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Quarterly Test-1

Date : _________ Biology

BATCH Duration: 3 Hr. Max. Marks : 70 XI

Section – A 1. Which of the following taxonomic order is incorrect: (a) Kingdom Phylum Class (b) Class Order Family (c) Kingdom Class Phylum (d) Family Genus Species 2. In which class of Fungi asexual mode of reproduction is absent: (a) Phycomycetes (b) Ascomycetes (c) Deuteromycetes (d) Basidiomycetes 3. A plant shows rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete its life cycle because the male

gametes are motile. Identify the group to which it belongs to (a) Pteridophytes (b) Gymnosperms (c) Monocots (d) Bryophytes

OR Which of the following is not true of a eukaryotic cell? (a) It has 80S type of ribosome present in the mitochondria (b) It has 80S type of ribosome present in the cytoplasm (c) Mitochondria contain circular DNA (d) Membrane bound organelles are present

OR Dental formula in human beings is (a) 3223/3223 (b) 2123/2123 (c) 2312/2312 (d) 2913/2913 4. Name 2 organisms which cannot reproduce? 5. Deuteromycetes, commonly known as imperfect fungi, why?

Section – B 6. State two economically important uses of Heterotrophic bacteria and Archaebacteria? 7. Where does agar obtained from? Give its two commercial uses?

OR What is a mesosome in a prokaryotic cell? Mention the functions that it performs?

OR What are Crypts of lieberkuhn. Which cells are present in it? 8. Explain sexual reproduction in bacteria? 9. Why are living organisms classified? 10. What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify?

General instruction: 1. This question paper consists of 4 sections. 2. Section A contain 5 questions of 1 mark each. 3. Section B contain 7 questions of 2 marks each. 4. Section C contain 12 questions of 3 marks each. 5. Section D contain 3 questions of 5 marks each. 6. Subjective questions have to be answered separately in answer sheets. 5. Choices are given wherever applicable.

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11. Mention the ploidy of the following-: (i) Protonemal cell of a moss (ii) Primary endosperm nucleus in dicot (iii) Leaf cell of a moss (iv) Prothallus cell of a fern

OR Differentiate between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

OR Explain the term thecodont and diphyodont? 12. What do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘red-tides’ signify?

Section – C 13. Give one word or a line for following-: (a) Bacteria that live in salty areas (b) Who proposed five kingdom classification (c) In viruses, Capsomeres are usually arranged in ____________________ geometric forms. (d) Smallest cell (e) Specialized cell of Cyanobacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen. (f) The genome of Plant viruses are generally __________. 14. How is a key helpful in the identification and classification of an organism? 15. What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.

OR What is a centromere? How does the position of centromere form the basis of classification of

chromosomes. Support your answer with a diagram showing the position of centromere on different types of chromosomes.

OR Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes, yet it is important for digestion. Why? 16. Name the fungi responsible for leaf rust of wheat. Write the economic importance of fungi? 17. Who gave the binomial nomenclature. What are the universal rules of nomenclature? 18. (i) Name 2 groups of organisms which are acellular. (ii) Why did Whittaker not put viruses in five kingdom classification? 19. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately. Give

two economic importance of gymnosperms? OR

Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? OR

What are the functions of liver? 20. Differentiate between different classes of algae?

OR Explain the structure of mitochondria?

OR How are polysaccharides and disaccharides digested? 21. Give one word or a line for following-: (a) In red algae reserved food material is __________________. (b) The germinating spore of _____________ give rise to protonema. (c) Bryophytes have ____________________ life cycle. (d) Double fertilization is a characteristic feature of _____________. (e) The gametophytic stage in a fern is represented by a green coloured____________. (f) Name an algae which has haplo-diplontic life cycle.

OR How do neutral solutes move across the plasma membrane? Can the polar molecules also move

across it in the same way? If not, then how are these transported across the membrane? OR

What would happen if HCl were not secreted in the stomach? 22. How are viroids different from viruses?

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23. Explain Haplontic life cycle. Give suitable examples? OR

Give one word or a line for following: (a) Which organelle provide colours to flowers. (b) The part of the chromosome which is present beyond the secondary constriction is called

____________. (c) Name 2 semi-autonomus organelles. (d) Name a unicellular organism which is binucleated. (e) Amyloplasts store ___________. (f) Which proteins are associated with chromosomes.

OR State the role of pancreatic juice in digestion of proteins? 24. What are the 3 steps in sexual reproduction of fungi?

Section – D 25. (i) Name the causative organism of Sleeping sickness and malaria? (ii) Write a short note on four major group of protozoans? [1+4] 26. Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (i) Archegonium (ii) Sporophyll (iii) Protonema (iv) Isogamy (v) Antheridium

OR (i) What are different types of ribosomes present in a prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell. Explain

their structure. What does ‘S’ stands in 70S and 80S. (ii) What are different types of plastids present in a plant cell?

OR What are the basic layers of the wall of alimentary canal. Explain with the help of a diagram?

Which layer forms villi and crypts of lieberkuhn. 27. What is taxonomic classification. Explain different hierarchical taxonomic categories with

suitable examples?

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Hints/Solutions to Quarterly Test-1

Date : _________ Biology

BATCH Duration: 3 Hr. Max. Marks : 70 XI

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d)

OR (a)

OR (b) 4. Mules, hinny, sterile worker bees, infertile human couples. 5. Because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known. No sexual reproduction

is known. 6. (a) Heterotrophic bacteria (i) They help in production of curd and cheese from milk. Ex – Lactic acid bacteria. (ii) They help in nitrogen fixation. Ex – Azotobacter, clostridium. (ii) Certain important antibiotics are also produced by them. Ex – streptomycin. (b) Archaebacteria (i) They are present in the gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes

and helps in fermentation of cellulose. (ii) They are also responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of

these animals. 7. Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria. (i) used to grow microbes and (ii) in preparations of ice-creams and jellies.

OR It is a special membranous structure, which is formed by the extensions of plasma membrane

into the cell. These extensions are in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae. FUNCTION (i)They help in cell wall formation. (ii) It helps in DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells. (iii) They also help in respiration (as they contain respiratory enzymes).

OR The mucosal epithelium of the villi extend down into the lamina propria where they form crypts

in between the bases of villi called as crypts of Lieberkuhn or intestinal glands. It contain multiple cells like enterocytes (absorbing water and electrolytes), goblet

cells (secreting mucus), enteroendocrine cells (secreting hormones), and at the base of the gland are present Paneth cells (secreting antibacterial lysozyme), Argentaffin cells (vasoconstrictor serotonin) and stem cells. Crypts are present in large intestine too, but all the cells may or may not be present.

8. Conjugation - The process in which two bacterial cells conjugate with the help of sex pili and fertility factor, is called conjugation. During the process, sex pilli is formed by the bacteria having fertility factor (F+) in its plasmid and got attached to the other bacteria without fertility factor (F-). The plasmid replicates and got transferred to the other bacterial cell.

9. (1) For easy identification of organisms. (2) For studying organisms.

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(3) To standardise the naming of living organisms (so an organism is known by only one name everywhere).

(4) To find similarities and dissimilarities between them. (5) To find evolutionary relationships between them. 10. Lichens are symbiotic associations i.e. mutually useful associations, between algae and fungi. 1. The algal component is known as phycobiont, which is autotrophic and prepare food via

photosynthesis. 2. The fungal component is known as mycobiont, which is heterotrophic and provide shelter,

anchoring and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner. 11. (i) (n – haploid) (ii) (3n – triploid) (iii) (n - haploid) (iv) (n - haploid)

OR

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

1) They retain crystal violet stain and appear purple/blue after gram staning procedure.

1) They do not retain crystal violet stain and appear red/pink after gram staning procedure.

2) Peptidoglycan layer is thick and multilayered. 2) Peptidoglycan layer is thin and 1-2 layered.

3) Periplasmic space is usually absent. 3) Periplasmic space is present.

4) Outer membrane is absent. 4) Outer membrane is present.

5) Lipid and lipoprotein content is low in cell wall.

5) Lipid and lipoprotein content is high in cell wall.

6) Cell wall contains virtually non-lipopolysaccharide content. 6) Cell wall has high lipopolysaccharide content.

7) Ex – Staphylococcus, streptococcus, Clostridium. 7) Ex – Salmonella, Vibrio.

OR Thecodont - In human, each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone. Such teeth are

described as thecodont. Diphyodont - Majority of mammals including human beings form two sets of teeth during their

life, a set of temporary milk or deciduous teeth replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth. This type of dentition is called diphyodont.

12. Algal bloom – It is the increase in the population of algae specially blue green algae (cyanobacteria), resulting in discolouration of water body. It leads to decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO) of water body and increase in biological oxygen demand (BOD) and make water unfit for aquatic organisms.

Red tides – Red tides are caused by red dinoflagellates (Example: Gonyaulax), which undergo rapid multiplication and make the sea appear red. Toxins released by such large numbers may even kill other marine animals such as fishes.

13. (a) Halophiles (b) R.H. Whittaker (c) helical or polyhedral. (d) Mycoplasma (e) Heterocyst (f) ss RNA 14. Key is an taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based on the

similarities and dissimilarities. It is a analytical device used by biologists for identifying unknown organisms. The key consists of a series of choices, based on observed features of the organism. A single pair of contrasting characters is called a couplet and each statement of a couplet is

termed a lead. It provides a choice between two opposite options (couplet), resulting in the acceptance of one

and the rejection of the other.

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By making the correct choice at each level of the key, one can eventually arrive at the name of the unknown organism.

Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category such as family, genus and species for identification purposes

15. Heterospory is the formation of two kinds of spores, large macrospore or megaspore and small microspore, by the same plant. SIGNIFICANCE

Precursor of seed habit - In heterosporous pteridophytes, the female gametophytes are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habit, and considered an important step in evolution.

Ex – Pteridophytes like Selaginella, Salvinia, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. OR

When chromosomes are replicated, there are two chromosome halves or chromatids. The two chromatids are attached to each other by a narrow area called centromere or primary constriction, on the sides of which disc shaped structures called kinetochores are present.

Based on the position of the centromere, the chromosomes can be classified into four types-: 1) Metacentric chromosome – The chromosome has middle centromere forming two equal arms

of the chromosome. 2) Sub-metacentric chromosome - Chromosome has centromere slightly away from the middle of

the chromosome resulting into one shorter arm and one longer arm. 3) Acrocentric chromosome – The chromosome the centromere is situated close to its end

forming one extremely short and one very long arm. 4) Telocentric chromosome - The chromosome has a terminal centromere, in the area of

telomere. OR

(i) It helps in Neutralization of HCI. (ii) It helps in emulsification of fat - bile salts – sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate

helps in breaking down large fats droplets in to into very small micelles. (iii) Bile also activates lipases. (iv) Excretion - Bile pigments - bilirubin (yellow colour) and biliverdin (green colour) are excretory

products. 16. Fungus responsible for leaf rust of wheat - Puccinia Fungi like yeast is used in -:

1) Brewing industry - to make alcoholic beverages like beer, wine. 2) Baking industry – to provide softness and sponginess to kneaded flour dough to make breads. 3) Fungi penicillium produces an important antibiotic penicillin.

17. Carolus Linnaeus. Other universal rules of nomenclature are as follows: 1. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. They are Latinised or

derived from Latin irrespective of their origin. 2. The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component

denotes the specific epithet. 3. Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately underlined, or

printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin. 4. The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet

starts with a small letter. It can be illustrated with the example of Mangifera indica. 5. Name of the author appears after the specific epithet, i.e., at the end of the biological name

and is written in an abbreviated form, e.g., Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus

18. (i) Virus and viroids. (ii) Viruses did not find a place in classification since they are not truly ‘living’. If we consider, Living as those organisms that have a cell structure, viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterised by having an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell. Once they infect a cell they take over the machinery of the host cell to replicate themselves, killing the host. Hence viruses are between living and non-living.

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19. Both Gymnosperms and angiosperms belongs to phanerogams (seed bearing plants), but in gymnosperms seeds are naked, they are freely exposed on megasporophylls. The seed are derived from ovules, but are not covered by fruit.

While, in angiosperms ovule form the seeds, which are enclosed by fruit (formed by ovary of flowers). So seed are not naked. Economic importance

1) Food – Seeds of some gymnosperms are edible. Ex – cycas, pinus. 2) Paper – A number of gymnosperms woods are used in manufacturing paper. 3) Fibre boards – Needles of pinus and other conifers are used in making fibre boards. 4) Resin – Secreted by many gymnosperms are used to obtain turpentine (used as solvent in

paints, polishes) and rosin (used in water proofing). 5) Medicinal uses – Drug ephedrine is obtained from a gymnosperm which is used in respiratory

ailments. 6) Ornamental uses – species of cycas are used for decorative purposes.

OR

PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL

1) The cell size is usually small. 1) The cell size is comparatively larger.

2) DNA is naked, without histone protein and is not bound by a nuclear membrane.

2) A well developed nucleus is present, bound by a nuclear membrane.

3) Nucleoid is equivalent to single chromosome. 3) Nucleus contains more than one chromosomes.

4) Membrane bound organelles are absent. 4) Membrane bound organelles are present.

5) Ribosomes are of 70S type. 5) Ribosomes are of 80S type, however, 70S ribosomes occurs in plastids and mitochondria.

6) Respiratory enzymes are associated with plasma membrane.

6) Respiratory enzymes are present in both cytoplasm as well as mitochondria.

7) Transcription and translation occurs in cytoplasm.

7) Transcription occurs in nucleus, while translation occurs in cytoplasm.

8) Protein synthesis occurs in cytoplasm. 8) Protein synthesis occurs in cytoplasm, mitochondria and plastids.

OR 1) Production of Bile - The liver secretes bile, which helps in the digestion of fats. 2) Glycogenesis - It is the conversion of the excess of glucose into glycogen by liver cells with the

help of insulin secreted by the pancreas. 3) Glycogenolysis - It is the conversion of glycogen into glucose by the liver cells with the help of

glucagon secreted by the pancreas. 4) Lipogenesis - It is the conversion of excess of glucose and amino acids into fats. 5) Gluconeogenesis - It is the formation of glucose or glycogen from non-carbohydrate sources

such as amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, etc. 6) Detoxification - Liver converts toxic substances into harmless substances e.g., harmful

prussic acid, formed during metabolism in all body cells, is neutralized and rendered harmless by liver cells.

7) Secretion of Heparin - Liver secretes heparin (anticoagulant). 8) Lymph Formation - Liver is an important seat of lymph formation.

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20. OR

OR

21.

1) Floridean starch. 2) Moss. 3) Haplo-diplontic. 4) Angiosperms. 5) Prothallus.

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6) Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps OR

ANSWER – Neutral solutes may move across the membrane by the process of simple diffusion along the concentration gradient, i.e., from higher concentration to the lower.

Polar molecules cannot move across it in the same way because plasma membrane is a non-polar lipid bilayer with several proteins.

As the polar molecules cannot pass through the nonpolar lipid bilayer, they require a carrier protein of the membrane to facilitate their transport across the membrane.

OR HCl is secreted by parietal or oxyntic cells of gastric glands. It serves the following functions:

1) It activates the pepsinogen and pro-rennin into their active form pepsin and rennin, which are principle proteolytic enzymes of stomach.

2) It provides the acidic pH (pH 1.8) optimal for working of enzyme pepsin. 3) It kills the harmful bacteria present in the food. Pepsin and rennin are the principle proteolytic enzymes of stomach. If these enzymes are not

activated by HCl then digestion of protein will not take place in stomach, and also the harmful bacteria can cause various diseases.

22.

VIRUS VIROID

1) It is a nucleoprotein particle. 1) It is a free RNA particle.

2) Nucleic acid can be DNA or RNA. 2) They are formed of only nucleic acid RNA, having low molecular weight.

3) A protein coat is present. 3) A protein coat is absent.

4) It has a comparative larger size. 4) They have a comparative smaller size.

5) It is known to infect all types of organisms, plants, animals, humans and bacteria. 5) It is known to infect only plants.

23. HAPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE The dominant, photosynthetic phase is the free-living gametophyte. Sporophytic generation is represented only by the one-celled zygote, sometimes called as

zygospore. There are no free-living sporophytes. The zygote undergoes meiosis (zygotic meiosis) to form haploid spores. Each spore germinates

(divide mitotically) to form haploid gametophyte (n). Ex - Many algae such as Volvox, Spirogyra and some species of Chlamydomonas.

OR

(i) chromoplasts.

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(ii) satellite body/ satellite. (iii) Mitochondria, chloroplasts. (iv) Paramecium caudatum. (v) carbohydrates (starch) (vi) histones and non-histones.

OR

24. Sexual reproduction in Fungi – It involves formation and union of two gametes or their nuclei. Sexual reproduction is absent in deuteromycetes. The various spores are produced in distinct structures called fruiting bodies. The sexual cycle involves the following three steps-:

(i) Plasmogamy - Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes called plasmogamy.

(ii) Karyogamy - Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy. In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n). However,

in other fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e., two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called a dikaryon and the phase is called dikaryophase of fungus.

Later, the parental nuclei fuse and the cells become diploid. (iii) Meiosis in zygote - The fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs, leading

to formation of haploid spores (n). 25. (i) sleeping sickness is caused by – Trypanosoma Malaria is caused by – plasmodium (malarial parasite)

(ii) There are four major groups of protozoans. 1) Amoeboid protozoans: These organisms live in fresh water, sea water or moist soil. They move and capture their prey by putting out pseudopodia (false feet) as in Amoeba. Marine forms have silica shells on their surface. Some of them such as Entamoeba are parasites. 2) Flagellated protozoans: The members of this group are either free-living or parasitic. They have flagella. The parasitic forms cause diaseases such as sleeping sickness. Example: Trypanosoma. 3) Ciliated protozoans: These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the presence of thousands of cilia. They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface. The coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes the water laden with food to be steered into the gullet. Example: Paramoecium. 4) Sporozoans: This includes diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle. The most notorious is Plasmodium (malarial parasite) which causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering effect on human population.

26.

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1) Archegonium – It is the multicellular flask shaped female sex organ in bryophytes, pteridophytes and many gymnosperms. Its swollen base is called venter, which contain female gamete or egg or oosphere. The cells of narrow neck liquefy to allow the male gametes to swim towards egg.

2) Sporophyll – It is a leaf like appendage or modified leaf that bears sporangia in which spores are produced. They may be arranged spirally along an axis to form a compact strobili or cone. In gymnosperms they can be of 2 types-: Microsporophyll – which bears a microsporangium in which the microspores are produced. They may clustered to form male strobili or cone. Megasporophyll – on which ovules are borne. They may clustered to form female strobili or cone.

3) Protonema - It is a creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous, gametophytic stage in the life cycle of moss. It is the first stage of gametophyte, which develops directly from spores and gave rise to new gametophytic plants.

4) Isogamy - It is a type of sexual reproduction, where fusion takes place between two identical gametes. The gametes are similar in size and structure and they show equal motility during sexual reproduction. Ex – Chlamydomonas (flagellated or motile and similar in size) and Spirogyra (non-flagellated or non-motile and similar in size).

5) Antheridium - The male sex organs in bryophytes and pteridophytes is known as antheridium. It is usually multicellular, having a wall of several layers, forming a sterile jacket, around developing gametes. It produces antherozoids or male gametes. Ex - Produces biflagellate antherozoids in bryophytes.

OR Prokaryotic – 70S – 50s and 30s Eukaryotic – 80s – 60s and 40 s Here ‘S’ (Svedberg’s Unit) stands for the sedimentation coefficient; it is indirectly a measure of density and size. Both 70S and 80S ribosomes are composed of two subunits.

1) LEUCOPLASTS - The leucoplasts are the colourless plastids of varied shapes and sizes with stored nutrients. Grana and photosynthetic pigments are absent. They can be of various types-:

(i) Amyloplasts - store carbohydrates (starch) (ii) Elaioplasts – These are colourless plastids which store oils and fats. (iii) Aleuroplasts (Proteoplasts or Proteinoplasts) – store proteins.

2) Chromoplasts – gives colour 3) Chloroplasts – for photosynthesis

OR The wall of alimentary canal from oesophagus to rectum possesses four layers-: 1) Serosa – It is the outermost layer and is made up of a thin mesothelium (epithelium of visceral

organs) with some connective tissues. 2) Muscularis – It is formed by smooth muscles usually arranged into an inner circular and an

outer longitudinal layer. An oblique muscle layer may be present in some regions. 3) Sub-mucosa – It is formed of loose connective tissues containing nerves, blood and lymph

vessels. In duodenum, glands are also present in sub-mucosa. 4) Mucosa – It is the innermost layer lining the lumen of the alimentary canal and forms

irregular folds (rugae) in the stomach and small finger-like foldings called villi in the small intestine. Mucosal epithelium has goblet cells which secrete mucus that help in lubrication. Mucosa also forms glands in the stomach (gastric glands) and crypts in between the bases of villi in the intestine (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Mucosal epithelium forms villi and crypts of lieberkuhn.

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27. A hierarchical system is used for classifying organisms to the species level. This system is called taxonomic classification.

Kingdom – It is the highest taxonomic category. Ex – Kingdom Animalia (Phylum - Chordata, Mollusca, Arthropoda).

Phylum / Division – A division or phylum is formed of one or more related classes. The term Phylum is used for animals and Division is commonly used for plants. Chordata (Class - mammals, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds)

Class – This category includes one or more related orders. EX - Mammalia (order Carnivora (tiger, cat, dog) and order Primates (monkey, gorilla)

Order – This category is the assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characters. Ex - Carnivora [Family - Felidae (cats) and Canidae (dogs)].

Family - It is a taxonomic category, which contains group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species. Ex - Felidae – [genus – Panthera (lion, tiger, leopard) and genus Felis (cats)].

Genus - This category comprises a group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera. Genera are aggregates of closely related species. Ex - Panthera [ species - Lion (Panthera leo), leopard (P. pardus) and tiger (P. tigris)].

Species - A group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities in all essential morphological and reproductive characters, so that they are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring is termed as a Species. Ex - Ex – In Homo sapiens (Human beings) – sapiens is the species.