developed countries who ratified Annex I of the
protocol, and trade the six most significant
greenhouse gases. In the United States, which has
not ratified Kyoto, and Australia , whose
ratification came into force in March 2008, similar
schemes are being considered.
A credit can be an emission allowance which was
originally allocated or auctioned by the national
administrators of a cap-and-trade program, or it
can be an offset of emissions. Such offsetting and
mitigating activities can occur in any developing
country which has ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and
has a national agreement in place to validate its
carbon project through one of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFCCC's approved mechanisms. Once
approved, these units are termed Certified
Emission Reductions, or CERs. The Protocol
allows these projects to be constructed and
credited in advance of the Kyoto trading period.
The Kyoto Protocol provides for three
mechanisms that enable countries or operators in
developed countries to acquire greenhouse gas
reduction credits
• Under Joint Implementation (JI) a developed
country with relatively high costs of domestic
greenhouse reduction would set up a project in
another developed country.
• Under the Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) a developed country can 'sponsor' a
reenhouse gas reduction project in a developing
country where the cost of greenhouse gas
reduction project activities is usually much
lower, but the atmospheric effect is globally
equivalent. The developed country would be
given credits for meeting its emission reduction
targets, while the developing country would
receive the capital investment and clean
technology or beneficial change in land use.
• Under International Emissions Trading (IET)
countries can trade in the international carbon
credit market to cover their shortfall in
allowances. Countries with surplus credits can
4. Kyoto's 'flexible mechanisms’
sell them to countries with capped emission
commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.
These carbon projects can be created by a national
government or by an operator within the country.
In reality, most of the transactions are not
performed by national governments directly, but
by operators who have been set quotas by their
country.
For trading purposes, one allowance or CER is
considered equivalent to one metric tonne of CO2
emissions. These allowances can be sold privately
or in the international market at the prevailing
market price. These trade and settle interna-
tionally and hence allow allowances to be trans-
ferred between countries. Each international
transfer is validated by the UNFCCC. Each
transfer of ownership within the European Union
is additionally validated by the European
Commission.
Climate exchanges have been established to
provide a spot market in allowances, as well as
futures and options market to help discover a
market price and maintain liquidity. Carbon
prices are normally quoted in Euros per tonne of
carbon dioxide or its equivalent (CO2e). Other
greenhouse gasses can also be traded, but are
quoted as standard multiples of carbon dioxide
with respect to their global warming potential.
These features reduce the quota's financial impact
on business, while ensuring that the quotas are
met at a national and international level.
Currently there are at least six exchanges trading
in carbon allowances: the Chicago Climate
Exchange, European Climate Exchange, Nord
Pool, PowerNext, Multi Commodity Exchange
and National Commodity and Derivatives
Exchange. Recently, NordPool listed a contract to
trade offsets generated by a CDM carbon project
called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
Many companies now engage in emissions
abatement, offsetting, and sequestration programs
to generate credits that can be sold on one of the
exchanges.
5. Emission markets
13 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
Louis Redshaw, head of environmental markets at
Barclays Capital predicts that "Carbon will be the
world's biggest commodity market, and it could
become the world's biggest market overall.”
Carbon credits create a market for reducing
greenhouse emissions by giving a monetary value
to the cost of polluting the air. Emissions become
an internal cost of doing business and are visible
on the balance sheet alongside raw materials and
other liabilities or assets.
By way of example, consider a business that owns
a factory putting out 100,000 tones of
greenhouse gas emissions in a year. Its
government is an Annex I country that enacts a
law to limit the emissions that the business can
produce. So the factory is given a quota of say
80,000 tonnes per year. The factory either reduces
its emissions to 80,000 tonnes or is required to
purchase carbon credits to offset the excess. After
costing up alternatives the business may decide
that it is uneconomical or infeasible to invest in
new machinery for that year. Instead it may choose
to buy carbon credits on the open market from
organizations that have been approved as being
able to sell legitimate carbon credits.
• One seller might be a company that will
offer to offset emissions through a project
in the developing world, such as recovering
methane from a swine farm to feed a power
station that previously would use fossil fuel. So
although the factory continues to emit gases, it
would pay another group to reduce the
equivalent of 20,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide
emissions from the atmosphere for that year.
• Another seller may have already invested
in new low-emission machinery and have a
surplus of allowances as a result. The
factory could make up for its emissions by
buying 20,000 tonnes of allowances from
them. The cost of the seller's new machinery
would be subsidized by the sale of allowances.
6. How buying carbon credits can reduce
emissions
6.1 Economics of global warming
Both the buyer and the seller would submit
accounts for their emissions to prove that their
allowances were met correctly.
It is also important for any carbon credit (offset) to
prove a concept ca l led addi t ional i ty .
Additionality is a term used by Kyoto's Clean
Development Mechanism to describe the fact that
a carbon dioxide reduction project (carbon
project) would not have occurred had it not been
for concern for the mitigation of climate change.
More succinctly, a project that has proven
additionality is a beyond-business-as-usual
project.
It is generally agreed that voluntary carbon offset
projects must also prove additionality in order to
ensure the legitimacy of the environmental
stewardship claims resulting from the retirement
of the carbon credit (offset). According the World
Resources Institute/World Business Council for
Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD) “GHG
emission trading programs operate by capping the
emissions of a fixed number of individual facilities
or sources. Under these programs, tradable 'offset
credits' are issued for project-based GHG
reductions that occur at sources not covered by the
program. Each offset credit allows facilities whose
emissions are capped to emit more, in direct
proportion to the GHG reductions represented by
the credit. The idea is to achieve a zero net increase
in GHG emissions, because each tonne of
increased emissions is 'offset' by project-based
GHG reductions. The difficulty is that many
projects that reduce GHG emissions (relative to
historical levels) would happen regardless of the
existence of a GHG program and without any
concern for climate change mitigation. If a project
'would have happened anyway,' then issuing
offset credits for its GHG reductions will actually
allow a positive net increase in GHG emissions,
undermining the emissions target of the GHG
program. Additionality is thus critical to the
success and integrity of GHG programs that
recognize project-based GHG reductions."
6.2 Additionality and its importance
14 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
7. Criticisms
Environmental restrictions and activities have
traditionally been imposed on businesses through
regulation. Many people were, and still are,
uneasy at the use of a novel market-based
approach to managing emissions, although the
concept of Cap and Trade eventually won the day
in international negotiations.
The Kyoto mechanism is the only internationally-
agreed mechanism for regulating carbon credit
activities, and, crucially, includes checks for
additionality and overall effectiveness. Its
supporting organization, the UNFCCC, is the only
organization with a global mandate on the overall
effectiveness of emission control systems,
although enforcement of decisions relies on
national co-operation. The Kyoto trading period
only applies for five years between 2008 and 2012.
The first phase of the EU ETS system started before
then, and is expected to continue in a third phase
afterwards, and may co-ordinate with whatever is
internationally-agreed at but there is general
uncertainty as to what will be agreed in Post-
Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas
emissions. As business investment often operates
over decades, this adds risk and uncertainty to
their plans. As several countries responsible for a
large proportion of global emissions (notably
USA, Australia, China) have avoided mandatory
caps, this also means that businesses in capped
countries may perceive themselves to be working
at a competitive disadvantage against those in
uncapped countries as they are now paying for
their carbon costs directly.
A key concept behind the cap and trade system is
that national quotas should be chosen to represent
genuine and meaningful reductions in national
output of emissions. Not only does this ensure that
overall emissions are reduced but also that the
costs of emissions trading are carried fairly across
all parties to the trading system.
* Dr. Poddar is in NCQM's expert panel. He is a
specialist in IMS (Integrated Management System
comprising QMS, EMS and OHSAS)
NCQM NEWS APRIL-JUNE 2013
WELCOME ABOARD - NEW MEMBERS
Converted from Corporate to Corporate Life category :
LC0127 Hindustan Platinum Pvt. Ltd.
Ms. Hema Doctor Navi Mumbai
LC0128 Godfrey Phillips India Ltd.
Mr. Shailendra S. Karve Navi Mumbai
LC0129 Siemens Limited
Mr. A. S. Zope Mumbai
Patron Member category:
PT3023 NRB Bearings Ltd.
Mrs. Harshbeena Zaveri Mumbai
Senior Life category :
SL0026 Dr. Smeia Vani Srinagar
Converted from Senior to Senior Life category :
SL0027 Prof. B. V. R. Murty Navi Mumbai
Converted from Student to Senior Life category
SL0028 Mr. Yogesh Deepak Jagtap
Navi Mumbai
Senior Member category :
SM0135 Mr. Sachin Maruti Yesane Mumbai
SM0136 Mr. S. Giridhara Coimbatore
Converted from Fellow to Fellow Life category :
FL0006 Mr. M. S. Raghavan Ayyangar Mumbai
Individual Member :
MI0524 Mr. Kaustav Das Orissa
MI0525 Mr. Biswajit Satapathy Orissa
MI0526 Mr. Biswajit Mishra Bhubaneswar
MI0527 Mr. Ajoya K. Pradhan Bhubaneswar
MI0528 Mr. Nabnit Panigrahi Bhubaneswar
MI0529 Mr. Mohanty Baidyanath Bhubaneswar
MI0530 Mr. Rajesh Kumar Ojha Bhubaneswar
MI0531 Dr. Niti Ranjan Chand Bhubaneswar
MI0532 Mr. Umasankar Das Orissa
MI0533 Mr. Arun Kumar Parida Orissa
MI0534 Mrs. Arul Sathya Bangalore
MI0535 Mr. Sudarshan G. Kale Wada, Thane
15 Quality - Striving for ExcellenceApril - June 2013
Future of Quality
40+ quality professionals including some students from various organizations attended the 'Future of Quality' Talk by Navin Dedhia of USA. The talk was organized by National Centre for Quality Management at NCQM Learning Centre in Mumbai on April 4, 2013.
The presentation covered various aspects of quality, quality trends and its impact on the industries and future of quality profession. He started with past was perfect, present is tense but the future should make sense. Future is not like looking into a crystal ball and predicting it. It is a systematic way to collect, analyze and evaluate data to find out outcomes.
(Steve) Job, (Johnny) Cash and (Bob) Hope are no more there. But, how to survive and grow in this competitive world are important. Businesses want quality in their product since beginning but still not addicted to quality like a smoker or a drunkard gets addicted after few days. The road to future is always under construction with new ideas, new approaches. The consequences of future are determined by the actions of the past. To change the future, decisions of today must be altered. Nearly every business has quality slogans and touts a commitment to quality, but still lacks something.
History of quality and its evolutionary journey from one piece inspection to statistical process control to quality control to quality engineering to quality assurance and TQM and quality management systems were reviewed. With the systems approach, quality field has expanded from manufacturing and services to healthcare, education and government. Wheel of quality moved from product inspection to process control to methodologies to systems. New emerging technologies such as nanotechnology and newer innovative tools along with newer fields of biosciences, alternative sources of energy, biomedical and pharmaceutical will influence more in future.
ASQ's future study indicated that the future quality will be shaped by global responsibility,
Navin S. Dedhia *ASQ Fellow, San Jose, California, USA
increased consumer awareness, globalization, the increasing rate of change, the workforce of future, aging population in developed countries, 21st century quality and innovation.
Ethical leadership, waste reduction, new consumer markets, technological change, challenges and opportunities coming out from aging population will be critical to affect the future of quality. Other forces affecting equally are emphasis on value creation, information revolution, and changes in quality practices, environmental concerns, social responsibility and competition.
Quality will play play a major role in the strategic direction of an organization. Enterprise level quality, quality culture and quality in every field of endeavor will create new roles for the quality leader. Will A. Foster's statement on quality, 'Quality is never an accident. It is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, intelligent direction and skillful execution. It represents the wise choice of many alternatives.' is valid today.
In summary, the pursuit of quality will become more innovative, flexible and quick to implement effective solutions driving business results and reflecting customer desires. Quality professionals cannot remain passive but develop understanding of business, technical and newer skills. Quality professionals have to be customer-sensitive and market driven. They will be more responsive with a sense of urgency. Agile, flexible and adaptable in delivering products and services to the market place will be added qualifications for the workforce.
Sometime one has to make a peace with the past in order to keep the future from becoming a constant battle. In the future, quality will be a measure to u n d e r s t a n d w h i c h p r o d u c t i s m o r ecomfortable to human, society and earth.
The goal of future is not to predict the future but to improve it. Making the world a better place through quality should be a motto for every organization.
Printed & Publised by Chairman, Publication Committee, on behalf of National Centre for Quality Management.Published from National Centre for Quality Management, G-503, Kailas Industrial Complex, Vikhroli-Hiranandani Link Road,V i k h r o l i ( W ) , M u m b a i - 4 0 0 0 7 9 . T e l . : ( 0 2 2 ) 2 5 1 7 0 4 8 3 / 6 9 ; E - m a i l : n c q m @ v s n l . c o m a n dprinted at Mahavir Printers, Plot # 286, New Anand Soc., Nr. Railway Station, Pant Nagar, Ghatkopar (E), Mumbai - 400075.