Queensland Development Code - hpw.qld.gov.au · Under section 14 of the Building Act 1975 ... title...

Queensland Development Code

Part 3.8 – Cyclone shelters

2 Queensland Development Code, Part 3.8 – Cyclone shelters

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______________________________________________________________ Publication date: 10 March 2017 Commencement date: XX XXX 2017

Table of Contents Guide to using the QDC part .................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1 Preliminary....................................................................................................................... 6 1 Name of QDC part ......................................................................................................................... 6 2 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................... 6 3 Application ..................................................................................................................................... 6 4 Requirements of BCA not varied ................................................................................................. 6 5 Referenced documents ................................................................................................................. 6 6 Definitions ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 Performance criteria and acceptable solutions .......................................................... 13 Appendix A1 – Requirements for external debris protection ............................................................ 48 Appendix A2 – Specification: Simulated windborne debris impact testing for external fabric of cyclone shelters .............................................................................................................................. 51 Appendix A3 – Specification: Simulated wind pressure testing for external fabric of cyclone shelters .............................................................................................................................. 53 Appendix B – Standardised site and building signage...................................................................... 54 Appendix C – Ventilation specifications: Venturi ducts .................................................................... 55 Appendix D – Specifications: Diesel generators ................................................................................ 56

Uninterruptible power source ......................................................................................................... 57 Appendix E – Specification: Central battery systems ....................................................................... 58 Appendix F – Dynamic thermal simulation and CFD simulation assessment ................................. 59 Appendix G – Ductwork connectivity with natural ventilation devices ............................................ 61 Appendix H – Required elements of a cyclone shelter’s fire and evacuation plan ......................... 62

Guide to using the QDC part

Overview

This guide is intended to provide information that will help readers to understand and apply the Queensland Development Code, part 3.8 – Cyclone shelters (the QDC part). The guide does not form part of the QDC part.

What is the Queensland Development Code (or QDC)

The Queensland Development Code (or QDC) is the part, or aspects of the parts, of the document called ‘Queensland Development Code’ published by the department.

Approval and commencement of the QDC part

The chief executive of the department may amend the QDC, including by adding another part to it or replacing a part of it. However, an amendment does not take effect until the chief executive publishes the amendment on the department’s website and a regulation approves the amendment.

A provision approving the addition of the QDC part to the QDC is set out in the Building Regulation 2006, part 8, division 1. The provision (section XXYY) states that the approval takes effect on X XXX 2017. Therefore, the QDC part takes effect on that day.

What buildings does the QDC part apply to

The QDC part applies to buildings that are proposed to be used as cyclone shelters under a local government disaster management plan. Under the Building Regulation 2006 (section XX), a building must not be referred to as a cyclone shelter unless it meets certain criteria (Note: The criteria will be added to this paragraph once the wording of the amendment to the Building Regulation 2006 has been finalised).

How to comply with the QDC generally and the QDC part in particular

Under section 14 of the Building Act 1975 (Building Act), building work complies with the QDC only if it complies with all relevant performance criteria under the QDC. The building work complies with a relevant performance criteria only if it achieves a relevant building solution under the QDC for the performance criteria.

The QDC part contains 28 performance criteria and 51 acceptable solutions. Under section 14 of the Building Act, a relevant building solution for any of the performance criteria can be achieved by— (a) complying with the relevant acceptable solution for the performance criteria; or (b) formulating an alternative solution that complies with the performance criteria or

is shown to be at least equivalent to the relevant acceptable solution; or


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(c) a combination of paragraphs (a) and (b).

Relationship between the BCA and the QDC

The BCA contains performance requirements that building work must comply with. It also contains building solutions for those requirements in the form of deemed-to-satisfy provisions.

Under section 35 of the Building Act, if a part of the QDC is inconsistent with the BCA, the part prevails to the extent of the inconsistency. This section allows the QDC part to vary particular requirements in the BCA. In particular, section 35 allows the QDC part to vary performance requirements in the BCA by setting performance criteria that replace or vary those performance requirements. The section also allows the QDC part to vary the relevant building solutions for particular performance requirements by setting acceptable solutions that differ from the deemed-to-satisfy provisions for those performance requirements.

Classification of cyclone shelters under the BCA provisions

A cyclone shelter is rarely dedicated solely for the purpose of an emergency shelter, and usually operates during normal occupancy with a different type of use. Regardless of the classification that applies for the building’s normal use under the BCA, the building classification applicable while the building or part is operating as a cyclone shelter will be a class 9b.

In assessing the compliance of the building against the requirements of the BCA, the building certifier will apply both the classification that is applicable for the building’s normal use and the classification of 9b as applicable while the building is operating as a cyclone shelter, if this classification is different to that applying for the normal use.

This QDC part provides for additional requirements relevant to the use as a cyclone shelter that vary, or apply in addition to, the requirements of the BCA for a class 9b building. Where an aspect of the BCA is not varied specifically by this QDC part, the provisions of the BCA for both the class 9b cyclone shelter use and the classification applying for the normal use continue to apply.

Referral agency

Referral agency jurisdictions are specified in schedule 7 of the Sustainable Planning Regulation for this QDC part.

The Queensland Fire and Emergency Service (QFES) has jurisdiction as an advice agency where an alternative solution is proposed for the fire safety system under this QDC part. This includes performance criteria P3.3, P4.0, P4.1, P4.2 and P4.3.


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Associated requirements

The following legislation includes requirements that apply to cyclone shelters as defined under the QDC part. These requirements are additional to the requirements in the QDC part.

• Building Act 1975 • Building Code of Australia (BCA) • Building Regulation 2006 • Sustainable Planning Act 2009 • Sustainable Planning Regulation 2009.

Cyclone shelters are designed to be operated as part of a local or regional disaster management response to a tropical cyclone event. Other legislation, such as the Disaster Management Act 2003, applies to the operational activities of cyclone shelters.


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Chapter 1 Preliminary 1 Name of QDC part

This part of the Queensland Development Code (this QDC part) may be cited as the Queensland Development Code, part 3.8 – Cyclone shelters.

Note—This QDC part takes effect on X XXX 2017. See the Building Regulation 2006, section XX.

2 Purpose The purpose of this QDC part is to provide additional and varied technical building requirements to those in the BCA that apply to cyclone shelters.

3 Application This QDC part is applicable to buildings or parts of buildings that are proposed to be used as a cyclone shelter under a local government disaster management plan.

4 Requirements of BCA not varied Where a requirement of the BCA is not varied by this QDC part, that requirement continues to apply.

5 Referenced documents The table below sets out the number, year of commencement and title of each Australian Standard referred to elsewhere in this QDC part.

Number Year Title AS/NZS 1158.3.1

2005 Lighting for roads and public spaces – Pedestrian area (Category P) lighting – performance and design requirements Including Amendments 1, 2, 3 and 4

AS/NZS 1170.0

2002 Structural design actions – General principles Including Amendment 1, 3 and 4

AS/NZS 1170.1

2002 Structural design actions – Permanent, imposed and other actions Including Amendment 1 and 2

AS/NZS 1170.2

2011 Structural design actions – Wind actions Including Amendment 1, 2 and 3

AS 1428.1

2009 Design for access and mobility – General requirements for access – New building work


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Including Amendment 1

AS/NZS 1530.3

1999 Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures – Simultaneous determination of ignitability, flame propagation, heat release and smoke release

AS/NZS 1604.3

2012 Specification for preservative treatment – Part 3 – Plywood

AS 1668.2 2012 The use of ventilation and air conditioning in buildings – Mechanical ventilation in buildings Including Amendment 1

AS 1670.1 2015 Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systems – Systems design, installation and commissioning – Fire

AS 1670.4 2015 Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systems – Systems design, installation and commissioning – Sound systems and intercom systems for emergency purposes

AS 1692 2006 Steel tanks for flammable and combustible liquids Including Amendment 1

AS/NZS 1768 2007 Lightning protection

AS 2293.1 2005 Emergency escape lighting and exit signs for buildings Part 1: System design, installation and operation Including Amendment 1

AS 2293.3 2005 Emergency escape lighting and exit signs for buildings Part 3: Emergency escape luminaires and exit signs

AS 2419.1 2005 Fire hydrant installations, Part 1: System design, installation and commissioning Including Amendment 1

AS 2441 2005 Installation of fire hose reels Including Amendment 1

AS 2444 2001 Portable fire extinguishers and fire blankets– Selection and location

AS/NZS 3500.3

2015 Plumbing and drainage – Stormwater drainage

AS 3600 2009 Concrete structures Including Amendment 1 and 2

AS 3700 2011 Masonry structures Including Amendment 1

AS 4040.0 1992 Methods of testing sheet roof and wall cladding – Introduction, list of methods and general requirements


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AS 4040.3 1992 Methods of testing sheet roof and wall cladding – Resistance to wind pressures for cyclone regions

AS/NZS 4505 2012 Garage doors and other large access doors Including Amendment 1

AS 4586 2013 Slip resistance classification of new pedestrian surface materials Notes in the BCA about tests carried out prior to the 2013 version also apply to this QDC Part

AS 5100.2 2004 Bridge design – Design loads Including Amendment 1

6 Definitions acceptable solution see the Building Act, section 14.

accessible see the BCA, volume 1.

additional restraints means fittings to an external door required for structural continuity.

azimuthal direction means a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a fixed reference plane.

baffled entry means an entry door permitting entry during high wind conditions, protected by screening to avoid debris loads impacting the entry door.

building see the Building Act, schedule 2.

Building Act means the Building Act 1975.

Building Code of Australia (BCA) see the Building Act, section 12.

Note—

The BCA forms part of the National Construction Code Series published by the body known as the Australian Building Codes Board.

building work see the Building Act, section 5.

central battery area means a room or space housing a central battery system required to maintain equipment operating in the emergency mode as described in this QDC part.

class see the Building Act, schedule 2.


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cyclone shelter, for the purposes of this QDC part, means a building or part of a building that:

(a) is a Class 9B during its use as a cyclone shelter and a Class 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 during its normal use (in accordance with the National Construction Code, Volume 1); and

(b) is designed and constructed in accordance with this QDC part; and

(c) on completion, will be included in a local government disaster management plan as a building that a group of people can take shelter in during a severe tropical cyclone.

Note— see the Building Regulation 2006, section XX, for the definition of cyclone shelter as it applies outside this QDC part.

debris screen means a screen capable of restricting windborne debris from causing impact damage to building openings or elements protected by the screen.

deemed-to-satisfy provision see the BCA, volume 1.

design debris impact load A means the load referred to in clause 2.5.8 (a) of AS/NZS1170.2, where VR is the regional wind speed calculated in accordance with A2.0.0

design debris impact load B means the load referred to in clause 2.5.8 (b) of AS/NZS1170.2, where VR is the regional wind speed calculated in accordance with A2.0.0

design flood event means the applicable flood event for design based on an annual probability of exceedance of 1:500.

design flood level means the flood level as determined in accordance with P1.0 and A1.0.1 of this QDC part.

design storm tide event means the applicable storm tide event as determined in accordance with P1.0 and A1.0.0 of this QDC part.

diesel generator area means a room or space housing a diesel generator required to maintain equipment operating in the emergency mode as described in this QDC part.

exit has the same meaning as set out in the BCA, volume 1, and where debris screens including doors or gates are incorporated as


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protection to a required exit such doors or gates are considered to be doors forming part of the required exit.

fire brigade see the BCA, volume 1.

fire hazard see the BCA, volume 1.

fire and evacuation plan means the fire and evacuation plan required for the building by s104E of the Fire and Emergency Services Act 1990 with the elements listed in Appendix H.

fire safety installation see the Building Act 1975, schedule 2

fire resistance level (FRL) see the BCA, volume 1.

flood hazard area means an area, whether or not mapped, designated by a local government as a flood hazard area under the Building Regulation, section 13.

floor area see the BCA, volume 1.

GVM means gross vehicle mass.

local disaster management group (LDMG) refer to the Disaster Management Act 2003, Part 2, Division 3.

lockdown means the period during which the cyclone shelter is closed with any additional restraints required for structural continuity.

lockdown period means a period not exceeding 18 hours during which either the gust wind speed exceeds 100km/hr or the mean wind speed exceeds 70km/hr during a cyclone event, during which the cyclone shelter is closed with any additional restraints required for structural continuity in place.

NOTE— If conditions during a tropical cyclone do not exceed the wind speeds at which lockdown is required, the total occupancy period may not include a lockdown period.

luminous reflectance value represents the amount of visible light that a colour will reflect.

maximum flood level, for a design flood event, means a flood event affecting the site having an annual probability of exceedance of 1:500, and includes the backwater effects of a relevant design storm tide event for sites in a storm tide hazard area.


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mean higher high water means the average height of the higher high waters over a 19-year period. For shorter periods of observation, corrections are applied to eliminate known variations and reduce the result to the equivalent of a mean 19-year value.

natural ventilation device means a system of ductwork, internal and external openings and manually operable systems enabling the provision of outdoor air to the cyclone shelter during the lockdown period.

non-combustible see the BCA, volume 1.

occupancy period means a total period of 36 hours during which the cyclone shelter is in operation and evacuees may be present, and includes the pre-lockdown period, the lockdown period and the post-lockdown period.

Note—A cyclone shelter is intended for a total occupancy period of 36 hours made up of the following:

(a) 12 hour period prior to design lockdown. (b) 18 hour design lockdown period. Physical lockdown may not be necessary if the

wind speeds do not exceed the triggers for lockdown. (c) 6 hour period after the abatement of winds but before occupants leave.

The occupancy period does not include the time taken by the LDMG to set up the shelter and ready it for operation prior to the point at which evacuees are accepted.

post-lockdown period means a 6 hour period occurring after the lockdown period has concluded, during which the effects of the tropical cyclone are reduced but prior to occupants leaving the cyclone shelter.

pre-lockdown period means a period, typically 12 hours, during which occupants are being received at the cyclone shelter but before the external wind speeds reach the point at which lockdown is required.

predicted mean vote means an index for thermal comfort that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of persons on the 7-point thermal sensation scale.

probable maximum flood level means the flood level determined for the largest conceivable flood event, determined from the probable maximum precipitation and catchment characteristics.

Queensland Development Code (QDC) see the Building Act, section 13.


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registered testing authority has the meaning given the BCA, Volume 1.

required see the BCA, volume 1.

shelter area means the area(s) where evacuees are accommodated during a cyclone (i.e. the main seating area), and excludes kitchen, office and amenities areas.

shelter space means all spaces within the cyclone shelter required to support the operation of the shelter, except for the diesel generator enclosure and the toilet amenities.

storm tide hazard area means a medium or high storm tide inundation area shown on the State Planning Policy interactive mapping system, or designated in a local government’s planning scheme.

storm tide height means the water height derived from the effect on coastal water of a storm surge combined with the normally occurring astronomical tide.

untenable means conditions generated during a fire that present a threat to the life of the occupants, including excessive heat and excessive smoke and products of combustion.

ventilation system means a system for the purpose of directing air in a controlled manner to or from specific enclosures or parts of enclosures by means of air-handling plant, ducts, plenums, air-distribution devices and automatic controls.

wave effect means the combined effect of wave set-up and wave run-up occurring in frontal areas along the coastline subject to ocean waves during a tropical cyclone.


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Chapter 2 Performance criteria and acceptable solutions

1 Siting

Storm tide and flood hazards

Performance criteria

P1.0 A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed to resist the impacts of— (a) storm tide hazard; (b) river and creek flood hazard.

Acceptable solution

A1.0.0 (1) A cyclone shelter in a storm tide hazard area must have a minimum floor

level determined from the following— (a) the sum of 1:10,000 AEP storm tide height (AHD), Mean Higher High

Water (AHD) and wave effect (frontal area only); and (b) be increased to the next 0.5 m increment in AHD above the level

determined in (a).

Acceptable solution

A1.0.1 (1) A cyclone shelter in a flood hazard area must have a floor level above the

greater of— (a) the design flood event maximum flood level; or (b) the probable maximum flood level less 1 m; or (c) where flooding with a water flow velocity greater than 3m/s may occur,

the probable maximum flood level; and (d) the design flood event in (a) shall have an annual probability of

exceedance of 1:500.


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Other significant hazards


P1.1 A cyclone shelter must be located so that it avoids, to the degree necessary, the impacts of built and natural hazards during a tropical cyclone.

Acceptable solution

A1.1.0 (1) The minimum distance a cyclone shelter may be located from—

(a) a tree with a mature trunk diameter of greater than 100mm, is the mature height of the tree.

(b) buildings or structures, is the maximum height of the buildings or structures.

Vehicle access


P1.2 A cyclone shelter must be located so that it is provided with suitable access for vehicles and pedestrians prior to and after cyclone events.

Acceptable solution

A1.2.0 (1) A cyclone shelter must be provided with vehicular access that—

(a) provides set-down for car and bus passengers within 200m of the cyclone shelter’s primary entry point; and

(b) where located within the site, provides all-weather sealed access for a vehicle with a GVM of 15 tonnes.

(2) Passenger set-down areas in (1) must be capable of being accessed and left in forward gear.


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2 Design actions

Wind actions


P2.0 A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed, to the degree necessary, to resist the impacts of wind actions associated with severe tropical cyclones.

Acceptable solutions

A2.0.0 (1) The magnitude of wind actions on a cyclone shelter in accordance with the

BCA must be determined using— (a) an annual probability of exceedance of the design event for safety

of 1:10 000; and (b) an annual probability of exceedance for serviceability limit state of

1:50; and (c) for AS/NZS1170.2, internal wind pressures that are calculated on

the basis of a large dominant opening existing on one wall only.

A2.0.1

(1) A cyclone shelter must have—

(a) internal fabric, including walls and ceilings, that resists the internal wind pressures calculated using AS/NZS1170.2 and A2.0.0; and

(b) internal fabric designed with a minimum net pressure coefficient of ±0.3, where AS/NZS1170.2 does not require a more severe net pressure coefficient to be used; and

(c) imperforate lining materials, where used under the roof to satisfy A2.0.2(1)(b), that are designed with a net pressure coefficient between the lining and the roof cladding of 0 or -0.3, where AS/NZS1170.2 does not require a more severe net pressure coefficient to be used; and


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(d) ceiling membranes that—

(i) are mechanically fixed to the supporting structure; and

(ii) retain adequate stability in wet conditions to avoid collapse; and

(e) external doors (including roller doors), windows and similar openings, and debris screens that are designed to resist the wind actions determined in A2.0.0; and

(f) external glazing that is laminated; and

(g) roof sheeting that is mechanically screw fixed with cyclone washers to resist design wind pressures.

A2.0.2

(1) Resistance of doors (including roller doors), windows, louvered openings, roof and wall cladding, linings, debris screens and the like within the external building fabric to the wind loads specified in A2.0.0 must be demonstrated by—

(a) evidence from a registered testing authority that the assembly has been subjected to the tests specified in Appendix A3 after withstanding the tests specified in Appendix A2; or

(b) where roof or wall cladding has not been tested in accordance with Appendix A2 prior to the tests specified in Appendix A3, the addition of an imperforate lining material designed to resist the wind loads; or

(c) engineering calculation, where analysis methods are specified under a relevant Australian Standard referenced within Volume 1 of the BCA for the material or assembly; or

(d) for reinforced concrete walls, design in accordance with AS3600; or

(e) for reinforced concrete blockwork with all cores filled, design in accordance with AS3700.


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A2.0.3 (1) Roof and wall bracing for a cyclone shelter shall be provided such that—

(a) the design loads in each direction are resisted by a minimum of two spatially separated roof and wall bracing systems; and

(b) the notional removal of any single bracing system referred to in A2.0.3(1)(a) does not result in reduction in capacity of more than 50% of the design load.

(2) For A2.0.3(1)(a), bracing systems are considered to be spatially separated when they are separated by the lesser of—

(a) a distance of 6m measured horizontally; or

(b) a distance equivalent to one quarter of the length of the building in the direction under consideration.

A2.0.4

(1) Where plywood is used as an imperforate lining material under A2.0.2(1)(b), the plywood must be suitable for use in hazard class H3 exposure conditions as referred to in AS/NZS1604.3.

Windborne debris impact actions


P2.1 A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed, to the degree necessary, to resist the impacts of windborne debris.

Acceptable solution

A2.1.0 (1) Elements forming the external fabric of a cyclone shelter, including

windows, doors, roller doors, louvered openings, wall and roof cladding, debris screens and the like, must—

(a) be designed and constructed to meet Appendix A1; and


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(b) individual elements of the external fabric such as windows or natural ventilation devices may be protected by a debris screen complying with Appendix A1, in lieu of that individual element complying with Appendix A1; and

(c) where an element protected by a debris screen is constructed to resist the impact of design debris impact load B but not design debris impact load A, the debris screen may be constructed to resist design debris impact load A only; and

(d) where an entry door is protected by a baffled entry, that door may be designed to resist design debris impact load B only.

(2) Evidence of compliance with the test specifications of Appendix A2 shall be in the form set out in Appendix A2.

A2.1.1

(1) A debris screen must—

(a) where required to resist design debris impact load A, have a maximum aperture dimension of 40mm; and

(b) where required to resist design debris impact load B, have a maximum aperture dimension of 8mm; and

(c) be located a minimum of 1.25 times the distance of the maximum instantaneous deflection under the design impact loading away from the surface of the element it is protecting; and

(d) provide adequate coverage over the element protected by—

(i) returning to the external surrounding element on all sides; or (ii) where the distance between the surrounding element and

the debris screen is less than 300mm, overlapping the protected element by a distance that is at least twice the distance between the surrounding element and the wall; or

(iii) a combination of (i) and (ii).


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A2.1.2

(1) A baffled entry must—

(a) prevent the debris missile described in design debris impact load A from impacting the external face of the door from any angle, including after a single rebound at any angle from another wall; and

(b) include a soffit or ceiling that complies with the requirements of A2.1.0.

(2) For A2.1.2(1)(a), where a missile impacts a wall of the baffled entry at an angle of 90° or less to the face of the wall, the potential rebound trajectory must be taken to occur at any angle from 90° to 180° to the wall.

Imposed actions for roofs


P2.2 A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed, to the degree necessary, to resist the additional imposed loading of debris build-up and the like on horizontal exposed surfaces.

Acceptable solution

A2.2.0 (1) For the purposes of designing the roof membrane and supporting structure

in accordance with the BCA, the applicable uniformly distributed imposed loading under AS/NZS1170.1 must be— (a) the greater of—

(i) the uniformly distributed imposed loading as determined under AS/NZS1170.1 for the design use; and

(ii) a uniformly distributed imposed load of 1.8kPa.


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Wave and water flow actions


P2.3 Where elements providing structural support to a cyclone shelter are located below the design flood level within a storm tide or flood hazard area, the elements must be designed and constructed, to the degree necessary, to resist the impacts of wave and water flow actions.

Acceptable solution

A2.3.0 (1) For determining the applicable loads on the building structure in

accordance with the BCA—

(a) water loads below the design event water level must be determined in accordance with section 15 of AS5100.2; and

(b) where the element is exposed to a design storm tide event – water loads due to design storm tide event must include the effect of waves, and be calculated for an annual probability of exceedance of not less than 1:2000; and

(c) where the element is exposed to a design flood event (river and creek) – water loads must include the effect of debris mats 1.2m thick and log impact, and be calculated for an annual probability of exceedance of not less than 1:500; and

(d) where the element is exposed to both design storm tide event and design flood event – water loads must include the effect of waves, debris mats 1.2m thick and log impact, and be calculated for a combined annual probability of exceedance of not less than 1:500.

(2) Water loads determined in (1)(a) to (d) above must be applied concurrently with wind loads as determined in A2.0.0 taken as acting above the design event water level.


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3 Access, occupancy and egress

Building signage


P3.0

A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed to ensure occupants are provided with sufficient information to identify its location.

Acceptable solution

A3.0.0

(1) Cyclone shelter signage must—

(a) comply with Appendix B; and

(b) be located—

(i) adjacent to occupant set-down areas; and

(ii) to give direction to occupants, between occupant set-down areas and the cyclone shelter’s primary entry point; and

(iii) on the external fabric immediately adjacent the cyclone shelter’s primary entry point.

(2) Signage in A3.0.0(1)(b)(iii) must be fixed between 1.2m and 2.1m above the entry point’s finished ground surface level.


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Access during occupancy period


P3.1

A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed to ensure that, during a tropical cyclone, occupants are provided with a safe means of access.

Acceptable solution

A3.1.0

(1) At least one entry point to a cyclone shelter must consist of either—

(a) two doors in series, with an enclosure having a minimum dimension of 4m long between doors, between the entry and the remainder of the cyclone shelter; or

(b) a single doorway protected by a baffled entry.

(2) Entry to a cyclone shelter in A3.1.0(1) must—

(a) have a minimum clear width of 1m, except at doorways; and

(b) have sufficient area to manoeuvre a horizontal stretcher, 2m long and 600mm wide, through the entryway.

(3) Entry to a cyclone shelter in A3.1.0 (1)(a) must—

(a) not be through a required fire exit.

(b) have the outer door open inwards.

(c) have the inner door open outwards.

(4) Entry doors to a cyclone shelter in A3.1.0 (1) must be fitted with door handles that are—

(a) positioned vertically; and


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(b) a minimum 600mm in length; and

(c) located on both sides of the door; and

(d) with at least 100mm of the handle length located between 900mm and 1100mm from the entry’s finished ground surface level.

Safe movement and occupancy


P3.2

A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed to ensure that prior to and during a tropical cyclone, occupants are provided with a safe and healthy environment.

Acceptable solution

A3.2.0

(1) The following floor surfaces must have a slip resistance not less than classification R11 or P4 as determined by AS4586:

(a) the area extending internally 2m from the primary entry point and for the full width of the entry point’s door.

(b) the area extending internally 2m from the entry point in A3.1.0 and for the full width of that entry point’s door.

(2) Walls and ceilings in a cyclone shelter must be light in colour and have—

(a) for walls, at least 50% of their area with a minimum luminous reflectance value of 60%; and

(b) for ceilings, a minimum luminous reflectance value of 80%; and

(c) where there are no ceilings, reflective foil.

(3) A cyclone shelter must incorporate a path of travel for people with disabilities complying with AS 1428.1 between the following areas—


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(a) occupant set-down areas.

(b) registration areas.

(c) parts of the shelter area.

(d) amenities.

(e) kitchen areas.

Acceptable solution

A3.2.1

(1) For the purposes of the deemed-to-satisfy provisions of the BCA and acceptable solutions of the QDC, the number of occupants accommodated in the shelter area within a cyclone shelter must be determined by—

(a) calculating the number obtained by dividing the floor area of each part of the shelter area by 1.2m2, excluding any spaces set aside for—

(i) lifts, stairs, ramps and escalators.

Note—Occupancy for other areas within the shelter space of a cyclone shelter, such as kitchen spaces, office and registration areas, storage spaces and the like, is determined by applying the provisions of the BCA, clause D1.13.


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Egress


P3.3

A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed to ensure that occupants are provided with the ability to safely evacuate in case of an emergency at any time when external conditions are appropriate for evacuation.

Acceptable solution

A3.3.1

(1) Where required exits in a cyclone shelter are fitted with additional restraints, they must be—

(a) capable of being locked in the open position at all times other than during the lockdown period; and

(b) capable of being engaged in the closed position during the lockdown period.

(2) Required exits in A3.3.1 (1) (b) must—

(a) when engaged or locked in the closed position, be capable of being disengaged or unlocked—

(i) by hand by a person or persons, specifically nominated by the LDMG, properly instructed as to the duties and responsibilities involved and available at all times when the building is in the lockdown period so that persons in the building may immediately escape if there is a fire or other emergency.

(3) If keys are used in conjunction with locking mechanisms in A3.3.1 (1) or (2), they must—

(a) be independent of the building’s normal use key system; and

(b) have a restricted and registered profile; and


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(c) have a key profile and custodianship determined by the LDMG responsible for operating the cyclone shelter.

4 Fire safety

Fire hazard management


P4.0

A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed with features so that, if during the lockdown period external conditions are not appropriate to permit evacuation, the risk of the shelter occupants becoming exposed to untenable conditions as a result of a fire occurring within the building is reduced to the degree necessary.

NOTE— If a fire occurs within the building during lockdown conditions, the LDMG may determine that conditions external to the building are not suitable to permit evacuation. In this case, the risk of a fire developing to a size that presents a risk to the occupants during lockdown conditions must be reduced.

Acceptable solutions

A4.0.0

(1) Compliance with P4.0 is demonstrated by complying with acceptable solutions A4.0.1 to A4.3.1.

Smoke reservoir height

A4.0.1 The shelter area must have a minimum ceiling height of 6m for a minimum of 80% of the floor area.

Access to permit manual fire suppression

A4.0.2

(1) All rooms and spaces within a building containing a cyclone shelter must be—


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(a) capable of being accessed from within the shelter space without travel outside the building, so that occupants are able to attempt to extinguish a fire in that area; or

(b) separated from all spaces functioning as part of the cyclone shelter by fire-resisting construction having a minimum FRL of 120/120/120.

Fire hazard properties of materials

A4.0.3

(1) Within a cyclone shelter, fire hazard properties of materials must comply with BCA volume 1, specification C1.10 and—

(a) for Table 3 of BCA Specification C1.10, the shelter space is a specific area; and

(b) any fixed seating within the shelter area must—

(i) be non-combustible; or

(ii) have a maximum spread-of-flame index of 0 and a maximum smoke-developed index of 5, as determined in accordance with AS/NZS 1530.3.

Areas of high fire hazard

A4.0.4

(1) Ancillary use areas of a high fire hazard in cyclone shelters must— (a) be separated from the shelter space by construction having a

minimum FRL of 120/120/120; and

(b) have any doorway in that construction protected with a self-closing fire door having an FRL of not less than -/120/30.

(2) The ancillary use areas in A4.0.3(1) include, but are not limited to—

(a) laboratories.

(b) rooms containing combustible storage to a height greater than 4m.


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(c) carpentry workshops, welding workshops and the like.

(d) communications main distribution frame rooms.

(e) laundries, if the equipment includes gas fired dryers or the like.

(3) If supplied, all gas to the cyclone shelter must be able to be turned off before the pre-lockdown period.

Management procedure

A4.0.5

(1) A management procedure is included in the cyclone shelter’s fire and evacuation plan that addresses the required elements listed in Appendix H.

Separation of equipment


P4.1 A cyclone shelter must prevent the spread of fire from and to services and equipment having a high fire hazard or a potential for explosion, or required to be capable of continued operation during the occupancy period.

Acceptable solution

A4.1.0 (1) The following services and equipment must be separated from the cyclone

shelter space and each other by construction elements achieving a minimum FRL of 120/120/120 in accordance with BCA volume 1, specification A2.3—

(a) main electrical switchboard.

(b) emergency power switchboard.

(c) diesel generator.

(d) emergency lighting central batteries.


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(e) uninterruptible power source.

(2) Any doorway in the construction referred to in A4.1.0 (1) must be protected with a self-closing fire door having an FRL of not less than -/120/30.

Smoke detection and alarm system


P4.2 Occupants in a cyclone shelter must be provided with automatic warning on the detection of smoke so that appropriate actions can be undertaken in the event of a fire.

Acceptable solution

A4.2.0 (1) A cyclone shelter must be provided with—

(a) a smoke detection and alarm system and fire indicator panel complying with AS 1670.1; and

(b) an occupant warning system complying with clause 3.22 of AS1670.1, and incorporating—

(i) a device located at the FIP or MECP, providing the ability to make voice announcements over the warning speaker system; and

(ii) a warning speaker system having speech intelligibility complying with AS1670.4, section 4.3.8; and

(iii) the ability to provide an alert signal prior to the evacuation signal; and

(c) a separate detection zone for each room where the main source of required ventilation is provided by natural ventilation; and

(d) zone isolation switches located at the fire indicator panel to enable isolation of rooms in (c).


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Fire hose reels and fire extinguishers


P4.3 A cyclone shelter must be provided with services and equipment to allow occupants to undertake initial attack on a fire during a tropical cyclone event.

Acceptable solution

A4.3.0 (1) Fire hose reels serving a cyclone shelter must—

(a) comply with AS 2441; and (b) be located within the building; and (c) be located so that coverage is provided to all spaces within the cyclone

shelter without the need to travel outside the building; and (d) be located so that the hose does not need to pass through fire or

smoke doors, except for doors referred to in A4.0.4(1) and A4.1.0(1).

(2) Any part of the fire hose reel system located externally to the building must be capable of resisting the loads in A2.0.0 and A2.1.0. NOTE— Fire hose reels serving parts of the building other than the cyclone shelter may be located outside the building, provided that they are protected in accordance with A4.3.0(2).

(3) In addition to the town mains connection, a water storage tank must be

provided for a fire hose reel system within a cyclone shelter, and must—

(a) have a minimum capacity of 5,000 litres; and (b) be provided with a pump that is connected to the diesel generator

power supply in A7.0.2.

(4) The storage in A4.3.0(3) may be provided within the same tanks as the water storage provided in A8.0.0, provided that—

(a) suitable backflow prevention devices are provided; and (b) the minimum 5,000 litre capacity is in addition to the amount required

under A8.0.0.


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Acceptable solution

A4.3.1 (1) Fire extinguishers complying with AS 2444 must be provided to cyclone

shelters in accordance with Table 2. Table 2: Type, number and location of fire extinguishers

Type Size Rating Number Location Water

9.1 litre

3A

2 Adjacent to each hose reel

1 Within cyclone shelter dedicated office

Dry chemical

4.5kg 4A:20B:E 2 Within cyclone shelter dedicated office

1 Adjacent to a generator room

1 Adjacent to a battery room

1 Per 300m2 of floor area and within 15m travel distance to any point in the building

Carbon dioxide

5.0kg 5B:E 1 Adjacent to a battery room

1 Adjacent to any communication/server room

(2) A minimum 1m2 fire blanket complying with AS 2444 must be provided to

any kitchen within a cyclone shelter.


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Health and Amenity

External weatherproofing


P5.0 A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed, to the degree necessary, to resist rainfall events associated with a severe tropical cyclone.

Acceptable solution

A5.0.0 (1) The stormwater drainage system for a cyclone shelter must be designed in

accordance with AS/NZS3500.3 to cater for a design rainfall event with an average recurrence interval of 500 years.

(2) The roof of a cyclone shelter must—

(a) be provided with sarking; and

(b) not include any penetrations through the roof sheeting for downpipes, gutters and similar rainwater goods; and

(c) not include any box gutters.

Ventilation generally


P5.1 A cyclone shelter must be provided with ventilation that—

(a) complies with the BCA, volume 1, FP4.3, FP4.4 and FP4.5; and

(b) achieves the following minimum criteria—

(i) maximum CO2 1,000 PPM.


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(ii) Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) ±2.5.

(iii) maximum 30 degrees Celsius temperature rise.

Verification Method

CV5.1

Compliance with P5.1 to ventilate a cyclone shelter during the occupancy period is verified if the ventilation system meets the dynamic thermal and computational fluid dynamic simulation assessment set out in Appendix F.

Fans used in ventilation systems

Acceptable solution

A5.1.0

Circulation, exhaust-air and supply-air fans used in a ventilation system must be capable of operating on both generator and mains electricity.

Ventilation to shelter areas


P5.2 The shelter area of a cyclone shelter used by occupants must—

(a) be provided with ventilation that will maintain adequate air quality during the occupancy period; and

(b) if mechanical air-handling systems are installed, control—

(i) the circulation of objectionable odours; and

(ii) the accumulation of harmful contamination by micro-organisms, pathogens and toxins.


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Ventilation systems (under pre-lockdown and post-lockdown period conditions)

Acceptable solution

A5.2.0 (1) A ventilation system must, under pre-lockdown conditions, provide—

(a) for supply air, ventilation rates not less than 10 L/s/m2 of outside

air; and

(b) for exhaust air, ventilation rates not less than 11 L/s/m2; and

(c) air movement by circulation fans permanently fixed to walls or a ceiling with air movement rates in accordance with Table 3; and

(d) at least 80% of the required air movement in a downward direction.

Table 3: Air movement rates Occupied area Air movement rate

less than 50m2 not less than 100 L/s/m2

50m2 up to 100m2 not less than 200 L/s/m2

100m2 up to 200m2 not less than 300 L/s/m2

200m2 and above not less than 400 L/s/m2


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Configuration of equipment used in ventilation systems

Acceptable solution

A5.2.1 (1) Fans used for supply air, exhaust air and circulation of air to shelter

spaces must be configured so that, for areas greater than—

(a) 250m2, failure of any one fan within the ventilation system does not

result in a reduction of minimum ventilation rate by more than 55%; or

(b) 500m2, failure of any one fan within the ventilation system does not result in a reduction of minimum ventilation rate by more than 35%.

(2) Supply air distribution outlets forming part of a ventilation system must be—

(a) configured so that 90% of the floor area served is not greater than 12m from a supply air outlet measured from the outlet; and

(b) located not more than the lesser of—

(i) 3m above the finished floor level; or

(ii) one third the height of the occupied space.

(3) Exhaust air intake locations must not be located lower than two thirds the height of the occupied space.

(4) Fans used for circulation of air must be capable of operating during the lockdown period.

(5) Fans used for supply and exhaust air must—

(a) not operate during the lockdown period; and

(b) be isolated from the effects of natural air-flow.


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Ventilation systems (under lockdown period conditions)

Acceptable solution

A5.2.2 (1) During the lockdown period, a cyclone shelter must be provided with

natural ventilation through—

(a) natural ventilation devices located at its external parts that are connected to the inside parts by—

(i) ductwork complying with Appendix G; or

(ii) ductwork plenums; or

(iii) building plenums; or

(iv) a combination of (i), (ii) and (iii) above.

(2) The natural ventilation devices in A5.2.2 (1) must be capable of modulation through manual interaction.

(3) The area of natural ventilation devices located on the external parts of a cyclone shelter must be provided in accordance with Table 4.

Table 4: Area of natural ventilation devices Volume Natural ventilation area of external

louvre 3m3 per occupant Larger of 0.06 m2 per occupant or 3%

of the floor area

3m3 to 12m3 per occupant Interpolate linearly

12m3 and above per occupant Larger of 0.04 m2 per occupant or 2% of the floor area


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Pressure drop of natural ventilation devices (under lockdown period conditions)

Acceptable solution

A5.2.3 (1) Where there is a pressure difference of ± 50 Pa in a natural ventilation

device, the areas of natural ventilation devices in Table 4 must be proportionally increased or decreased.

(2) However, for a decrease in pressure of more than 50 Pa, changes to the areas in Table 4 for natural ventilation devices must not exceed 50%.

Configuration of natural ventilation devices

Acceptable solution

A5.2.4 (1) Natural ventilation devices must be—

(a) located on the external walls of a cyclone shelter so that a minimum of 20% of the required areas in Table 4 are in each of the following ranges of azimuthal directions— (i) 0 to 89 degrees; (ii) 90 to 179 degrees; (iii) 180 to 269 degrees; (iv) 270 to 359 degrees; and

(b) protected from windborne debris in accordance with A2.1.0.

Configuration of internal openings for natural ventilation devices

Acceptable solution

A5.2.5 (1) Internal openings for natural ventilation devices must have a—

(a) face area of not less than 25% of the natural ventilation device they are connected to; and

(b) free area of not less than 80%. (2) Internal openings for natural ventilation devices must be configured—


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(a) so that at least 90% of the internal floor area of the building served by the ventilation system is within 20m of an internal opening; and

(b) in accordance with Table 5; and (c) in accordance with Figure 1. Table 5: Location of internal openings

Min % required area

Required location

30 Below the lesser of— (a) 3m above the finished floor level; or (b) the lower half of the internal height of the building

measured from the finished floor level to the ceiling.

30 Above the lesser of— (a) 3m above the finished floor level; or (b) the upper half of the internal height of the building

measured from the finished floor level to the ceiling.

Figure 1

X ≥ 1/16 x (A + B + C + D + E)

C

D

B

A

X

X

Ø

Ø

Ø Legend Ø ≤ 120 ̊ = Internal openings X = Minimum distance between

openings


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Ventilation of amenities areas

Acceptable solution

A5.2.6

(1) Amenities areas, during both pre-lockdown and post lockdown periods, must—

(a) be provided with mechanical exhaust systems in accordance with AS 1668.2; and

(b) discharge vertically above the roof in the following locations— (i) outside the line of external walls; and (ii) at the lowest end of any roof slope; or (iii) along a barge-end; and

(c) have fans capable of operating on both generator and mains power.

(2) Amenities areas, under lockdown conditions must— (a) be provided with a venturi suction system complying with Appendix

C; and (b) be capable of modulation through manual interaction.

(3) Mechanical exhaust systems in A5.2.6(1) must not operate during the lockdown period.

Ventilation of diesel generator areas pre-lockdown, post lockdown and lockdown conditions

Acceptable solution

A5.2.7

(1) Diesel generator areas, under both pre-lockdown and post lockdown conditions, must— (a) be provided with mechanical exhaust systems in accordance with

AS 1668.2; and (b) discharge vertically above the roof in accordance with A5.2.6 (2);

and (c) have fans capable of operating on both generator and mains

power. (2) Diesel generator areas, under lockdown conditions, must be provided with

natural ventilation through natural ventilation devices connected to the


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internal part of the area by ductwork, ductwork plenums or building plenums.

(3) Mechanical exhaust systems for diesel generator areas must not operate under lockdown conditions.

(4) Natural ventilation devices in A5.2.2 (2) must have a minimum ventilation area of at least 0.06m2 per kVA and be configured so that— (a) they are located on at least three external walls of the area with a

minimum azimuth angle separation angle of 90° and each is at least 25% of the minimum area required; or

(b) they are located on at least two external walls of the area with a minimum azimuthal angle separation angle of 90° and a venturi suction system projecting above the roof complying with the following—

(i) W1 + W2 + 3V ≥ A W1 and W2 ≥ 0.25A where:

A = Minimum natural ventilation device area (m2) W1 and W2 = Natural ventilation device area on each wall (m2) V = Free area of the venturi suction system (m2)

(5) Diesel generator areas using natural ventilation in A5.2.7 (2) must also be fitted with a venturi suction system complying with Appendix C and A5.2.6(2).

Ventilation of central battery areas pre-lockdown, post lockdown and lockdown conditions

Acceptable solution

A5.2.8

(1) Central battery areas, under both pre-lockdown and post lockdown conditions, must— (a) be provided with mechanical exhaust systems in accordance with

AS 2676.2; and (b) discharge vertically above the roof in accordance with A5.2.6 (2);

and (c) have fans capable of operating on both generator and mains

power. (2) Mechanical exhaust systems for central battery areas must not operate

under lockdown conditions.


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(3) Under lockdown conditions, central battery areas must be provided with a venturi suction system complying with Appendix C.

Lighting

Internal and external lighting


P6.0 A cyclone shelter must be provided with lighting that—

(a) is appropriate to the function of the space; and

(b) permits safe operation within the space.

Acceptable solution

A6.0.0

(1) Artificial lighting within a cyclone shelter must be connected to mains and diesel generator electricity supply and provide a minimum of— (a) 400 lux in spaces used for—

(i) the application of first aid. (ii) food preparation and cooking. (iii) office and administrative activities for the operation of

the cyclone shelter. (b) 160 lux to all other areas including amenity areas.


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Acceptable solution

A6.0.1

(1) External lighting is to be provided to the cyclone shelter’s main entrance and any other entry point used during the lockdown period.

(2) External lighting must— (a) be visible from any vehicle set-down area; and (b) comply with AS/NZS1158.3.1 for category P3.

Emergency lighting


P6.1

To facilitate proper management of an emergency, a cyclone shelter must be provided with an emergency lighting system that—

(a) ensures a level of visibility sufficient to enable exits, paths of travel to exits and any obstacles along a path of travel to an exit be identified; and

(b) activates instantaneously upon failure of an artificial lighting system.

Acceptable solution

A6.1.0

(1) Emergency lighting within a cyclone shelter must— (a) comply with the following;

(i) the requirements of BCA volume 1 Part E4; and (ii) AS 2293.1 and 2293.3 except as varied by A6.1.0

(b); and (b) provide a minimum of—

(i) 15 lux in spaces used for the following purposes; A. the application of first aid; and B. food preparation and cooking; and C. office and administrative activities for

the operation of the cyclone shelter; and

(ii) 1 lux to all other areas; and


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(c) be connected to a central, 24-hour battery backup system complying with Appendix E.

(2) The central battery system in A6.1.0 (c) must not be shared with any UPS battery system.

Services and equipment

Power distribution


P7.0 A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed with electrical services and equipment appropriate to the use of the building.

Acceptable solution

A7.0.0 (1) Electrical distribution switchboards must be—

(a) located inside the cyclone shelter; and (b) accessible without having to leave the internal parts of the cyclone

shelter.

Lightning protection


P7.1

A cyclone shelter must be provided with a means of protecting occupants and equipment from the effects of lightning.

Acceptable solution

A7.1.0 (1) A cyclone shelter must—

(a) comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 1768:2007 for; (i) lightning protection risk assessment; and


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(ii) protection measures to limit the risk of lightning strike to occupants and equipment.

Emergency power


P7.2

A cyclone shelter must be provided with an alternative source of electricity supply sufficient to support minimum operational and emergency services.

Acceptable solution

A7.2.0 (1) A cyclone shelter must be provided with—

(a) a diesel generator, complying with Appendix D, to maintain power in the event of a mains power failure; and

(b) a central battery system, complying with Appendix E, to maintain emergency lighting in the event of a diesel generator failure; and

(c) an uninterruptible power source, to maintain power for a minimum of 24 hours in the event of a diesel generator failure, to general purpose outlets in spaces used for the following purposes;

(i) the application of first aid; and (ii) food preparation and cooking; and (iii) office and administrative activities for the operation of

the cyclone shelter.


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Stored water supply

Water storage tanks


P8.0 A cyclone shelter must be designed and constructed to include a water storage facility so that water suitable for human consumption, food preparation, food utensil washing and personal hygiene appropriate to the number of occupants during the design occupancy period is capable of being stored prior to the occupancy period.

Acceptable solution

A8.0.0 (1) A cyclone shelter must be provided with tanks suitable for water storage

that— (a) provide the volumes in Table 6; and (b) are connected to serve hand washing, drinking fountains and

kitchen facilities within the cyclone shelter during the occupancy period; and

(c) are located in a space inside the cyclone shelter; and (d) are fitted with pumps connected to a diesel generator complying

with A7.0.2 to provide pressure for delivery of the stored water; and (e) have bypass valves installed to permit the stored water to gravity

flow to services in the event of a diesel generator failure.


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Table 6: Requirements for water tank storage Facility Stored tank water volume litres per

occupant Toilet 25

Wash basin 15

Drinking fountain 10

Kitchen fixtures 10

NOTE— During the periods when the building is used for its normal occupancy, it is not necessary for the cyclone shelter water tanks to be at full capacity or service the listed features, provided that the tanks are able to be readily deployed to serve the occupancy period.

Ancillary provisions

Kitchen amenities


P9.0 A cyclone shelter must be provided with suitable spaces in the building to facilitate basic food and medicaments storage and preparation.

Acceptable solution

A9.0.0 (1) A cyclone shelter must be provided with a kitchen space for the

preparation and serving of food. (2) A kitchen space must—

(a) be located adjacent to the primary entry point to the cyclone shelter and have access from the foyer; and

(b) have a floor area calculated on the basis of 2.5 m2 per 100 persons or a minimum of 13m2, whichever is the greater; and

(c) incorporate a hand wash basin no more than 5m from any part of a bench used for the preparation of food; and

(d) have a minimum of two 10 amp, general purpose electrical outlets connected to the mains and diesel generator power source.

(3) Benches in kitchen spaces must— (a) for the serving of food—


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(i) have a minimum length of 2.1m in cyclone shelters accommodating up 400 people; and

(ii) an additional 0.3m for each additional 400 people or part thereof; and

(b) for the preparation of food— (i) have a minimum length of 2.4m in cyclone shelters

accommodating up 400 people; and (ii) an additional 0.6m for each additional 400 people or part

thereof.

Office facilities


P9.1

A cyclone shelter must be provided with a suitable space for the administration of functions required to operate during the design occupancy period.

Acceptable solution

A9.1.0 (1) A cyclone shelter must be provided with an office space to facilitate

management of operations during the design occupancy period. (2) A space to be used as an office must—

(a) be located— (i) adjacent to the primary entry point and main shelter area;

and (ii) so that there is a line of sight to at least 80% of the floor

area of the main shelter area; and (b) have a minimum floor area of 10m2; and (c) have a minimum of four 10 amp, general purpose electrical outlets

connected to the mains and diesel generator power source.


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Emergency first aid space


P9.2

A cyclone shelter must be provided with a suitable space within a room for the provision of first aid activities.

Acceptable solution

A9.2.0 (1) A cyclone shelter must be provided with a discrete space to facilitate

emergency first aid during the design occupancy period. (2) A room for emergency first aid must—

(a) have a minimum floor area of 12m2; and (b) have a minimum of two 10 amp, general purpose electrical outlets

connected to the mains and diesel generator power source.

Chair store


P9.3

A cyclone shelter must be provided with suitable storage space for chairs for use during the design occupancy period.

Acceptable solution

A9.3.0 (1) A cyclone shelter must be provided with a room for the storage of chairs. (2) A room for the storage of chairs must have a minimum floor area

calculated on the basis of 4m2 per 100 occupants or part thereof.

Appendix A1 – Requirements for external debris protection A1.1 Debris impact loading The external fabric of a cyclone shelter must be constructed to resist the impact of design debris impact load A and design debris impact load B.


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External building fabric elements, including windows, doors, roller doors, louvered openings, wall and roof cladding, debris screens and the like, must comply with the test specifications in Appendix A2 and A3. All glass in the external building fabric must be laminated. The impact load trajectories to be resisted by building elements are described in Table A1. Table A1

Element Trajectory of debris impact

Impact load type

Additional requirements

Roofs— less than 10° slope generally

Vertical A + B

Roofs— - less than 10° slope if within a horizontal distance that is half the height of a vertical surface projecting above the roof level - all other roofs of 10°slope or greater

Combined horizontal and vertical

A + B Combined trajectory velocity at right angles to the roof is

𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = �𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻2 sin𝛼𝛼 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉2 cos𝛼𝛼

where

VC = the speed of the combined trajectory impact

VH = the speed of the horizontal trajectory impact

VV = the speed of the vertical trajectory impact

α = angle of the roof to the horizontal plane

External walls Horizontal A + B

External doors and windows (where not protected by debris screens)

Horizontal A + B

Roof fascias and barges

Horizontal A + B Soffits, fascias and barges are exempt from debris impact loads if external walls that resist the loads extend to the underside of the upper roof sheeting. Eaves soffits – flat

or downward sloping from wall

Vertical A + B

Eaves soffits – other types

Horizontal A + B


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Debris screens Horizontal A + B Where the element protected is designed to resist design debris impact load B, the debris screen may be designed to resist design debris impact load A only

Baffled entries – walls

Horizontal A

Baffled entries – ceilings or soffits

As for eaves soffits noted above

Baffled entries – doors

Horizontal B

Natural ventilation devices – external to the building, where not an element protected by a debris screen

Horizontal A + B


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Appendix A2 – Specification: Simulated windborne debris impact testing for external fabric of cyclone shelters A2.1 Test equipment and accuracy The impact speed of the missile must be measured to an accuracy of plus or minus 0.5 m/s. The maximum displacement of the test specimen at any stage of the test must be measured to an accuracy of ±2 mm. The test specimen must be supported by the test frame in a manner to replicate the intended method of support on the building, including restraint fixings. The maximum displacement of the test frame at its connection to the test specimen must be 5 mm at any stage of the test. The frame must be assessed by impacting the test frame at the connection point to the test specimen with the impact load A. In the case of doors, testing must be in accordance with AS/NZS4505 Appendix B and this Appendix. A2.2 Simulated windborne debris test impacts Impact load A:

• End-on impact of a piece of timber 4 kg in mass, with cross-sectional dimensions of 100 mm by 50 mm, impacting at the speed specified for the trajectory. The timber must be seasoned and have a density of not less than 900 kg/m3.

Impact load B: • Series of five steel balls of 2 g mass (8 mm diameter) impacting at the

speed specified for the trajectory. A2.3 Test sequence A test specimen of cladding or debris screen must be subject to successive impact loads applied in the following order:

1. Impact load A 2. Impact load B

Impact load A must impact the most critical locations of the assembly, as determined by the testing authority. NOTE— Testing carried out in accordance with James Cook University Cyclone Testing Station

Technical Note No.4. Simulated Windborne Debris Impact Testing of Building Envelope Components is considered to satisfy this Appendix.

Impact load B must successively impact at various random locations. A test specimen is exempt from impact load B when the specimen is:

• a uniform sheet material without perforations or additional layers • a debris screen protecting elements that are capable of resisting impact

load B.


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A2.4 Acceptance criteria A test specimen must:

• prevent a debris missile from penetrating through the screen/cladding • in the case of a debris screen protecting glazing, not deflect more than 0.8

times the clear distance between the screen and the glazing at any stage of the test

• in the case of a debris screen protecting elements other than glazing, not deflect more than the clear distance between the screen and the element at any stage of the test

• in the case of laminated glass, no spalling of glass from the internal lamination.

• in the case of doors, the acceptance criteria shall be as specified in AS/NZS4505, except that where a door is designated as an exit door from the cyclone shelter, the door must be capable of being opened after the completion of the test.

A2.5 Test Report The test report must include description of:

• date and location of test • name of the testing officer • impact criteria • acceptance criteria • test specimens including fixings • test apparatus including test frame displacement, speed measurement

accuracy, displacement measurement accuracy • procedure • results.

The record of results must include for each: • test—the location of impact, impact velocity, maximum displacement at

any stage of the test, magnitude of permanent displacement, observations of the specimen and its fixings

• specimen—a pass or fail statement.


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Appendix A3 – Specification: Simulated wind pressure testing for external fabric of cyclone shelters A3.1 Test equipment and set-up The cladding must be tested in an airbox test rig to simulate the combined effect of suction pressure on the external surface and positive pressure on internal surface experienced during a cyclone. The airbox test rig is an open top pressure chamber. The top of the chamber is sealed by the cladding and the combined suction and positive pressure are repeatedly applied to the inside face of the cladding. NOTE— an appropriate test rig and test method is described in James Cook University, Cyclone Testing Station Technical Note No.2 Simulated Wind Load Testing of Roof and Wall Cladding Systems. A3.2 Test specification Roof cladding: BCA Volume 1, specification B1.2 Wall claddings: AS4040.0 and AS4040.3 A3.3 Acceptance criteria A test specimen must sustain the test load. A3.4 Test Report The test report must include description of:

• date and location of test • name of testing officer • details of the test set-up • details of the test specimen, fixing and support • details of the loading sequence • behaviour of the specimen including fastenings • results.


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Appendix B – Standardised site and building signage


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Appendix C – Ventilation specifications: Venturi ducts C1.1 Venturi ducts A venturi suction system must incorporate vertical circular exhaust stack(s) (open at top, located outside building external walls and drained at the base), main and branch ductwork and ceiling grilles. The venturi suction system may share components of the mechanical exhaust system subject to the requirements in this guideline. Venturi ductwork system must be sized based upon a friction loss of no greater than 0.6 Pa/m utilizing the air flow rates that would otherwise be applicable for a mechanical exhaust system provided in accordance with AS1668.2. The external exhaust pressure must be determined in accordance with AS/NZS1170.2 excluding local pressure factors for a mean 10 minute wind speed defined in Appendix E of that Standard. Backdraft damper(s) must be incorporated within the venturi suction ductwork to prevent amenity air (odours/smells) migration into other cyclone shelter internal areas due to internal building pressure. Ducts and their fixings located outside the building must resist the gust ultimate wind pressure defined in A2.0.0 including local pressure factors. The top of the venturi duct must be located in a region of the roof subject to negative pressure for all wind directions. The venturi duct projection above the roof level must be minimised to reduce wind loads on the duct and fixings.


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Appendix D – Specifications: Diesel generators The shelter must be provided with a prime rated emergency generator set.

The emergency generator must be capable of providing power to: • 100% of lighting including external lighting and emergency lighting • UPS • emergency lighting central battery system • ceiling and wall fans • supply air and exhaust air systems • circulation fans • water supply pumps • fire and life safety systems (including fire indicator panel and emergency

evacuation panel) • kitchen equipment (including fridges, stoves, ranges and hot water

boiler) • roller shutter motors • nominated general purpose power outlets in the emergency first aid

room, shelter office, kitchen and shelter area. The emergency generator must be provided with adequate fuel storage for 24 hour continuous operation at full rated load. Fuel storage must be via steel tank(s) with integral secondary containment and fuel shut off systems. A fuel polishing system must be provided to maintain fuel life for long storage periods. The emergency generator is to start upon sense of power failure and provide supply to nominated emergency equipment within 30 seconds of loss of power. An automatic transfer switch must be provided to switch to generator power in the event of mains power failure. The automatic transfer switch must also revert to mains power should it be restored. Diesel engine exhaust must be piped to the external environment with discharge not less than 6 m from any natural ventilation devices or outside air intake. The diesel generator must be located within the shelter building, in a dedicated room, have access from within the building without the need to exit the building, and have external access in addition to the internal access. The generator must be provided with the following controls:

• key operated local engine start/stop control • controls for auto/off/manual/load test • emergency manual shutdown • speed indicator, kW meter, frequency meter, ammeter, kVAR meter,

power factor meter, and hours run meter


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• oil pressure indicator • coolant temperature indicator.

Notes: 1. Typically, outside of the cyclone season, the generator should not auto start on mains power

failure. 2. The operational sub plan should contain a procedure to ensure that the diesel generator fuel

tank is full at the commencement of the shelter period. 3. Signage must include a sign indicating the Auto Transfer Switch. 4. Fuel storage compliance with AS1940 and AS1692 is generally referenced under applicable

work health and safety legislation and guidelines.

Uninterruptible power source The cyclone shelter must be provided with an uninterruptible power source. An uninterruptible power source (UPS) must be provided to maintain power for 24 hours to the nominated general-purpose outlets in the first aid room, shelter office and communications mode. The minimum power demand per DGPO must be determined for the essential equipment to be connected. Notes:

1. The devices connected to the nominated power outlets should be low wattage to conserve the UPS power supply.


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Appendix E – Specification: Central battery systems Centrally supplied battery systems must have a working life sufficient to maintain 80% of rated capacity at 10 years. UPS batteries must be designed with—

• ageing factor = 1.25 • design margin = 1.1 • normal ambient temperature = 25oC • ambient temperature during discharge = not to exceed 35oC.

Notes:

1. Emergency lighting and UPS central battery systems, while separate systems, may be co-located in the same fire isolated room.


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Appendix F – Dynamic thermal simulation and CFD simulation assessment F1.1 Dynamic thermal simulation Carbon dioxide concentration and indoor air temperature must be assessed using Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment (IES VE) or Thermal Analysis Software (TAS). The cyclone shelter must be modelled to full scale. F1.2 Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation CFD simulation for ascertaining internal air velocities for the purpose of informing the calculation of thermal comfort (PMV) must be carried out using PHOENICS or like software that simulates processes involving fluid flow, heat or mass transfer, chemical reaction and combustion in engineering equipment and the environment. F1.3 Dynamic thermal simulation zone size Vertical zoning <2.1 m above finished floor level must be set to the following:

• 0–0.75 m • 0.75–2.1 m.

Vertical zoning >2.1 m above finished floor level must be limited to the following: • Zone height not to exceed 2 m.

Horizontal zoning • Not be greater than 10 m2.

Ancillary areas (e.g. first aid room, chair store) with a floor area of less than 15 m2 may be considered as one horizontal zone. F1.4 Dynamic thermal simulation inputs

• Building form must be as shown on the architectural documentation. • Occupancy to the shelter floor area must be determined in accordance

with Clause 3.4 and Clause 5.7. • Occupancy to other spaces must be determined in accordance with

Clause 5.1.1. • Occupant heat load must be 50 watts sensible per person and 80 watts

latent per person. • Occupants must be represented as cylindrical/cube shapes (maximum

height of 1.5 m) within each horizontal zone and may be grouped (only within each horizontal zone) together (maximum group of 10 persons) for simulation simplicity.

• Occupant CO2 output must be 0.525 g CO2/minute per person. • Lighting load must be in accordance with the electrical services

documentation assuming generator/mains power is available. • Simulation time for lockdown must be a total of 30 hours, with a pre-

lockdown period of 12 hours and a lockdown period of 18 hours.


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• Occupancy to be increasing lineally for the first 8 hours of pre-lockdown and then maintained at full occupancy.

• Pre-lockdown and lockdown ambient temperature and wind must be as defined for the ventilation design cyclone climate.

• External wind pressures must be determined in accordance with AS/NZS1170.2 excluding local pressure factors for the mean 10 minute wind speed.

F1.5 Ventilation design cyclone climate Pre-lockdown and lockdown design ambient temperature must be as per Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air-conditioning and Heating (AIRAH) DA09 – Air-conditioning Load Estimation for the location geographically closest to the site and comfort conditions less 3 degrees Celsius. The mean 10 minute wind speed at the start of pre-lockdown simulation must be 10 km/hr increasing linearly to 70 km/hr at lockdown and maintained at this speed during lockdown.


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Appendix G – Ductwork connectivity with natural ventilation devices Ductwork connecting natural ventilation devices to internal openings must have an internal cross-sectional area determined by:

AD ≥ 0.25 ANVD �KT where: AD = area of ductwork connecting natural ventilation devices to internal openings (m2) ANVD = area of natural ventilation device (m2) KT = the aggregate loss co-efficient of proposed ductwork fittings (bends, transitions, offsets, plenums, expansions, contraction) connecting the natural ventilation device to the internal opening, determined with a Reynolds number correction value of 1.0.

The minimum internal cross-sectional area of the ductwork connecting the natural ventilation devices to internal openings must be not less than 20% the size of the natural ventilation device. Ductwork connecting natural ventilation devices to internal openings must be limited to 20 m in length. The use of turning vanes in ductwork is not permitted. Internal openings must have a face area determined by:

AIO ≥0.5 ANVD �𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

where: AIO = area of internal opening (m2) ANVD = area of natural ventilation device (m2) P = pressure drop (Pa) of a 1 m2 reference sample of the internal opening with a face velocity of 3.5 m/s.

The internal opening must not have an area of less than 30% of the natural ventilation device area.


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Appendix H – Required elements of a cyclone shelter’s fire and evacuation plan

1. Cyclone shelter identification.

2. Allowable occupant numbers

3. The proposed maintenance schedule for the cyclone shelter’s fire safety installations.

4. A plan of action to be taken in the event of fire or activation of the cyclone

shelter’s fire alarm including:

(a) written instructions with the following priorities:

i. preventing ignition sources being brought into the cyclone shelter. ii. reducing the amount of flammable or combustible materials being

brought into the cyclone shelter. iii. monitoring the cyclone shelter for fire hazards. iv. clearly communicating to cyclone shelter occupants their

responsibilities in preventing fire and the actions to be taken by them in the event of a fire or activation of the cyclone shelter’s fire alarm.

v. clearly identifying the roles and responsibilities of cyclone shelter staff to prevent fire, including the monitoring of the cyclone shelter for fire hazards.

vi. providing rapid first response to contain or control a fire within the cyclone shelter.

(b) a simple and legible diagram of the building, drawn to a reasonable scale,

indicating the cyclone shelter’s evacuation routes, required exits and assembly points; and

(c) a list of persons (described by reference to the positions they hold or in another suitable way) responsible for administering the cyclone shelter’s fire and evacuation plan.

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