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Quaternary EnvironmentsQuaternary EnvironmentsEcosystem Pattern and ProcessEcosystem Pattern and Process
Conservation IssuesConservation Issues
Patterns on the LandscapePatterns on the Landscape
Patterns of vegetation distributionPatterns of vegetation distribution Scale IssuesScale Issues Modern IssuesModern Issues
FragmentationFragmentation Barriers to migrationBarriers to migration Barriers to propagationBarriers to propagation
Patterns on the LandscapePatterns on the Landscape
Fig. 1-1 p. 2
World PopulationWorld Population
Human DisturbanceHuman Disturbance
Tropic of Capricorn
Equator
Predominantly naturalPartially disturbed
Human dominated
AntarcticCircle
Tropic ofCancer
ArcticCircle
North America by NightNorth America by Night
Food WebsFood Webs
Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels Food ChainsFood Chains Food WebsFood Webs
Food WebFood WebHuman
Blue whale Sperm whale
Crabeater seal
Killerwhale Elephant
seal
Leopardseal
Adéliepenguins Petrel
Fish
Squid
Carnivorous plankton
Krill
Phytoplankton
Herbivorouszooplankton
Emperorpenguin
Food ChainFood ChainFood ChainFood Chain
Deciduous Forest AnimalsDeciduous Forest AnimalsProducer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Bacteria
Fungi
Wood frog
Racer
Shagbark hickory
White-taileddeer
White-footedmouse
White oak
Graysquirrel
Hairywoodpecker
Broad-wingedhawk
Long-tailedweaselLong-tailedweasel
May beetleMay beetle
MountainwinterberryMountainwinterberry
Metallic wood-boringbeetle and
Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae
1500
1850
1870
1880
1906
The Demise of BisonThe Demise of Bison
Effects of Experimental Logging on Nitrate Effects of Experimental Logging on Nitrate Levels (Hubbard-Brook Experimental Forest)Levels (Hubbard-Brook Experimental Forest)
11
9
7
5
3
1
0J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M
1965 1966 1967 1968
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n(m
g/li
ter
-1)
Time ofdeforestation
Losses fromdisturbed watershed
Losses fromundisturbed watershed
Atmospheric CO2 for the Past 150,000 Atmospheric CO2 for the Past 150,000 YearsYears
Gross Primary ProductivityGross Primary Productivity
Preserve BoundariesPreserve Boundaries
Public LandsPublic LandsPublic LandsPublic Lands
Natural Resource Depletion; AmericansNatural Resource Depletion; AmericansGrizzlybear
NORTHAMERICA
Spottedowl
Black-footedferret
Kemp’sridleyturtle
Californiacondor
Goldentoad
Columbia haslost one-third ofits forest
Black liontamarin
SOUTHAMERICA
More than 60% of thePacific Northwestcoastal forest hasbeen cut down
40% of North America’srange and croplandhas lost productivity
Hawaiianmonk seal
Half of the forestin Honduras andNicaragua hasdisappeared
Mangrovesclearedin Equador for shrimp ponds
SouthernChile’s rainforest isthreatened
Little of Brazil’sAtlantic forestremains
Every year 14,000square kilometers ofrain forest is destroyedin the Amazon Basin
Coral reef destruction
Much of Everglades National Park has dried outand lost 90% of its wading birds
ATLANTICOCEAN
PACIFICOCEAN
Manatee
Chesapeake Bay is overfished and polluted
Fish catch in the north-west Atlantic has fallen42% since its peak in 1973
Humpbackwhale
St. Lawrencebeluga whaleEastern
cougar
Floridapanther
Environmental degradation
Vanishing biodiversity
Endangered species
6.0 or more childrenper woman
Natural Resource Depletion; Old WorldNatural Resource Depletion; Old World
EUROPE
Mediterranean
Liberia
AFRICA
Imperial eagle
640,000 square kilometerssouth of the Sahara haveturned to desert since 1940
Mali
BurkinaFaso
SierraLeone Togo
Sao Tome68% of theCongo’srain forestis slatedfor cleaning
Fish catches inSoutheast Atlantichave dropped by morethan 50% since 1973
Blackrhinoceros
Zambia
Angola
CongoRwandaBurundi
UgandaSomalia
Nigeria
ChadNigerBenin Golden
tamarin
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Madagascar haslost 66% of itstropical forest
Aye-aye
YemenOman
SaudiArabia
Poland is one ofthe world’s mostpolluted countries
Many parts offormer Soviet Unionare polluted withindustrial and radio-active waste
Area ofAral Sea hasShrunk 46%
Central Asia from theMiddle East to Chinahas lost 72% of rangeand cropland
ASIA
Asianelephant
India andSri Lankahave almostno rainforest left
In peninsular Malaysiaalmost all forests havebeen cut
INDIAN OCEAN
Indonesia’scoral reefs arethreatenedandmangroveforestshave beencut in half
Giantpanda
Kouprey
Queen Alexandra’sBirdwing butterfly
Nail-tailedwallaby
AUSTALIA
Much ofAustralia’srange andcroplandhave turnedto desert
90% of the coral reefsare threatened in thePhilippines. All virginforest will be goneby 2010
Deforestation in the Himalayacauses flooding in Bangladesh
Japanese timber importsare responsible for muchof the world’s tropicaldeforestation
Blue whale
ANTARCTICA
A thinning of the ozone layer occursover Antarctica during summer
Snow leopard
Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids
Primary Productivity of EcosystemsPrimary Productivity of EcosystemsPrimary Productivity of EcosystemsPrimary Productivity of Ecosystems
Gross primary productivity (GPP) Gross primary productivity (GPP) Net primary productivity (NPP) Net primary productivity (NPP)
Community Structure: Appearance and Species Community Structure: Appearance and Species DiversityDiversity
Community Structure: Appearance and Species Community Structure: Appearance and Species DiversityDiversity
Stratification
Species diversity
Species abundance
Niche structure Edge effects
Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession
Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession