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QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIESBASED ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAG
AND OTHER MATERIAL REMAINS
Vincent Serneels
Sébastien Perret
Mineralogy and PetrographyDepartement of Geoscience
University of FribourgSwitzerland
[email protected] [email protected]/mineral/archmet
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Production line :
Sequence of technical steps from the raw material to the finished object.
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Natural ore
Extracted ore
Extraction
Refuse
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Natural ore
Extracted ore
Extraction
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Processing
Refuse
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Natural ore
Extracted ore
Extraction
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Processing
Refuse
Raw iron
Reduction
Slag Direct method of reduction :
• Bloomery process
• Solid state
• FeO + CO Fe + CO2
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Natural ore
Extracted ore
Extraction
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Processing
Refuse
Raw iron
Reduction
Slag Direct method of reduction :
• Bloomery process
• Solid state
• FeO + CO Fe + CO2
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Natural ore
Extracted ore
Extraction
Refuse
Concentrated ore
Processing
Refuse
Raw iron
Reduction
Slag
Finished object
Smithing
Slag
• Plastic deformation (hammering / heating)
• Welding
• Heat treatment (annealing / quenching)
• Control of oxydation / carburization
Smithing
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Smithing depends on :
• Quality of the metal
Physical characteristics :
• Compact / homogenous
bar iron
• Uncompacted / heterogeneous
bloom iron
• Small pieces
scrap
Chemistry : • % carbon
• % other elements : P, S, N, Mn, Ni, 0...
Smithing
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Smithing depends on :
• Quality of the metal
• Type of object to produce
Kind of object :
• Simple nail
• Complex composite bladeiron + steel
Size of object :
• Small nail 10 g
knife 100 g
axe 1000 g
• Large anchor 10000 g
Sharpening, polishing, decoration
Smithing
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Smithing depends on :
• Quality of the metal
• Type of object to produce
• Know-how of the smith
Qualification :
• Heat treatments
- annealing
- quenching
• Welding
• etc...
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Contribution to slag formation :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Related to time / temperature
• Related to the size of the section
Formation of a slag rich in iron oxides :
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Contribution to slag formation :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
Formation of a slag rich in iron oxides :
• Related to time / temperature
• Related to the size of the section
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Contribution to slag formation :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Poorly consolidated metal
Fe
Formation of a slag with iron particles :
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Formation of a slag rich in silica :Contribution to slag formation :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Poorly consolidated metal
Fe
• Use of flux
SiO2
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Other elements participate with various chemical elements :
Contribution to slag formation :
• Hot oxidation
FeO
• Poorly consolidated metal
Fe
• Use of flux
SiO2
• Other effects
K2O, CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3...
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags
• Characteristic morphology
• Most typical smithing residue
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags
• Characteristic morphology
• Most typical smithing residue
• 1 cooling structure
Formed between lighthing and extinguishing of the fire
• 1 unit of work
1 day ?
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and weight
As a general rule :
The weight is proportional to the quantity of work
Ø h weight
Small 5 cm 1 cm 50 gr
Normal 15 cm 3 cm 300 gr
Large 30 cm 10 cm 3000gr
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and weight
• Shape
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and weight
• Shape
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Variability of PCB slags :
• Dimensions and weight
• Shape
• Composition
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Smithing slags
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags
• Weight of PCB = quantity of work
• Composition of PCB = Type of work
Assembly of PCBs activity of a workshop
Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland
V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg
Vincent Serneels
Sébastien Perret
Mineralogy and PetrographyDepartement of Geoscience
University of FribourgSwitzerland
[email protected] [email protected]/mineral/archmet