Quantum Singularities in Static and Conformally
Static Space-Times
Debbie Konkowski (USNA) & Tom Helliwell (HMC)
Ae100prg – Prague, Czech Republic – June 25-29, 2012
1. Singularities a. Classical b. Quantum2. Static space-times – History and Examples3. Conformally static space-timesa. FRW with Cosmic Stringb. Roberts c. HMN (in progress)d. Fonarev (in progress)4. Discussion5. Acknowledgements
Outline
o smooth, C∞ , paracompact, connected Hausdorff manifold M
o Lorentzian metric g
Space-time (M,g)
Space-time is smooth!
“singular” point must be cut out of space-time
⇒ leaves hole ⇒ incomplete curves ⇒ boundary points
Singularity????
Complete: ST ( M, g) + Boundary (∂M)
Cauchy completeness only works with Riemannian metric, not Lorentzian.
How do we complete ST?
How do we define a boundary ∂Mto space-time????
a (abstract) - boundary (Scott and Szekeres (1994))
b (bundle) - boundary (Schmidt (1971))
c (causal) - boundary (Geroch, Kronheimer and Penrose (1972))
g (geodesic) – boundary (Geroch (1968))
Singularities as Boundary Points
“ a singularity is indicated by incomplete geodesics or incomplete curves of bounded acceleration in a maximal space-time” (Geroch (1968))
Classical Singularity
Singular point q⇓
Does Rabcd or its kth derivative diverge in some PPON frame?⇙⇘
no yes (Ck quasiregular (Ck curvature singularity) singularity) ⇓ Does a scalar in gab, nabcd and Rabcd or its kth derivative diverge?
⇙⇘ no yes (Ck nonscalar (Ck scalar
curvature sing. ) curvature sing.)
Singularity Types (Ellis and Schmidt (1977))
What happens if instead of classical particle paths (timelike and null geodesics) one used quantum mechanical particles (QM waves) to identify singularities????
Quantum Wavesvs.
Classical Geodesics
A space-time is QM nonsingular if the evolution of a test scalar wave packet,
representing a quantum particle, is uniquely determined by the initial wave packet,
manifold and metric, without having to put boundary conditions at a classical
singularity.
Horowitz and Marolf (1995):
TECHNICALLY: A static ST is QM-singular if the spatial portion of the Klein-Gordon operator is not essentially self-adjoint on C0
∞(Σ) in L2 (Σ).
An operator, A, is called self-adjoint if (i) A = A*
(ii) Dom(A) = Dom(A*) where A* is the adjoint of A.
An operator is essentially self-adjoint if (i) is met and (ii) can be met by expanding the domain of the operator or its adjoint so that it is true.
Essentially Self- Adjoint
1. von Neumann criterion of deficiency indices:study solutions to A*Ψ = ± iΨ, where A is the spatial K-G operator and find the number that are self-adjoint for each i.
2. Weyl limit point-limit circle criterion: relate essential self-adjointness of Hamiltonian operator to behavior of the “potential” in an effective 1D Schrodinger Eq., which in turn determines the behavior of the scalar wave packet.
Tests for Essential Self-Adjointness
To study the quantum particle propagation in spacetimes, we use massive scalar
particles described by the Klein–Gordon equation and the limit circle–limit point criterion ofWeyl (1910).
In particular, we study the radial equation in a one-dimensional Schrodinger form with a ‘potential’ and
determine the number of solutions that are square integrable. If we obtain a unique solution,
without placing boundary conditions at the location of the classical singularity,
we can say that the solution to the full Klein–Gordon equation is quantum-mechanically nonsingular.
The results depend on spacetime metric parameters and wave equation modes.
Technique
Basic References:
1. R.M. Wald, J. Math. Phys. 21, 2802 (1980)
2. G.T. Horowitz and D. Marolf, Phys. Rev. D 52, 5670 (1995)
3. A. Ishibashi and A. Hosoya, Phys. Rev. D 60, 104028 (1999)
Quantum Singularity History
Review Articles on Quantum Singularities
1. Quantum Singularities in Static Spacetimes. Joao Paulo M. Pitelli, Patricio S. Letelier (Campinas State U., IMECC). Oct
2010. 14 pp. Published in Int.J.Mod.Phys. D20 (2011) 729-743 e-Print: arXiv:1010.3052 [gr-qc]
Includes: Math Review Cosmic String Global Monopole BTZ Space-time (massive field – QM singular; massless field – QM non-singular)
2. Quantum singularities in static and conformally
static space-times D.A. Konkowski, T.M. Helliwell Comments: 16 pages, 8th Friedmann Seminar, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, 30 May - 3 June, 2011 Journal-ref: International Journal of Modern Physics A,
Vol.26, No.22 (2011) 3878-3888 arXiv:1112.5488 (gr-qc)
cont.
Classical and quantum properties of a two-sphere singularit
y. T.M. Helliwell (Harvey Mudd Coll.), D.A. Konkowski (
Naval Academy, Annapolis). 2010. 10 pp. Published in Gen.Rel.Grav. 43 (2011) 695-701 e-Print: arXiv:1006.5231 [gr-qc] Quantum singularities in (2+1) dimensional matter coupled
black hole spacetimes. O. Unver, O. Gurtug (Eastern Mediterranean U.). Apr 2010. 21 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D82 (2010) 084016 e-Print: arXiv:1004.2572 [gr-qc]
Previous Work on Quantum Singularities – Static STs
arXiv:hep-th/0602207 Title: Scalar Field Probes of Power-Law Space-Time Singularities Authors: Matthias Blau, Denis Frank, Sebastian Weiss Comments: v2: 21 pages, JHEP3.cls, one reference added Journal-ref: JHEP0608:011,2006 arXiv:0911.2626 Title: Quantum Singularities Around a Global Monopole Authors: João Paulo M. Pitelli, Patricio S. Letelier Comments: 5 pages, revtex Journal-ref: Phys.Rev.D80:104035,2009 arXiv:0805.3926 Title: Quantum singularities in the BTZ spacetime Authors: João Paulo M. Pitelli, Patricio S. Letelier Comments: 6 pages, rvtex, accepted for publication in PRD Journal-ref: Phys.Rev.D77:124030,2008 arXiv:0708.2052 Title: Quantum Singularities in Spacetimes with Spherical and Cylindrical Topological Defects Authors: Paulo M. Pitelli, Patricio S. Letelier Comments: 7 page,1 fig., Revtex, J. Math. Phys, in press Journal-ref: J.Math.Phys.48:092501,2007
And more…
arXiv:1006.3771 Title: "Singularities" in spacetimes with diverging higher-order curvature invariants Authors: D.A. Konkowski, T.M. Helliwell Comments: 3 pages, no figures, submitted to the Proceedings of the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity and Gravitation, Paris, July 13-18, 2009
arXiv:1006.3743 Title: Quantum particle behavior in classically singular spacetimes Authors: D.A. Konkowski, T.M. Helliwell Comments: 3 pages, no figures, submitted to Proceedings of the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity and Gravitation, Paris, July 13-18, 2009
arXiv:gr-qc/0701149 Title: Quantum healing of classical singularities in power-law spacetimes Authors: T. M. Helliwell, D. A. Konkowski Comments: 14 pages, 1 figure; extensive revisions Journal-ref: Class.Quant.Grav.24:3377-3390,2007
arXiv:gr-qc/0412137 Title: Mining metrics for buried treasure Authors: D.A. Konkowski, T.M. Helliwell Comments: 16 pages, no figures, minor grammatical changes, submitted to Proceedings of the Malcolm@60 Conference (London, July 2004) Journal-ref: Gen.Rel.Grav. 38 (2006) 1069-1082
arXiv:gr-qc/0410114 Title: Classical and Quantum Singularities of Levi-Civita Spacetimes with and without a Positive Cosmological Constant Authors: D.A. Konkowski, C. Reese, T.M. Helliwell, C. Wieland Comments: 14 pages, no figures, submitted to Proceedings of the Workshop on Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Blackholes and Naked Singularities (Milan, May 2004)
arXiv:gr-qc/0408036 Title: Quantum Singularities Authors: D.A. Konkowski, T.M. Helliwell, C. Wieland Comments: 5 pages, no figures, references current Journal-ref: Gravitation and Cosmology: Proceedings of the Spanish Relativity Meeting 2002, ed. A. Lobo (Barcelona, Spain:
University of Barcelona Press, 2003) 193
arXiv:gr-qc/0402002 Title: Are classically singular spacetimes quantum mechanically singular as well? Authors: D.A. Konkowski, T.M. Helliwell, V. Arndt Comments: 3 pages, no figures, submitted to the Proceedings of the Tenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity, Rio
de Janeiro, July 20-26, 2003
arXiv:gr-qc/0401040 Title: Definition and classification of singularities in GR: classical and quantum Authors: D.A. Konkowski, T.M. Helliwell Comments: 3 pages, no figures, submitted to Proceedings of the Tenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity, Rio de
Janeiro, July 20-26, 2003
arXiv:gr-qc/0401038 Title: "Singularity" of Levi-Civita Spacetimes Authors: D.A. Konkowski, T.M. Helliwell, C. Wieland Comments: 3 pages, no figures, submitted to Proceedings of the Tenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity, Rio de
Janeiro, July 20-26, 2003
arXiv:gr-qc/0401009 Title: Quantum singularity of Levi-Civita spacetimes Authors: D.A. Konkowski, T.M. Helliwell, C. Wieland Journal-ref: Class.Quant.Grav. 21 (2004) 265-272
Test for Quantum Singularity using
Conformally Coupled Scalar Field and
Associated Inner Product
Idea comes from Ishibashi and Hosoya (1999) who used it for “wave regularity”
Conformally Static Space-Times
is
|g|-1/2 (|g|1/2 gαβ Φ,β),α = ξ R Φ
where
ξ is the coupling constant and
R is the scalar curvature
Klein-Gordon w/ general coupling
“As is well-known, in the conformally coupled scalar field case, that is ξ = (d – 2)/4(d -1) for any spacetime dimension d, the field equation is invariant under the conformal transformations of the metric and the field, guv(x) guv(x) = C2(x) guv(x), φ φ = C(2-d)/2 φ.Since Tc
uv = C2-d Tcuv , the corresponding inner
product is conformally invariant.” I and H (1999)
Conformally Static Spacetimes
4 Examples:
1. FRW with Cosmic String
2. Roberts Space-time
3. HMN Space-time (in progress)
4. Fonarev Space-time (in progress)
Conformally Static Space-times
Model by Davies and Sahni (1988)
ds2 = a2(t) (-dt2 + dr2 + β2 r2 dφ2 + dz2)
where
β = 1 – 4μ and μ is the mass per unit length of the cosmic string. This metric is conformally static (actually conformally flat).
FRW with Cosmic String
a(t) = 0 : Scalar curvature singularity
β2 ≠ 1 : Quasiregular singularity
The latter is in the related static metric, it is timelike, and we will investigate its quantum singularity structure.
Classical Singularity Structure
Klein-Gordon Equation with general coupling:
|g|-1/2 (|g|1/2 gαβ Φ,β),α = (M2 + ξ R) Φ
With mode solutions
Φ ≈ T(t) H(r) eimφ eikz
where the T-eqn alone contains M and R,
Quantum Singularity Structure
The radial equation is
H’’ + (1/r) H’ + (-k2 – q – (m2/β2r2)) H = 0.
Let r = x and H = x u(x) to get correct inner product and 1D Schrodinger Equation,
u’’ + (E – V(x))u = 0
Where E = -k2 – q and V(x) = (m2 – β2/4)/β2x.
Schrodinger Form of Radial Equation
Near zero, V(x) is limit point if m2/β2 ≥ 1.
The m = 0 mode is clearly limit circle so the singularity is
Quantum Mechanically Singular
Quantum Singularity Structure
The Roberts (1989 ) metric is
ds2 = e2t (-dt2 + dr2 + G2(r) dΩ2)
where
G2(r) = ¼[ 1 + p – (1 – p) e-2r](e2r -1).
It is conformally static, spherically symmetric and self-similar. Classical scalar curvature singularity at r = 0 for 0 < p < 1 that is timelike.
Roberts Space-time
Klein-Gordon Equation with general coupling:
|g|-1/2 (|g|1/2 gαβ Φ,β),α = (M2 + ξ R) Φ
With mode solutions
Φ ≈ T(t) H(r) Ylm(θ, ϕ)
where the T-eqn alone contains M,
Quantum Singularity Structure
QM singular if ξ < 2
QM non-singular if ξ ≥ 2
Therefore,
1. Minimally coupled ξ =0 is QM singular
2. Conformally coupled ξ =1/6 is also QM singular
Quantum Singularity Structure
The HMN (Husain-Martinez-Nunez, 1994 ) metric is
ds2= (at+b) [-(1-2c/r)α dt2 + (1-2c/r)-α dr2
+ r2 (1-2c/r)1-α dΩ2],
where1. c=0: non-static, conformally flat, no time-like singularity
2. c≠0 and a=0: static, time-like singularity
3. c≠0 and a=-1: non-static, BH, time-like singularity at r=2.
HMN Space-time (in progress)
Klein-Gordon Equation with general coupling:
|g|-1/2 (|g|1/2 gαβ Φ,β),α = (M2 + ξ R) Φ
With mode solutions
Φ ≈ T(t) H(r) Ylm(θ, ϕ).
Quantum Singularity Structure
Massless and Minimally coupled – QM SINGULAR
Massive, generally coupled and, in particular, conformally coupled – IN PROGRESS
Quantum Singularity Structure
The Fonarev (1994) metric is
ds2 = a2(n) ( -f2(r) dn2 + f-2(r) dr2 + S2(r) dΩ2),
where
f(r) = (1-2w/r)α/2, S(r) = r2(1-2w/r)1-α,
α = λ/(λ2+2)1/2, a(n) = |n/n0|2/(c-2), c=λ2,
with 0< λ2≤ 6 and λ2≠2.
There is a time-like singularities at r=0 and r=2w in this conformally static space-time. If α2=3/4, w=1, and n0=1, then this space-time overlaps with HMN.
Fonarev Space-time (in progress)
Klein-Gordon Equation with general coupling:
|g|-1/2 (|g|1/2 gαβ Φ,β),α = (M2 + ξ R) Φ
With mode solutions
Φ ≈ T(n) F(r) Ylm(θ, ϕ)..
Quantum Singularity Structure
Massless and minimally coupled – QM SINGULAR
Massive, generally coupled and, in particular, conformally coupled – IN PROGRESS
Quantum Singularity Structure
Horowitz and Marolf Technique to study
STATIC spacetimes for
Quantum Singularities is easily extended to
CONFORMALLY STATIC spacetimes.
DISCUSSION
Thanks to Queen Mary, University of London where much of this work was carried out, Professor Malcolm MacCallum for useful discussions and suggestions, and two USNA students B.T. Yaptinchay and S. Hall for discussions.
Acknowledgements