Oskar Painter, Jeff Kimble, Keith Schwab, Rana Adhikari, Yanbei Chen, Kerry Vahala, and Andrei Faraon
California Institute of Technology
3/27/2014
Quantum optics and optomechanics
optomechanical crystals
LIGO mirror
740nm
AMO: “Alligator” nanophotonic waveguide
quantum electro-mechanics
Precision measurement (quantum limits,
weak classical forces, gravity waves, etc.)
Laser and Atomic Physics
(optical forces, ultra-cold states of matter, etc.)
MEMS/NEMS (sensing, RF
comm., photonics, etc.)
K. Thorne
S. Chu
D. Wineland
T. Hansch A. Ashkin
W. Heisenberg
LIGO
LIGO mirror http://jilawww.colorado.edu/bec/
www.lehigh.edu/~influids/ Nichols and Hull
D. Rugar, single spin detector
AFM; Rohrer and Binnig
microtoroid
Optomechanics…some context
cavity-optomechanics: scale and geometry
Optical NEMS? •(sub)-picogram mass •GHz frequencies
diffraction limit
canonical “mirror on a spring” system
J. Chan, et. al, Nature, v478, pg. 89–92 (2011)
Cavity-optomechanical circuits
“printable” circuits for photons and phonons formed in the thin-film surface layer of a microchip Independent routing of acoustic and optical waves Strong localization of acoustic and optical energy leading to large radiation pressure effects
• Electromagnetically induced transparency/amplification (EIT/EIA) and slow light [1]
– Optical delay ~50 ns (advance ~1.4µs)
• Ground-state cooling [2] –
• Quantum zero-point motion [3]
– 40% asymmetry in Stokes/Anti-Stokes scattering sideband at 2.6 ± 0.2 phonon occupancy
• Coherent wavelength conversion [4] – 93(2)% internal (external) conversion efficiency
between 1400 nm and 1500 nm telecom wavelength bands
• Optical squeezing [5] – Modest squeezing of ~5% below shot-noise
demonstrated by reflecting coherent laser light off of a silicon micromechanical resonator
1D-OMC experiments…
[2] Chan et al., Laser cooling of a nanomechanical oscillator into its quantum ground state, Nature 2011
[1] Safavi-Naeini, Alegre et al., Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Slow Light with Optomechanics, Nature 2011 [3] Safavi-Naeini et al., Observation of quantum motion of a nanomechanical resonator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012 [4] Hill et al., Coherent wavelength conversion via cavity-optomechanics, Nature Communications 2012 [5] Safavi-Naeini et al., Squeezed light from a Silicon micromechanical resonator, in press 2013
Optomechanical Metamaterials from 2D OMCs
Dirac-like polaritons Synthetic gauge field
The Quantum Internet H. Jeff Kimble, “The Quantum Internet,” Nature (2008)
• Distribution of quantum entanglement • Teleportation of quantum states between
distant nodes • Relies on an efficient “quantum interconnect”
Superconducting Microwave Quantum Circuits
SC I SC Josephson Junction
Cirquit-QED atomic cavity-QED
Les Houches Lecture Series, “Superconducting Qubits and the Physics of Josephson Junctions,” J. M. Martinis and K. Osborne; Phys. Scr., “Circuit QED and engineering charge-based superconducting qubits,” S M Girvin, M H Devoret and R J Schoelkopf
Why mechanics as an electro-optical interface? Because it works already for microwave photons…
And more recently for optical photons…
Si3N4 Through Chip Membrane Devices
Etch through Si wafer leaving 300 nm thick Si3N4 membrane
64 LC circuits & SiN nanobeams on 4 membranes
Drastic reduction of Cs: 12 fF (meander) 2.5 fF (coils) @ 12 GHz Si3N4: High resistivity, small loss tangent, high stress, high Qm and Qo, v-groove fiber-chip coupling
Transmission Line
Coil on a Membrane Circuit
< 50 nm capacitor slots 500 MHz breathing
mode
Ultimately we need to do this cold (and efficiently)
efficient
cold
Single-sided coupling
η~0.88
<50nm
Small slot-gaps
5 µm 1D-OMC cavity
free-space coupler
Coupling waveguide
Fiber coupling
Quantum Optics & Atomic Physics with 1-d Photonic Crystals
Strong coupling in cQED
Large atom-photon interaction
Enhanced atom-photon coupling near the photonic band edge
Wave-vector “engineering”
• Long-range atom-atom interactions mediated by photons • Quantum many-body physics for internal & external degrees of freedom • Precision vacuum-force measurements
Building Blocks for Scalable Quantum Information Processing*
*D. Chang, L. Jiang, A. Gorshkov & H.J. Kimble, New J. Phys. 14 063003 (2012)
High fidelity quantum bus for state transfer & entanglement distribution
Nano-photonic waveguide
Creation of arbitrary quantum state ψ for the atomic “spin” chain
Coherent mapping of atomic spin state ψ to and from propagating optical fields
Atom-Light Interactions in Photonic Crystals A. Goban, C.-L. Hung, S.-P. Yu, J. Hood, J. Muniz, J. H. Lee, M. Martin, A. McClung, K. Choi, D. Chang, O. Painter & J. Kimble – arXiv:1312.3446
An integrated nanophotonic “optical circuit” for atomic physics, quantum optics, and quantum information science
Atom-Light Interactions in Photonic Crystals A. Goban, C.-L. Hung, S.-P. Yu, J. Hood, J. Muniz, J. H. Lee, M. Martin, A. McClung, K. Choi, D. Chang, O. Painter & J. Kimble – arXiv:1312.3446
SEM of APCW – Alligator Photonic Crystal Waveguide
250nm
Band diagram calculated from SEM
Measured reflection spectrum for APCW -
Band structure in good agreement with our reflection measurements
Cold atom device loading into the Alligator PCW
Ni ~ 107 Cs atoms at ρ ~ 2x1011/cm3
T ~ 20μK
Aki Goban Chen-Lung Hung Jonathan Hood Su-Peng Yu
Nf ~ 106 Cs atoms at ρ ~ 2x1010/cm3
T ~ 20μK
1 mm
Optical fiber butt-coupled to SiN device
Jae Lee Juan Muniz Andrew McClung Mike Martin
SiN device – 1-d photonic
crystal waveguide
atom-light coupling
740nm
Model and Measurement for Reflection Spectra Alligator Photonic Crystal Waveguide – APCW
Atom-induced cavities and tunable long-range interactions between atoms trapped near photonic crystals
J. Douglass, H. Habibian, A. Gorshkov, J. Kimble & D. Chang, arXiv:1312.2435
Towards functional quantum memories for trapped atoms in photonic crystal waveguides (PCW)
Cavity QED without mirrors – “all-atom” cQED with dynamic tuning of cavity and atomic interactions Extend to lambda and butterfly atomic level schemes
Design diverse spin-spin interaction Hamiltonians Tailor functional form for interaction: HI ~ 1/rα (e.g., with α =1 “Coulomb” interaction)
Oskar Painter, Jeff Kimble, Keith Schwab, Rana Adhikari, Yanbei Chen, Kerry Vahala, and Andrei Faraon
California Institute of Technology
3/27/2014
Quantum optics and optomechanics
optomechanical crystals
LIGO mirror
740nm
AMO: “Alligator” nanophotonic waveguide
quantum electro-mechanics