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ARC 3122 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1Semester I 2011

Written assignment is composed of written answers and visual quizzes. There will be 10 of

these in total and they comprise of 20% of your final mark.

WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT No.1 To be submitted 3rd February 2011:

Introduction to History 50 word answers

1. What are the basic lessons to be learned from knowledge of Architectural History andhow does this develop your skills as an Architect?

2. Why do you think it is important to have a world view of Architectural History?

______________________________________________

Stone Architecture and Neo-Lithic

3. What were the main causes that brought about the change from Stone Age to Neo-Lithic, stating the differences between the two periods?

4. What were the important differences between the Lascaux Caves and the Terra Matain terms of the use of space?

5. Stonehenges was important in terms of its design and construction. List the reasons whyit was important from a design and construction point of view, and how this may be

seen in todays construction methods.


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6. Is this Stone Age or Neo-lithic which is it and why?


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ANSWERS

1. What are the basic lessons to be learned from knowledge of Architectural Historyand how does this develop your skills as an Architect?

Ability to be architecturally analytical and descriptive; giving them an understandingof the fundamentals of good design through Architectural precedents, developing their

critical eye.

Basic understanding of the numerous and varying cultural and social factors (art,aesthetics, engineering & technology, political, secular and non-secular factors) which

inherently shape(d)and influence(d) Architectural Design. This understanding will be

achieved through a chronological lecture presentation and then re-visited with the aid

of the group timeline and written assignments.

2. Why do you think it is important to have a world view of Architectural History?

To understand the History of Architecture from a World perspective and theimportance of historical precedents as an invaluable resource for researching urbancontexts and building typologies.

To understand the importance of local context and the factors which have shaped eachof these architectural periods; materials, climate, religion, politics etc. In turn this gives

us an understanding of our own African context. We are aware of how colonialism

influences the built environment. We can question what is built around us, and how this

relates to our context and if is this is a true reflection of our culture.

3. What were the main causes that brought about the change from Stone Age toNeo-Lithic, stating the differences between the two periods?

Change in Climate end of an ice age

Improvement of Stone tools for construction and hunting.

More advanced attitudes towards organised dwelling patterns.

4. What were the important differences between the Lascaux Caves and the TerraMata in terms of the use of space?

Lascaus cave was a space used for the celebration of the Animal , which man relied upon. It

was a naturally formed space.

Terra Mata was a man-made space, for dwelling. Within this we have seen evidence that man

had begun to order the internal space according to the functions of eating, sleeping and

cooking.

5. Stonehenges was important in terms of its design and construction. List the reasonswhy it was important from a design and construction point of view, and how this

may be seen in todays construction methods.

The function of this mapped the path of the sun, during the Solstice and Equniox, with the stones

demarcating the optimum space within which to view this. In addition to this holes around Stone

Henge were used for the burial of the dead.The setting out of enclosed space was within a

circle. At the centre one could view the Summer Solstice sun.


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Ability now to work with larger masses of stone Stone was tapered to reduce the mass.Stone

was quarried, transported and lifted into place. Stone lintols were placed between the vertical

uprights. The stone lintols were curved, by hand, to enhance the feeling of enclosure The stone

uprights and lintols used joints to keep them fixed to each other.

6. Is this Stone Age or Neo-lithic which is it and why?This example is Neo-lithic, as it shows an organised settlement constructed in stone. Stone Age

was more rudimentary, and generally dwellings where limited to caves, without the

manipulation of materials.

Also Man begun to think about organising space, but also shows that there is consideration

towards a spatial hierarchy, with the presence of streets and internal corridors.


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WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT No.2 To be submitted 10th February 2011:

Written assignment is composed of written answers and visual quizzes. There will be 10 ofthese in total and they comprise of 20% of your final mark.

NAME:

YEAR:

Western Asia Neolithic and Mesopotamia SHORT ANSWERS!

1. What is the difference between a Neo-lithic settlement in Europe and Asia?

2. What was the important difference and lesson between Jericho and Khirokitia?

PICTURE QUIZ What are these?

What it is thisand what is it

for?

What it is this andwhy is itimportant?

What it is this andwhat is it for?


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WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT No.2 Answers

Written assignment is composed of written answers and visual quizzes. There will be 10 ofthese in total and they comprise of 20% of your final mark.

1. What is the difference between a Neo-lithic settlement in Europe and Asia?The difference between a Neo-lithic settlement in Europe in Asia is , thatsettlements in Asia made use of the natural resources or protected them. Thiswas seen in Khirokitia and in the City of Jericho.

2. What was the important difference and lesson between Jericho and Khirokitia?

Jerichos city was a walled city, created to defend its water source. The internal roadsformed organically, unplanned.

In Khirokitia the settlement was formed along the edges of a raised road, used toconnect to the river.

The difference is in how the settlements developed out of the siting beside a naturalresource

3. IMAGE SHOWSa) Ziggurat palace/temple situated at the centre of the city. It was a place of

worship by the city dwellers. High priests or a ruling king resided hereb) This is a man-made canal for the transportation of goods/services close the

central Ziggurat. It also takes water from the River (Euphrates) into the city forirrigation.

c) This is a perimeter wall protecting the city against invasion.


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WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT No.3 10 MINUTES

Written assignment is composed of written answers and visual quizzes. There will be 10 of these in

total and they comprise of 20% of your final mark.

NAME:

YEAR:

ANCIENT EGYPTWhat is this below picture showing and what is important about it?

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Below are several explanations for Ancient Egypts

Monumental structures. Circle which is TRUE or

FALSE

Simple Geometry true false

Egyptians copied Mesopotamia true false

Belief in Sun gods true false

Improved construction true false

Kings and Pharoah rule true false

Allowed far views across the land true false

Order and alignment on axis true false

Name the parts which make

up a New Kingdom Temple in the

picture to the right -

1.

2.

3.

4.

4

2

1

3


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NAME:

YEAR:

ANCIENT EGYPTWhat is this below picture showing and what is important about it?

This picture shows an early attempt of CLERESTOREY lighting where the columns raise the roof line

about the line of the exterior walls, to draw natural light into the space.

Below are several explanations for Ancient Egypts Monumental structures. Circle which is TRUE or

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

Name the parts which make

up a New Kingdom Temple in the

picture to the right -

1. Sanctuary2. Hypostile3. Courtyard4. Pylon


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NAME:

YEAR:

ANCIENT GREECE

i. NAME THE MAIN PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE ABOVE ( 3 points)

1.2.3.

ii Is the picture to the right the Doric or Ionic order?

Tell me why? ( 4 points)

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

Iii Fill in the names of the parts in the boxes ( 3points)

2

1

3


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NAME:

YEAR:

ANCIENT GREECE

ii. NAME THE MAIN PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE ABOVE ( 3 points)1. Column

2. Entablature3. Pediment

ii Is the picture to the right the Doric or Ionic order?

Tell me why? ( 4 points)

This is Doric as there is no base to the column. Also the capital is standard, unlike Ionic which has a

volute (scroll-like) capital.

Iii Fill in the names of the parts in the boxes ( 3points)

Capital

Architrave

Cornice


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NAME:

YEAR:

EARLY ROMAN

i. Why is this picture important to the development of Roman Architecture? (3 points)__________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

ii. Draw three applications that came out of the new use of the arch. Think of the buildingswe looked at last week ( 3 points)

iii. Fill in the blank. What is this space for (2 points)iv. How was the space in the Basilica achieved?

( 2points)

____________________________________

____________________________________


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NAME:

YEAR:

EARLY ROMAN

v. Why is this picture important to the development of Roman Architecture? (3 points)This picture shows the early example of an Arch; the Voussoir Arch. Each stone supports the

next, with the keystone in the centre holding it together.

Roman architecture developed the arch to be created in one fluid form, using concrete.

This single form was used in Roman Architecture and then developed further intovaulting, spheres and domes

vi. Draw three applications that came out of the new use of the arch. Think of the buildings welooked at last week ( 3 points)

SEE PAGE 195 of ROMAN NOTES

vii. Fill in the blank. What is this space for (2 points)This is an Atrium. This was used to bring natural light from overhead into the internal courtyard

of the house

viii. How was the space in the Basilica achieved?( 2points)

The space of the Basilica was achieved through the development of carpentry and the

development of the trussed rafter. The trussed rafter allowed the space to be free of

intermediate columns


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NAME:YEAR:

LATE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE/BYZANTINE AND EARLY CHRISTIAN AD 100 - 300

1. In the Pantheon we looked and many new architectural terms (4 points) Explain what these are -

Rotunda Apse Occulus Coffering2. What are we looking at in each of these pictures and WHERE ARE THESE? (3 points)

3. Church architecture during the Early Christian Period explored two very differentarchitectural ideas. The plans below show this. Please explain the difference (3 points)


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WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT No.6 ANSWERS



NAME:YEAR:

LATE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE/BYZANTINE AND EARLY CHRISTIAN AD 100 - 300

4. In the Pantheon we looked and many new architectural terms (4 points) Explain what these are -

Rotunda Circular space with a domed ceiling. Apse the semi-circular space within a church, or a semi-circular recess within a wall. Occulus the opening, or eye, at the top of a dome permitting light to enter. Coffering recessing decorative panels in the soffit of a ceiling or arch.

5. What are we looking at in each of these pictures and WHERE ARE THESE? (3 points)Aztec temples - Mexico

Roofs of Chinese dwelling - China

Bhuddist Sanctuary - India

6. Church architecture during the Early Christian Period explored two very differentarchitectural ideas. The plans below show this. Please explain the difference (3 points)

Church architecture focused on the how the architecture would capture the imagination of the

congregation in two ways; by looking vertically towards the heavens or by focusing the

attention towards the altar, in a horizontal direction.

This was done by either; a centrally planned church where the space was contained with a

circular, square or octagonal space where the emphasis was on a verticality through a dome

of cross vaulted space OR this by horizontally displaced plan, with a long nave crossed bytransepts with the altar at the opposite end.


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Written assignment is composed of written answers and visual quizzes. There will be 10 of these intotal and they comprise of 20% of your final mark.

NAME:

YEAR:

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

1. Fill in the blanks below (4 points)

2. Name the THREE COMPONENTSWHICH DEFINED GOTHICARCHITECTURE and give a shortdescription of each (6 points)

a)

b)

c)


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NAME:

YEAR:

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

1. Fill in the blanks below (4 points) 1. Nave 2.Aisle. 5. Transept 7. Apse

2. Name the THREE COMPONENTSWHICH DEFINED GOTHICARCHITECTURE and give a shortdescription of each (6 points)

a) The pointed Arch -The pointed arch was much more stable and flexible when it came to cross vaulting, with baysof different sizes, than the normal Roman curved Arch.

The pointed arch gave a greater verticality to the general appearance to the architecture inthe windows and cross vaulting.

b) Ribbed VaultStructural ribs were introduced to stiffen up the crossing bays. This allowed them totake greater loads and achieve greater heights.

Also the ribs broke down the structural bay into sections, allowing it to be constructedin segments.

This became more elaborate in Late Gothic with the adding of more and more ribs into

cross vaults, becoming highly decorative.

c) The Flying ButtressWith Gothic buildings getting higher and higher, more structure was required totake the vertical loads/forces. However this would have required thicker walls,reducing the ability to place windows in it. Gothic architecture used externalbuttresses on the exterior of the building to free up the walls. It is called flying asit is detached from the main building.


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ARC 3122 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

Semester I 2011



NAME:

YEAR:

RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

1. Gothic Architecture is identified by its pointed arches,Flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting. RenaissanceArchitecture had other ideas what were these?(3 points)

2. Inspired by the Pantheon, the dome atFlorence Cathedral was much larger made possiblethrough innovative construction techniques.

Explain these techniques using this image (4 points)

3. Which of these is RENAISSANCE and which is BAROQUE? ( 1 points)

4. What are the major differences between RENAISSANCE and which is BAROQUE? ( 2 points)


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NAME:YEAR:

NEO-CLASSSICAL AND VICTORIAN/INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

1. The building below is by LEDOUX. It is NEO-CLASSICAL (3 Points). Explain whatNEO_CLASSICAL means and make reference to the below picture how is it NEO-CLASSICAL?

2. The development of Steel/Iron in Architecture, allowed buildings to achieved greaterheights and greater spans ( 4 points).Give me FOUR REASONS why steel was used. EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER

3. Below are two images of buildings from DIFFERENT PERIODS. What architecturalIDEAS do they have in common? ( 3 points)


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WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT No.9 ANSWERS

1. The building below is by LEDOUX. It is NEO-CLASSICAL (3 Points). Explain whatNEO_CLASSICAL means and make reference to the below picture how is it NEO-CLASSICAL?

Neo-classical means new classical, meaning a re-using of classical Greek and Romanarchitecture.

Neo-classical architecture was a reponse to the ornamentation of Baroque which wasregarded as too superficial. There was a return to the honest use of the classicalelements,( columns, entablatures and pediments) For example, the column was usedagain as a supporting, structural element, unlike Renaissance which expressed columnsas pilasters which were not structural, but decorative. ( 3 points)

In Neo-classical architecture is characterised by its use of the classical temple elements;column, entablature and pediment. This is often forms the main faade. The mainbuilding is usually a re-interpretation of classical ideas ; arches, domes, rotundas andcolonnades as seen in Ledouxs work. ( EXTRA)

.

2. The development of Steel/Iron in Architecture, allowed buildings to achieved greaterheights and greater spans ( 4 points).

Give me FOUR REASONS why steel was used. EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER

Iron/Steel elements were easily fabricated. Mass produced. Iron/Steel was easily repeated and could be quickly stacked (vertically

modular) Iron was cheaper and lighter than stone or masonry. Easier to build with Possible to achieve spans wider than before. ( 4 POINTS) Allowed for flexible ground plans (less load bearing internal walls) open

planning suited to office space.

Steel construction was more slender, and this allowed for larger internal floorareas than using masonry/stone ideal for limited space within a tight urbansite, suited to large cities.

Led to the development of Reinforced concrete. ( EXTRA)3. Below are two images of buildings from DIFFERENT PERIODS. What architectural

IDEAS do they have in common? ( 3 points)

The architectural idea that these two images have in common is the idea to reduce the solidmass of the building, reducing the size of the structure, incorporating glass to maximise light. (3 POINTS)

This can be called Gothic Materialization, where gothic architecture aimed to reduce theheaviness of the walls in its Architecture. The walls of Victorian/Industrial age structures such asCrystal Palace the walls are transparent , almost invisible. (EXTRA)


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NAME:YEAR:

ARTS AND CRAFTS /ART NOUVEAU

1. The Arts and Crafts movement was a response to Industrialism why? ( 2 points)2. Is this STRUCTURAL RATIONALISM or CLASSICISM explain the difference ( 2 points)

?

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

3. Art Nouveau embraces Gothic and Baroque, but thework of Gaudi and Mackintosh are more than decoration,

why? ( 6 points) NAME THE BUILDINGS BELOW.

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________


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NAME:YEAR:

ARTS AND CRAFTS /ART NOUVEAU

1. The Arts and Crafts movement was a response to Industrialism why? ( 2 points)

Industrialisation affected the mass fabrication of building elements i.e steel trusses, windows,doors etc. This led to a modular, repetitive attitude towards construction.

The Arts & Crafts movement believed that this mass production led to deprecation of

quality of the architecture. They felt it limited the creativity of architecture as an art

form leading a colder, sterile less humane type of building.

2. Is this STRUCTURAL RATIONALISM or CLASSICISM explain the difference ( 2 points)?

This is Classicism, chracterised by its use of Baroque motifs.

Classicism is defined by its reference to Classical forms, relating back to Greek and Roman

Architecture

Structural Rationalism was defined by a driect relationship between both the programme and

the construction methods . This theory ( By Viollet le Duc) freed architecture from being bound

to historicism, where ideas where borrowed from before the past and re-used.

3. Art Nouveau embraces Gothic and Baroque, but the work of Gaudi and Mackintoshare more than decoration, why? ( 6 points) NAME THE BUILDINGS BELOW.

The work of both Gaudi and Mackintosh was more than just elaborate decoration, or surfaceornament; what Late Gothic and Baroque employed.

Both of these Architects used structure and decoration to work together, allowing new forms of

Architectural expression to be created.

These buildings are;

Glasgow School of Art in Scotland and Sagrada Famila in Barcelona.

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