Qual/quant/WEL/PEL/LOD......cutting through the jargon and making sense of IH Sean Mahar, PhD, CIH,...

Qual/quant/WEL/PEL/Qual/quant/WEL/PEL/LOD......cutting through the LOD......cutting through the jargon and making sense of jargon and making sense of

IHIH

Sean Mahar, PhD, CIH, CSP, PESean Mahar, PhD, CIH, CSP, PE

Euro Safety and HealthEuro Safety and Health

Educational ObjectivesEducational Objectives

This presentation is intended to act as a This presentation is intended to act as a primer to better understand industrial primer to better understand industrial hygiene, the methods employed, the hygiene, the methods employed, the terms used and the right questions to terms used and the right questions to ask to maximize the value of IH ask to maximize the value of IH consultants.consultants.

Contact DetailsContact Details

Sean Mahar Sean Mahar

Euro Safety and HealthEuro Safety and [email protected]@eurosh.com

www.eurosh.comwww.eurosh.com

UK Phone: 44 (1743) 362 076UK Phone: 44 (1743) 362 076UK Mobile: 44 7939 049 828UK Mobile: 44 7939 049 828

Industrial HygieneIndustrial Hygiene

““the anticipation, the anticipation,

recognition, recognition,

evaluation, evaluation,

control and control and

prevention prevention

of hazards from work that may result in of hazards from work that may result in injury, illness, or affect the well being of injury, illness, or affect the well being of workers.“workers.“

IH QualificationsIH Qualifications

• USAUSA– Certified Industrial HygienistCertified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) (CIH)

• UKUK– Chartered Member of the Faculty (CMFOH)Chartered Member of the Faculty (CMFOH)

• Australia, Canada, France, Italy, Australia, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden all Netherlands, Norway, Sweden all have national certification schemeshave national certification schemes

Hazard and RiskHazard and Risk

• Hazard:Hazard: the inherent potential to cause the inherent potential to cause harm or injuryharm or injury

• Risk:Risk: the likelihood of harm or injury the likelihood of harm or injury arising from a hazardarising from a hazard

Hazard and RiskHazard and Risk

• HazardHazard is the is the potentialpotential to cause harm to cause harm

• RiskRisk is the is the likelihoodlikelihood of harm occurring of harm occurring

Assessment ToolsAssessment Tools

• QualitativeQualitative primarily addresses primarily addresses hazard hazard

• QuantitativeQuantitative primarily addresses primarily addresses risk risk

Qualitative Exposure Assessment Qualitative Exposure Assessment (QEA)(QEA)

• An organized effort to determine if An organized effort to determine if industrial hygiene risks are currently industrial hygiene risks are currently present or potentially present in the present or potentially present in the workplaceworkplace

Quantitative Exposure MonitoringQuantitative Exposure Monitoring

• An exposure assessment that utilizes An exposure assessment that utilizes instrumentation or mathematical instrumentation or mathematical modeling to determine numerically the modeling to determine numerically the exposure level present to a chemical, exposure level present to a chemical, physical, or biological hazard.physical, or biological hazard.

QEA ElementsQEA Elements

• Identify reproductive hazardous, Identify reproductive hazardous, carcinogenic, and endocrine disrupting carcinogenic, and endocrine disrupting chemicals chemicals

• Rank the hazardsRank the hazards

• Update as neededUpdate as needed

• Conduct quantitative exposure monitoring Conduct quantitative exposure monitoring when the potential for exposures > 50% of when the potential for exposures > 50% of the occupational exposure limitthe occupational exposure limit


• based on the QEAbased on the QEA• representative of potential exposuresrepresentative of potential exposures• Identifies repetitive sampling needs:Identifies repetitive sampling needs:

– when required by regulatory agencieswhen required by regulatory agencies– when process changes occurwhen process changes occur– annually at a minimum when the chemical annually at a minimum when the chemical

airborne exposure levels are > 50% of the airborne exposure levels are > 50% of the occupational exposure limits. occupational exposure limits.


• based on the QEAbased on the QEA• representative of potential exposuresrepresentative of potential exposures• Identifies repetitive sampling needs. :Identifies repetitive sampling needs. :

– when required by regulatory agencieswhen required by regulatory agencies– when process changes occurwhen process changes occur– annually at a minimum when the chemical annually at a minimum when the chemical

airborne exposure levels are > 50% of the airborne exposure levels are > 50% of the occupational exposure limits. occupational exposure limits.

Quantitative Exposure Monitoring Quantitative Exposure Monitoring ElementsElements

• Who conducted the sampling?Who conducted the sampling?

• Who was sampled, for what, why, where, Who was sampled, for what, why, where, when, what were they doing, for how long, when, what were they doing, for how long, what controls were in place?what controls were in place?

• What are the results, what do they mean?What are the results, what do they mean?

• What is the conclusion and what are the What is the conclusion and what are the recommendations?recommendations?

HazardsHazards

• ChemicalChemical– Solvents, dusts, acids, metals, etc. Solvents, dusts, acids, metals, etc.

• PhysicalPhysical– Noise, vibration, lighting, ergonomicsNoise, vibration, lighting, ergonomics

• BiologicalBiological– Animals and by products, mold, endotoxinsAnimals and by products, mold, endotoxins

Dose-responseDose-response

DoseDose

ResponseResponse

100%100%

0%0%

TCTC5050

50%50%

TCTC5050

The curve’s steepness The curve’s steepness and shape can have an and shape can have an effect on the likelihood effect on the likelihood

of effectof effect


The threshold of no effect is the point below The threshold of no effect is the point below which no effects can be observedwhich no effects can be observed..

For some substances, such as carcinogens For some substances, such as carcinogens its presence is debatable.its presence is debatable.


DoseDose

ResponseResponse

100%100%

0%0%

Threshold of no effectThreshold of no effect

50%50%

Routes of EntryRoutes of Entry

Target Organ vs. PathwayTarget Organ vs. Pathway

• Target organ is the system affectedTarget organ is the system affected

• Pathway is the route of entryPathway is the route of entry

They don’t have to be the same!They don’t have to be the same!

• Some toxins will affect a particular organ Some toxins will affect a particular organ no matter how they enter the body.no matter how they enter the body.

Routes of EntryRoutes of Entry

• Inhalation Inhalation • Ingestion Ingestion • SkinSkin

InhalationInhalation

Inhalation is a Inhalation is a particularly particularly important important exposure portalexposure portal

• At full inspiration At full inspiration your lungs are the your lungs are the size of a tennis size of a tennis court!court!

InhalationInhalation

Hygiene StandardsHygiene Standards

• The standards are aimed at inhalation as The standards are aimed at inhalation as the primary route of entry, although other the primary route of entry, although other routes can contribute to exposure.routes can contribute to exposure.

• Substances widely known to be absorbed Substances widely known to be absorbed through the skin will have the limit through the skin will have the limit annotated “skin” or “sk”annotated “skin” or “sk”

• Another notation used is “Sen” for Another notation used is “Sen” for sensitizers.sensitizers.


• Short-term limits are created for Short-term limits are created for substances that can cause their effect in a substances that can cause their effect in a short time, such as irritants, or for short time, such as irritants, or for substances that can have very serious substances that can have very serious effects.effects.

• Long term limits assume an 8 hour work Long term limits assume an 8 hour work shift, so longer periods should have the shift, so longer periods should have the limit lowered proportionately.limit lowered proportionately.


• Limits are usually in parts per million (ppm) Limits are usually in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/mor milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m33).).

• Not safe/unsafe limits but concentrations Not safe/unsafe limits but concentrations aimed at protecting most workers.aimed at protecting most workers.

• Some people could still be affected.Some people could still be affected.

Occupational Exposure Limits Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)(OELs)

• European Union - Indicative Occupational European Union - Indicative Occupational Exposure Values (IOELVs)Exposure Values (IOELVs)

• UK Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs)UK Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs)• US Occupational Health and Safety US Occupational Health and Safety

Administration (OSHA) - PAdministration (OSHA) - Permissible ermissible Exposure Limits (PExposure Limits (PELs)ELs)

• American Conference of Governmental American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) - - Threshold Threshold Limit Values (TLVsLimit Values (TLVs®®))

Other OELsOther OELs

• American Industrial Hygiene Association American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) – Workplace Environmental (AIHA) – Workplace Environmental Exposure LevelsExposure Levels (WEELs)(WEELs)

• Bundesministerium für Arbeit (BMA) Bundesministerium für Arbeit (BMA) Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration ((MAKs) MAKs)

• NIOSH RNIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits ecommended Exposure Limits (RELs) (RELs)

Biological MonitoringBiological Monitoring

• Personal absorption can be assessed by Personal absorption can be assessed by biological monitoring or biological effect biological monitoring or biological effect monitoring.monitoring.

• This can be the substance itself or a This can be the substance itself or a metabolite formed in the body measured in metabolite formed in the body measured in a bodily fluid or exhaled breath.a bodily fluid or exhaled breath.

Biological MonitoringBiological Monitoring

• Biological monitoring can be useful in Biological monitoring can be useful in assessing exposure from all routes of assessing exposure from all routes of entry.entry.

• Limited in that there are few substances Limited in that there are few substances that have guidance available.that have guidance available.

• Another limitation is possible interferences, Another limitation is possible interferences, especially in regards to metabolite especially in regards to metabolite formation.formation.

Sample ValiditySample Validity

• Established calibration procedures of Established calibration procedures of equipment are needed equipment are needed

• Use of accredited laboratories Use of accredited laboratories

• Sufficient sample size to have limit of Sufficient sample size to have limit of detection (LOD) < OELdetection (LOD) < OEL

• Manufacturer and laboratory statements Manufacturer and laboratory statements of accuracy provide useful information.of accuracy provide useful information.

Record the Record the assessmentassessment

Review the Review the assessmentassessment

Are hazardous Are hazardous materials in materials in

use?use?

NoNo

YesYes

Gather Gather informationinformation

Evaluate risks Evaluate risks to healthto health

Decide what Decide what needs to be needs to be

donedone



use?use?

YesYes


WhoWho

WhatWhat

HowHow

Gathering InformationGathering Information


WhoWho

•Conducts the Conducts the assessmentassessment

•Is affected by the Is affected by the substance(s)substance(s)



WhoWho

WhatWhat

•SubstancesSubstances

•PathwaysPathways



WhoWho

WhatWhat

HowHow


•EffectsEffects


• A process and substance inventory is the A process and substance inventory is the first step, what, how much and where.first step, what, how much and where.

• Relevant hazardous substances including Relevant hazardous substances including intermediate products must be identified.intermediate products must be identified.

• Workers and work areas that can be Workers and work areas that can be affected are important.affected are important.

LabelsLabels

Provide a first Provide a first stop in conducting stop in conducting

your inventoryyour inventory

IdentificationIdentification

• A single substance can have several A single substance can have several names making identification difficult.names making identification difficult.

• To circumvent this problem there are a To circumvent this problem there are a couple of identification schemes, EINECS couple of identification schemes, EINECS and CAS, that provide a unique identifier and CAS, that provide a unique identifier and the IUPAC naming scheme.and the IUPAC naming scheme.


• Here’s an example of a chemical that Here’s an example of a chemical that has a half dozen names, yet only a has a half dozen names, yet only a single IUPAC name, CAS # and single IUPAC name, CAS # and EINECS #EINECS #


MEK, CMEK, C44HH88O O

= methyl ethyl ketone = methyl ethyl ketone

= 2 butanone = 2 butanone

= = methylacetone methylacetone

= ethyl methyl ketone= ethyl methyl ketone

butan-2-one (IUPAC)butan-2-one (IUPAC)

CAS No: 78-93-3 CAS No: 78-93-3

EINECS No: 201-159-0 EINECS No: 201-159-0

Safety Data SheetsSafety Data Sheets

• Safety Data SheetsSafety Data Sheets

(called Material Safety (called Material Safety Data Sheets in the US)Data Sheets in the US)

• Provide the main source Provide the main source of information for a of information for a given substance.given substance.

Safety Data SheetsSafety Data Sheets

• Safety Data Sheets are changing in Safety Data Sheets are changing in response to the response to the United Nations Globally United Nations Globally Harmonised System of Classification Harmonised System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)..

Information NeededInformation Needed

The types of job carried out, (task inventory) - The types of job carried out, (task inventory) - in particular the elements of the jobs for in particular the elements of the jobs for which higherwhich higher exposures might occur, exposures might occur, including when and why.including when and why.

Work / shift pattern can make a difference.Work / shift pattern can make a difference.


Recommended operating Recommended operating practices and practices and precautionary precautionary measures.measures.

EngineeringEngineering controlcontrols.s.

Personal protective Personal protective equipment.equipment.


Past experience, with Past experience, with occupational health occupational health complaints, incidents, ill-complaints, incidents, ill-health, compensation health, compensation casescases..

Foreseeable mishaps or Foreseeable mishaps or emergencies.emergencies.

Monitoring ReasonsMonitoring Reasons

• Emergencies, high risk situationsEmergencies, high risk situations• Regulatory Regulatory Compliance Compliance • Determine effectiveness of controls Determine effectiveness of controls • Investigate complaints Investigate complaints • For "research" purposes - basis of setting For "research" purposes - basis of setting

or modifying standardsor modifying standards

Emergency situationsEmergency situations

• Usually accurate Usually accurate data cannot be data cannot be obtained obtained

• Event has passed Event has passed • At best only an At best only an

estimate of event estimate of event can or need be can or need be mademade

High risk (Known hazard)High risk (Known hazard)

• Examples: Tank Examples: Tank entry, rescue work entry, rescue work

– Hazard existence is Hazard existence is assumed assumed

• Sample for pre-entry Sample for pre-entry or for the recordor for the record

Compliance sampling Compliance sampling

• Compliance with Compliance with regulation or regulation or exposure guidelinesexposure guidelines

– WELWEL– Corporate standardCorporate standard

• Check control Check control efficiencyefficiency

ComplaintsComplaints

• To assure or re-To assure or re-assure employees assure employees regarding regarding magnitude of risk magnitude of risk

ResearchResearch

• For setting or For setting or modifying modifying standardsstandards

Workplace Sampling StrategiesWorkplace Sampling Strategies

• A common approach is to do “worst case A common approach is to do “worst case sampling” on the maximum risk employee sampling” on the maximum risk employee to see if an exposure problem exists.to see if an exposure problem exists.

• Statistically representative sampling of Statistically representative sampling of Similarly Exposed Groups (SEGs), also Similarly Exposed Groups (SEGs), also called Homogeneous Exposed Groups called Homogeneous Exposed Groups (HEGs) is then conducted for compliance (HEGs) is then conducted for compliance and to determine the exposure levels.and to determine the exposure levels.

Sample MethodsSample Methods

Two main sources are from the UK Health Two main sources are from the UK Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) and the US and Safety Laboratory (HSL) and the US National Institute for Occupational Safety National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)and Health (NIOSH)

HSL - Methods for the Determination of HSL - Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS)Hazardous Substances (MDHS)

NIOSH NIOSH - NIOSH Manual of Analytical NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM®)Methods (NMAM®)

Sample TypesSample Types

1.1. Personal, breathing zone (BZ), from an Personal, breathing zone (BZ), from an imaginary box around a persons head, imaginary box around a persons head, nominally from a sampler on their lapel.nominally from a sampler on their lapel.

(non-personal BZ can also used, where a sample (non-personal BZ can also used, where a sample probe is held by a researcher in the workers probe is held by a researcher in the workers breathing zone).breathing zone).

2.2. General Air (Area), from the work area, not General Air (Area), from the work area, not representative of a particular workerrepresentative of a particular worker

PersonalPersonal Sampling Sampling

PersonalPersonal, breathing , breathing zonezone – samplers – samplers are directly are directly attached to attached to employee and employee and worn continuously worn continuously during all work/ during all work/ rest operationsrest operations

Area SamplingArea Sampling

• For general or background For general or background measurements, to show spread of measurements, to show spread of contaminant; entry to acontaminant; entry to a confined space; confined space; for breathing air quality.for breathing air quality.

Surface and Other MeasurementsSurface and Other Measurements

• Non-airborne sampling by surface wipe Non-airborne sampling by surface wipe tests is sometimes conducted to establish tests is sometimes conducted to establish the spread of contamination and the the spread of contamination and the likelihood of ingestion.likelihood of ingestion.

• Bulk sampling can be performed to Bulk sampling can be performed to determine identity of substances in the determine identity of substances in the workplace if there is any question.workplace if there is any question.

Whom to EvaluateWhom to Evaluate

• Workers directly exposedWorkers directly exposed– Maximum risk employeeMaximum risk employee

– Homogenous Exposure GroupHomogenous Exposure Group

• B.Z. of nearby workers B.Z. of nearby workers

• Workers remote from exposure Workers remote from exposure – In answer to complaint In answer to complaint

– To set base-line recordTo set base-line record

Sample Period LengthSample Period Length

There are two general typesThere are two general types

• Grab Samples Grab Samples

• Integrated Samples Integrated Samples

Grab SampleGrab Sample

A sample taken over so short a A sample taken over so short a time period that atmospheric time period that atmospheric concentration is assumed to concentration is assumed to be constant throughout the be constant throughout the sample period. sample period. Usually by Usually by some form of direct reading some form of direct reading instrument.instrument.

0.0030.003

Integrated SampleIntegrated Sample

A sample taken over a A sample taken over a sufficiently long period so that sufficiently long period so that cyclic variations are averaged cyclic variations are averaged by the sample procedureby the sample procedure. . Usually by some form of Usually by some form of pumped sampler.pumped sampler.

SamplingSampling

Measurements for 8 hour standard:Measurements for 8 hour standard:– sampled portion must cover majority of the sampled portion must cover majority of the

work-shiftwork-shift– un-sampled portion usually assumed to be un-sampled portion usually assumed to be

the same as sampled portion unless proven the same as sampled portion unless proven otherwiseotherwise



Assess the health risk(s)Assess the health risk(s)



•ChanceChance

•FrequencyFrequency

•DurationDuration

•ConcentrationConcentration

Statistical AnalysisStatistical Analysis

There areThere are

lies,lies,

damn lies,damn lies,

& statistics!& statistics!




donedone


Record the Risk AssessmentRecord the Risk Assessment




donedone



Review the Risk AssessmentReview the Risk Assessment




use?use?

NoNo

YesYes




donedone


planplan

dodo

actact checkcheck

The review is part of a continuous The review is part of a continuous improvement process.improvement process.




donedone

WORKPLACE CONTROLWORKPLACE CONTROL

Hierarchy of ControlHierarchy of Control

PPEPPE

AdministerAdminister

EngineerEngineer

SubstituteSubstitute

EliminateEliminate

EliminationElimination

• Sometimes a step in a process is not Sometimes a step in a process is not needed and can be eliminated.needed and can be eliminated.

• Understanding the process is the only Understanding the process is the only way this can be done way this can be done

• Most effective in the design stage of a Most effective in the design stage of a process. process.

SubstitutionSubstitution

• The use of one substance may present The use of one substance may present less hazards than another.less hazards than another.

• Many uses of solvents such as xylene Many uses of solvents such as xylene have been replaced by aqueous citrus have been replaced by aqueous citrus based solutions, resulting in benefits to based solutions, resulting in benefits to both worker health and the both worker health and the environment.environment.

Engineering ControlsEngineering Controls

• The design and use of appropriate work The design and use of appropriate work processes, with an emphasis on the processes, with an emphasis on the control of exposure at source.control of exposure at source.

• Usual focus on local exhaust ventilation Usual focus on local exhaust ventilation systems. Other options, usually paired systems. Other options, usually paired with ventilation include containment.with ventilation include containment.

Administrative ControlsAdministrative Controls

• Reducing periods of exposure.Reducing periods of exposure.

• Exclusion of non-essential personnel.Exclusion of non-essential personnel.

• Personal hygiene arrangements.Personal hygiene arrangements.

• Control of access to hazardous areas.Control of access to hazardous areas.

Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment

• Only intended to be used wOnly intended to be used where here adequate control of exposure cannot be adequate control of exposure cannot be achieved by other means. achieved by other means.

• Must be compatible with other controls.Must be compatible with other controls.

Respirator Program ElementsRespirator Program Elements

• Used if substitution or engineering Used if substitution or engineering changes are not feasible, while they are changes are not feasible, while they are being installed, or in emergencies. being installed, or in emergencies.

• A written program is required.A written program is required.

• Medical Surveillance needed to determine Medical Surveillance needed to determine suitability with the exception of voluntary suitability with the exception of voluntary filtering face piece respirators (i.e. dust filtering face piece respirators (i.e. dust mask). mask).

Respirator Program ElementsRespirator Program Elements

• No respirator to be issued to any No respirator to be issued to any employee with conditions which prevents a employee with conditions which prevents a good face seal. (Beards, facial scars, and good face seal. (Beards, facial scars, and temple bars of glasses that may interfere, temple bars of glasses that may interfere, etc)etc)

Respiratory Protective Respiratory Protective Equipment TypesEquipment Types

• Air PurifyingAir Purifying– Clean the air the worker is inClean the air the worker is in

• Supplied Air (Atmosphere Supplying)Supplied Air (Atmosphere Supplying)– Provide air from elsewhereProvide air from elsewhere

Breathing Air QualityBreathing Air Quality

The air being suppliedThe air being supplied must be quality tested must be quality tested to ensure that it is safe to breathto ensure that it is safe to breath

• Carbon dioxide < 500 ppm Carbon dioxide < 500 ppm

• Carbon monoxide < 5 ppmCarbon monoxide < 5 ppm

• Oil mist < 0.5 mg/m³Oil mist < 0.5 mg/m³

The air must be free from odour and particles The air must be free from odour and particles and toxic or irritating ingredients. It should and toxic or irritating ingredients. It should also be at a comfortable temperature.also be at a comfortable temperature.

Respirator Fit TestingRespirator Fit Testing

There are two types of fit testing:There are two types of fit testing:• Qualitative fit testing (QLFT)Qualitative fit testing (QLFT)• Quantitative fit testing (QNFT)Quantitative fit testing (QNFT)

Both types require subjects to perform a Both types require subjects to perform a series of motions and speak while series of motions and speak while wearing the respirator.wearing the respirator.

With either method the user must perform With either method the user must perform fit checkingfit checking each time the respirator is each time the respirator is donned to ensure a proper fit.donned to ensure a proper fit.

Respirator Fit TestingRespirator Fit Testing

Quantitative fit testing Quantitative fit testing compares the compares the measured concentration of a test agent measured concentration of a test agent inside the face mask with that outside to inside the face mask with that outside to calculate a fit factor.calculate a fit factor.

Qualitative fit testing uses a user response Qualitative fit testing uses a user response (smell, taste or irritation) to detect the (smell, taste or irritation) to detect the test agent and a fit factor is assigned.test agent and a fit factor is assigned.




use?use?

NoNo

YesYes




donedone



use?use?

YesYes


WhoWho

WhatWhat

HowHow



WhoWho

•Conducts the Conducts the assessmentassessment

•Is affected by the Is affected by the substance(s)substance(s)



WhoWho

WhatWhat

•SubstancesSubstances

•PathwaysPathways



WhoWho

WhatWhat

HowHow


•EffectsEffects






•ChanceChance

•FrequencyFrequency

•DurationDuration

•ConcentrationConcentration





donedone

Decide what need to be doneDecide what need to be done




donedone


Record the risk assessmentRecord the risk assessment




donedone




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Qual/quant/WEL/PEL/LOD......cutting through the jargon and making sense of IH Sean Mahar, PhD, CIH,...

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