“JAI SHREE RAM”

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A WRONG TURN BY QUANTUM DOTS RESULTED TOXICITY

AMIT SINGH B.Pharmacy(final year)Bharat Bhushan Assistant Professor(JCDM College of Pharmacy)

Jagdish Chander Associate Professor(JCDM College of Engg.)2

4th National Conference on “Recent Advances in Engineering Technology and Environmental issues (RAETE)” 

J.C.D.M.College of Engineering,Sirsa

Thursday, Feb23, 2012

Introduction Quantum Dots (QDs), a heterogeneous class of

engineered nanoparticles that are both semiconductors and fluorophores, are rapidly emerging as an important class of nanoparticles with numerous potential applications ranging from medicine to energy.

Basic structure of QD are nanocrystals composed of a semiconductor core encased within a shell comprised of a second semiconductor material.

A typical QD has a diameter in the range of 2–10 nm, which is comparable with the size of a large protein.

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Basic Structure of QD’s

Applications of Quantum Dots The ability to tune the size

of quantum dots is advantageous for many applications. For instance, larger quantum dots have a greater spectrum-shift towards red compared to smaller dots, and exhibit less pronounced quantum properties. Conversely, the smaller particles allow one to take advantage of more subtle quantum effects.

Computing

Biology

Photovoltaic devices

Light emitting devices

Photodetector devices

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COMPUTING Quantum dot technology is one of the most promising

candidates for use in solid-state quantum computation. By applying small voltages to the leads, the flow of electrons through the quantum dot can be controlled and thereby precise measurements of the spin and other properties therein can be made. With several entangled quantum dots, or qubits, plus a way of performing operations, quantum calculations and the computers that would perform them might be possible.

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Biology Semiconductor quantum dots have also been employed for

in vitro imaging of pre-labelled cells. The ability to image single-cell migration in real time is expected to be important to several research areas such as embryogenesis, cancer metastasis,stem-cell therapeutics, and lymphocyte immunology.

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Solar Cells Photovoltaic effect:

• p-n Junction.• Sunlight excites

electrons and creates electron-hole pairs.

• Electrons concentrate on one side of the cell and holes on the other side.

• Connecting the 2 sides creates electricity.

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Light emitting devices9

Quantum dots are valued for displays, because they emit light in very specific Gaussian distributions. This can result in a display that more accurately renders the colours that the human eye can perceive. Quantum dots also require very little power since they are not colour filtered. Additionally, since the discovery of "white-light emitting" QD, general solid-state lighting applications appear closer than ever. A colour liquid crystal display (LCD), for example, is usually powered by a single fluorescent lamp (or occasionally, conventional white LEDs) that is colour filtered to produce red, green, and blue pixels. Displays that intrinsically produce monochromatic light can be more efficient, since more of the light produced reaches the eye.

PHOTODETECTOR DEVICES Quantum dot photodetectors (QDPs) can be fabricated either

via solution-processing, or from conventional single-crystalline semiconductors. Conventional single-crystalline semiconductor QDPs are precluded from integration with flexible organic electronics due to the incompatibility of their growth conditions with the process windows required by organic semiconductors. On the other hand, solution-processed QDPs can be readily integrated with an almost infinite variety of substrates, and also post processed atop other integrated circuits. Such colloidalQDPs have potential applications in surveillance, machine vision, industrial inspection, spectroscopy.

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A Wrong Turn By Quantum Dots Besides the above said positive features of Quantum dots, their

internal structure have several disadvantages which lead them to wrong path both inside the human and in external environment.

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Cytotoxic Effect

Environmental Toxicity

• Phytotoxicity• Marine Toxicity

A Road to Wrong Path

Mobility (transport and transfer

Ecotoxicity

Higher Reactivity

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Conclusion

General Conclusio

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• Application of Quantum Dots that they are useful in both in-vivo & in-vitro conditions due to their physiochemical properties e.g. in computing devices due to their controlled flow of electron, in human body due to their fluorescence property, larger binding sites to the bio molecules. Finally concluded that Quantum Dots may used in different fields by altering their surface property, internal structures, preparation techniques, coating material etc.

Conclusion Regarding

Environmental Toxicity &

Cytotoxicity of Quantum Dots

• “The release of toxic inorganic constituents during their weathering under acidic or alkaline conditions in the human body or the environment may cause unintended harm ”

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L. Jacak, P. Hawrylak, A. Wojs. Quantum dots. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998. “Quantum Dots Explained.” Evident Technologies. 2008.

<http://www.evidenttech.com/quantum-dots-explained.html>. Hanaki K, Momo A, Oku T, Komoto A, Maenosono S, Yamaguchi Y, Yamamoto K.

Semiconductor quantum dot/albumin complex is a long-life and highly photostable endosome marker. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003;302:496-501

Guo G, Liu W, Liang J, He Z, Xu H, Yang X. Probing the cytotoxicity of CdSe quantum dots with surface modification. Mater. Lett. 2007;61:1641-1644.

Hardman R. A toxicologic review of quantum dots: Toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006;114:165-172

Choi HS, Liu W, Misra P, Tanaka E, Zimmer JP, Itty Ipe B, Bawendi MG, Frangioni JV. Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Oct;25(10):1165-70. Epub 2007 Sep 23 (2007). "Renal clearance of quantum dots“. Nature biotechnology 25 (10): 1165–70.

Pelley JL, Daar AS, Saner MA. Toxicol Sci. 2009 Dec;112(2):276-96 (2009). "State of academic knowledge on toxicity and biological fate of quantum dots". Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 112 (2): 276–96.

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References