Question of the DayWater is called a polar molecule because:

a. H has a negative charge and O has a positive charge

b. O has a negative charge and H has a positive charge

c. it has a net charge of zerod. it freezes at 0 degrees C

DO NOW Sept 25List as many facts about water as

you can.Think Biology when you do this.

We all know water is cool and refreshing and sold in bottles.

DO NOW ANSWEREDWe will learn all about the

properties of water in Section 2-2.

AGENDA Sept 25BIG QUESTION: Why is water so critical to

life?

1. QOD2. DO NOW3. Properties of Water4. Closing Thoughts and Homework

The Chemical Basis of Life

2-2: Properties of WaterLiquid on the Earth’s

surface

has physical and chemical properties found in no other material

covers 75% of Earthhas an uneven

distribution of electrons and is slightly charged on each end

The BLUE PlanetWater is the single most abundant compound

in most living things.

Liquid at room temperature.

Expands when it freezes.

Floats in a solid state.

Unique Properties of WaterWater is a POLAR molecule.

Can attract each other.

Not always pure and can be found as part of a mixture.

Can react to form ions.

Water is a POLAR MoleculeWater carries a slightly negative charge on the O atom and a slightly positive charge on the H atoms.

Acts like a magnet.

Polarity in water is due to uneven distribution of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Attraction of Opposite ChargesCohesion is the attraction between

molecules of the same substance.Hydrogen bonding.

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances.

Question of the DayWhen sand and sugar are shaken together in

a test tube, which of the following is formed?A. compoundB. mixtureC. solutionD. suspension

DO NOW Sept 26Explain why water molecules can attract

each other.

Water is a polar molecule.

The O atom has a slightly negative charge and the H atom has a slightly positive charge.

Water molecules attract each other through this difference in charge.

Hydrogen bonding holds these molecules together.

DO NOW ANSWERED

AGENDA Sept 26BIG QUESTION: What are acidic and basic

solutions?

1. QoD2. DO NOW3. Continue Section 2-2: Mixtures and pH4. Classwork/Review of Key Concepts5. Closing Thoughts and Homework

QUIZ on MONDAY Sept 30 Sections 2-1 and 2-2

How does a gecko stick to the surface of a wall?Electrons in covalent

bonds are equally shared.

Rapid movement of electrons can still create tiny positive or negative charges.

The Answer…Geckos can defy gravity.

Thousands of tiny hair-like projections are divided into many fibers.

A gecko’s foot can come in contact with an extremely large surface of the wall at a molecular level.

Van der Waals Forces are slight attractions between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.

Water Often forms Mixturesa material composed of two

or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combinedSugar and sandEarth’s atmosphere is a

mixture of gasesslight charges of a water

molecule make them good at forming mixtures

Two Important Water Mixtures1. solution: a homogeneous

mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another

solvent: substance that does the dissolving

solute: the substance that is dissolved

water is the greatest solvent because of its charges

2. suspension: mixture containing nondissolved particles distributed within a solid, liquid, or gas

Acids and Basesacids: compounds that have higher concentrations of

H+ ions than pure water.Form H+ ions in a solutionHave a pH lower than 7HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) is a strong acid

bases: compounds that have lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water.Form OH- ions in solutionHave a pH higher than 7Bleach is a strong base

Buffers: weak acids or bases that prevent sharp changes in pH levels to help maintain homeostasis.

The pH ScalepH scale: a measurement system that indicates

the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

neutralization reaction: reaction that occurs when H+ ions of a strong acid react with the OH- ions of a strong base

form water and a salt.

Question of the DayA compound that produces H+ ions in

solutions is called a

A. SaltB. BaseC. PolymerD. Acid

DO NOW Sept 27How much more acidic is a solution having a

pH 9 compared to a solution having a pH 12?

DO NOW AnsweredThe answer is 1000 times.

How do you determine the answer?

AGENDA Sept 27BIG QUESTION: How can the pH values of

different substances be measured?1. QoD2. DO NOW3. H+ Concentrations.4. pH Lab Investigation – Measuring pH in

Common Substances5. Review and Homework: pH Review QuestionsQUIZ on MONDAY SEPT 30 Sections 2-1

and 2-2

Relative Concentrations of H+ IonsConcentrations of acids and bases are measured in

powers of 10.Used to represent the relative strength of an acid

or base compared to another one.A substance with a pH of 4 is 100 times more

acidic than a substance with a pH of 6

100 times is equal to 102

How much more acidic is a solution with pH 3 compared with a solution having a pH of 8?

Using Indicators to Measure pHSUBSTANCE

Color of BLUE Litmus

Color of RED Litmus

Color of pH Paper

pH Value of Substance

1. Distilled Water

2. Glucose

3. Corn Oil

4. Bleach

5. Alka Selzter

6. Orange Juice

7. Isopropyl Alcohol

8. Vinegar

9. Hand Soap

10. Cranberry Juice

AGENDA Sept 30BIG QUESTION: What are the functions of

organic molecules?

1. CHAPTER 2 Quiz – Sections 2-1 and 2-2Begin reading Section 2-3 when finished with

Quiz2. Hand in your pH Labs 3. The Chemistry of Carbon and

Macromolecules4. Homework and Closing Thoughts

2-3 Chemistry of Carbon Organic CompoundsCompounds containing CForms covalent bonds

that are strong and stable4 single covalent bonds

carbon can form chains of almost unlimited length by bonding to other carbon atomsSingle, double, or triple

covalent can form rings

Inorganic Compoundsdo not contain carbonone exception is CO2

living things contain many inorganic compounds

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salt are all inorganic compounds

Polymerizationprocess in which large

compounds are constructed by joining together smaller compounds

monomers: smaller units which join together to form:

polymers: larger compounds which join together to form:

macromolecules: giant molecules made of hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules.

Four Groups of Organic Compounds in Living Things1. Carbohydrates are the main

source of energy for living things.made of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen atomsC:H:O 1:2:1 Ratiosimplest carbohydrates are

monosaccharidesglucose, galactose (milk), and

fructose (fruits)Breakdown of sugars supplies

immediate energy for all cell activities

Question of the Day Oct 1Which of the following is not an organic

compound found in living things?

A. ProteinsB. LipidsC. Carbon dioxideD. Nucleic Acids

DO NOW Oct 1CLOSE YOUR NOTEBOOKS.

Explain how macromolecules are formed.

DO NOW ANSWERED Oct 1Polymerization is the process which builds

larger compounds from smaller compounds.

Monomers Polymers Macromolecules

AGENDA Oct 1Big Question: What are the functions of

organic compounds?1. QoD2. DO NOW3. Carbohydrates and Lipids4. Review Chapter 2 Quiz5. Homework and Closing Thoughts

Remember to STUDY your notes everyday.

Also used for structural purposes in plants and some animals.

Extra sugar stored as complex carbohydrates known as starches.

polysaccharide: a large molecule that is formed by joining together many monosaccharide unitsGlycogen (animal starch) stores excess sugar.

Released from liver into blood when sugar is low. Glycogen in muscles supplies energy for movement.

Plants also store excess sugar in plant starch.

Cellulose is used in plants as tough, flexible fibers for strength and rigidity. Major component of wood and paper.

Dehydration and HydrolysisOpposite reactions that build up or

breakdown molecules.

Dehydration reaction is the combining of two smaller molecules to form one larger molecule resulting in the loss of water.

Hydrolysis reaction is the breaking down of one larger molecule into two smaller molecules by the addition of water.

2. LipidsGenerally not soluble in water

Made up mostly of C and H atoms

Fats, oils, and waxes

store energy, form membranes, and used as chemical messengersSteroids are chemical messengers in the body.

Formed from 2 or 3 fatty acids combining with a glycerol

QUESTION OF THE DAYLipids are made up of

A. Sugars and starchesB. Fatty acids and glycerolC. Glycogen and CelluloseD. Glucose and Glycerol

DO NOW Oct 2What type of molecule is glycogen?

Explain why glycogen is important in the human body.

DO NOW ANSWEREDGlycogen is a polysaccharide.

It is an animal starch that stores excess energy.

It is released by the liver when blood sugar is low to provide a constant supply of energy to the body for cellular activities.

AGENDA Oct 2Big Question: What are the functions of

organic compounds?1. QoD2. DO NOW3. Review Dehydration and Hydrolysis

Reactions4. Continue 2-3: Lipids and Nucleic Acids5. Homework and Closing Thoughts

STUDY YOUR NOTES EVERY DAY BIO PARTY!!! Hosted by ???

saturated fat: a fatty acid where every carbon atom is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond and contains the maximum number of hydrogen atomsMeats and dairy products

unsaturated fat: a fatty acid where a pair of carbon atoms are joined by a double bond.

Liquid at room temperature. Olive oil

polyunsaturated fat: a fatty acid that contains several double bonds

Cooking oils such as canola, soyand peanut.

3. Nucleic Acidscomposed of C, O, H, N, and

P

made up of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleotides have 3 basic parts5-carbon sugarnitrogenous basePhosphate group

Joined together by covalent bonds

Question of the DayWhich of the following is not a unique

property of water?A. It is a liquid at room temperature.

B. Molecules can attract each other.

C. It can be part of a mixture.

D. It can react to form ions.

DO NOW CHALLENGE

ARE YOU READY?

Close your Notebooks

And today’s contestants are….

DO NOW CHALLENGE

Jake, Jillian, and Adam N.

Draw a diagram to represent a nucleotide.

Label its three basic parts.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic acids store and transmit

hereditary or genetic information.

Two kinds:DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Contains deoxyribose sugar

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)Contains Ribose Sugar

4. ProteinsContain C, N, O, and Hmade up of monomers called

amino acids: contain an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the otherCovalent bonds form between

identical sections.20 different amino acids

peptide bond: a covalent bond that joins two amino acids

Amino group (-NHH) bonded to a Carboxyl group (-COOH)

Question of the DayWhy is battery acid considered a strong acid?

A. It forms H- ions in solutionB. It forms OH- ions in solutionC. It has a pH of approximately 13.8D. It has a pH of approximately 1.5

DO NOW ANSWEREDA peptide bond is a covalent bond that joins a

pair of amino acids together.

The Amino Group from the first amino acid and the Carboxyl Group from a second amino acid bond together through a DEHYDRATION Reaction.

Water is lost during this reaction and a covalent bond is formed.

MONOMERS and PLOYMERS of LIPIDSMONOMER: MONOglyceride

POLYMER: TRIglyceride

Glycerides are name due to the C=O and the C-O

Called an ESTER Bond

ProteinsR-group is the side chain section of an amino

acid that differs.Acidic or BasicPolar or Non-polarCan be C rings or straight chainsInstructions stored in DNA

Functions of ProteinsControl rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.Form bones and musclesTransport substances into/out of cellsFight diseases

Four levels of OrganizationChain of AAAA in chain twisted and foldedChain itself is twisted and foldedChains have specific arrangements

Question of the DayWhich group of organic molecules is used to

transport substances into and out of a cell?A. LipidsB. Nucleic AcidsC. ProteinsD. Carbohydrates

DO NOW CHALLENGE OCT 7ANGELO, TYLER, and LUC

Describe the four levels of organization of a protein.

If you are not at the board, answer the question in your notebooks.

Be prepared to evaluate the answers of your classmates.

DO NOW ANSWERED1. A chain of Amino Acids.2. Amino Acids in a chain twisted and folded.3. An Amino Acid Chain itself is twisted and

folded.4. Different Amino Acid Chains have specific arrangements in a larger compound.

Example: Hemoglobin

2-4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes2-4: Chemical Reactions and EnzymesAny process in which a chemical change occurs or Any process in which a chemical change occurs or

transforms one set of chemicals into another.transforms one set of chemicals into another.

can occur slowly or quicklycan occur slowly or quickly

Iron + Oxygen Iron + Oxygen RUST RUST Occurs slowlyOccurs slowly

Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbonic AcidCarbonic Acid REVERSIBLE REACTIONS that occur quicklyREVERSIBLE REACTIONS that occur quickly

Carbonic Acid Carbonic Acid Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbon Dioxide + Water

2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymesreactantsreactants: elements or compounds that enter into a : elements or compounds that enter into a

chemical reactionchemical reactionproductsproducts: elements or compounds produced by a : elements or compounds produced by a

chemical reactionchemical reactionChemical reactions are represented by chemical Chemical reactions are represented by chemical

equations.equations.C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

the flow of energy is important in determining whether the flow of energy is important in determining whether a chemical reaction will occura chemical reaction will occurreactions which release energy will occur reactions which release energy will occur

spontaneouslyspontaneouslyreactions that require energy will not occur reactions that require energy will not occur

spontaneously (MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY)spontaneously (MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY)

Question of the DayAll of the following are characteristics of a

chemical reaction except

a. reactions that need energy to continue are called endothermic.

b. they sometimes can produce heatc. there is no way to change the rate at which

they occur.d. the chemical properties of the reactants

change.

Energy in ReactionsACTIVATION ENERGY:

energy need to start a reaction (start up energy)Burning a piece of wood.

catalyst: a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

are not used upwork by lowering the

“start-up” energy of a reaction

ENZYMESenzymes: proteins that act as

biological catalysts.Lower activation energyspeed up reactions by binding

to reactants known as substrates

substrates bind to enzymes at a region known as the active site

are very specific

One specific substrate will bind to one specific active site

ENZYME–SUBSTRATE COMPLEXFIGURE 2-21 of your textbook.Chemical reactions require enough energy to

break the existing bonds of the reactants so new bonds will be formed.

Insufficient amounts of energy will leave the reactants unchanged.

Question of the DayCarbon 12 and Carbon 14 are different in

which of the following ways…

A. They have different numbers of electrons.

B. They have different numbers of protons.

C. They have different atomic numbers.D. They have different atomic masses.

Regulation of ENZYME ActivityEnzymes can be affected by different factors.

These same factors also affect chemical reactions.

Enzymes work most effectively at different levels ofpH and TemperatureProvide an example of these conditions.

Dependent upon their specific role in the body.

Regulation of Enzyme ActivityMost enzymes work best at 37 degrees CMany cells have proteins that work as on/off

switches.Enzymes regulate chemical pathways, make

materials cells need/use, release energy, and transfer information.

Question of the dayNucleotides are the building blocks of which

organic compound?

A. Nucleic AcidsB. CarbohydratesC. ProteinsD. Lipids

DO NOW CHALLENGE Oct 11HANNAH, CRAIG, and KURT

Compare a solution to a suspension.

Provide an example of each one.

Answer this question in your notebooks if you are not at the board.

ANSWERSolution: A mixture in which one substance is

uniformly dissolved within another.Soft drinks such as soda

Suspension: A mixture containing non-dissolved particles distributed within a solid, liquid, or gas.

Flour and water

AGENDA Oct 11BIG Question: What are the functions of

organic compounds?1. QotD2. DO NOW CHALLENGE3. Continue Review of Chapter 2 Concepts

Discuss Homework4. Study Guide5. Closing Thoughts

STUDY YOUR NOTES EVERY NIGHT!BIO ARTICLES DUE MONDAY!!!