Queen Mary TudorPrincess Mary
Education & Opposition
Securing the CrownMarriage ProspectsOpposition to Philip
Foreign AffairsTravel & EconomicsSpanish Naval PracticeWar with France
Domestic TransitionConservative Recovery
Marian CatholicismProtestant Retreat
Exile, Martyrdom, Nicodemism
England in November, 1558Mary, 1544, National Portrait Gallery
Princess Mary, b. 1516Early Years
Attractive & Gifted ChildMarriage Alliances (France, HRE, Scotland)Court Appearances; Dances“Great and uncommon mental endowments”
EducationMusic, Latin; Plato, More, ErasmusRenaissance Humanism
Opposition & IdentityBoleyn, K.A.’s Banishment from Court, ‘31Demoted from “Princess” (Elizabeth, ‘33)Relative Isolation from Circles of PowerCatholic Leader; Hope for ConservativesDefiance of E6’s Supremacy; Stalwart
Princess Mary, c. 1521-5; MiniatureNational Portrait Gallery
Securing the Crown, 1553Popular & Noble Support
Conservatives & Protestants AlikeAffirmed Act of Succession, ‘43Gardiner; Howard, Norfolk
Marriage ProspectsEngland’s 1st Queen RegnantEdward Courtenay, Earl of DevonG-g.son of Edward IV; DebauchedPhilip of Spain, Heir to Charles VPersonal, Political, Religious Choice
Opposition to PhilipForeign Ruler; Foreign EntanglementsParliament, Council, NobilityWyatt’s Rebellion, Jan./Feb. ‘54Treaty: Title but not Power of “King”Married: July 25, 1554
Queen Mary, 1554, by Hans EworthNational Portrait Gallery
Foreign AffairsTravel & Economics
Searching for New MarketsGuinea (W. Africa), Baltic, RussiaThe Muscovy Company, 1555Inherited Debt & Debased CoinageFinancial Reforms; Book of Rates, ‘58Benefit Felt by Elizabeth
Spanish Martial PracticePhilip and the English FleetOrganized Land Militia
War with France (Habsburg Rivalry)Not Economically WiseSummer, ‘57: Aid to SpainJanuary, ‘58: Loss of Calais Queen Mary, 1554, by Anthonis
MorMuseo Del Prado, Madrid, Spain
Domestic TransitionConservative Recovery
Turning the Clock Back to 1529Not Monastic Lands
Doctrinally Catholic, 1554 ->
Marian CatholicismReunion with RomePhilip’s Dominican EmployeesSpanish Tastes
Return of Cardinal Reginald PoleHumanist Reform; ReconciliationEducation; Diligence; High StandardsScholarly EpiscopateEdmund Bonner, Bishop of London
Cardinal Pole, post-1536;
Protestant RetreatExile
Emigrants to German, Swiss LandsFrankfurt, Saxony, Strasbourg, ZürichAbout 800 Total
Martyrdom: 1555-8Hugh Latimer & Nicholas Ridley, ‘55Thomas Cranmer, ’56John Rogers & Rowland TaylorArtisans & Laborers in the SEAbout 300 Total
NicodemismKeeping One’s Head Low; ConformityWilliam Cecil, Matthew Parker, ElizabethRoger Ascham, Richard Cheyney“Silent Majority” or General Apathy?
Cranmer’s End, Oxford, 1556Foxe’s A&M, 1563
England in November, 1558Domestic Situation
Economy: Debasement, Inflation; HarvestsTrade Disruptions; EpidemicsPolitics: Factions, Minority; Female RuleIllnesses; Rebellions; SuccessionReligion: Henrician Swings; Prot. AdvanceCatholic Return; Lay Apathy
Foreign RelationsFrance: Traditional Enemy; Auld AllianceCalais; Firmly CatholicSpain: Enemy or Ally?; Emerging HegemonyHabsburg HRE; Catholic PillarRome: Henry’s Break; Ed’s DenialMary’s Embrace & ReturnProtestant International: Germany/DmarkSwiss Cantons; Confessional Allegiance
Princess Elizabeth, c. 1546; Windsor Castle
