Questions from Page 304Does a technologically advanced nation have a responsibility to share its advances with less developed areas?

Is it acceptable to impose your culture on another culture group?

Who should benefit from the resources of a place?

Is there such thing as having too much power over others?

The Age of Imperialism

The Age of Imperialism

Imperialism =

a policy of conquering and ruling other lands

2. Britain was the most powerful nation in the world b/c of:

factories

British Navy

banks

Germany and the US began to challenge British power (late 1800’s)

Solution - look to colonies for markets and resources.

Imperialism fostered rivalries. France, Spain, Netherlands and Portugal Africa.

Austria-Hungary Balkans.

Russia Central Asia and Siberia.

Belgium, Italy, and Germany Africa (new imperial powers).

United States Pacific and Latin America

Japan East Asia

B. Motives for Imperialism?

colonies = Power

economic competition (resources and markets)

racism

share technology and progress

spread Christianity with missionaries.

The white man’s burden- The Journal,

Detroit . 1899

Hit the handout!

The Age of Imperialism

Closing Thought:

In answering the call of imperialism, Europeans altered the way of life on every continent.

Go to http://www.discoveryeducation.com/

User name: your CB username

PW: discover

search “atlas”

Click on the discovery atlas, and watch some video clips about your country’s history

 

Go to Wikipedia and read the section on your nation’s history. Jot down three ideas.

By the end of class today, you should have five key terms for library searching (name of people, events, etc) to help you with searching. List them on your research assignment sheet.

MAP IT!

Use the handout and maps to outline how different countries did at the Berlin Conference!

Slicing Up the “Cake”

The Berlin Conference

1884-1885

I. Major MotivationA) Several countries claim land along

Congo River through 1870s-1880s

B) Need agreement on land division

African ResultsA) Big Winners

1. Great Britain (duh!)

2. France (What’s the catch?)

3. Germany (What?!)

B) Doing Okay1. Portugal

2. Belgium

C) Big Losers1. Italy

2. Spain Africa in 1914

European Results

A) Jealousy1. GERM jealous of GB

2. FR jealous of GB

3. ITA feels left out

B) Trouble: FRA and GB1. Morocco and Egypt

2. “Entente Cordiale” (1904)

C) Trouble: GERM1. Moroccan Crises

2. Anger at other cooperation

GERMFRAGB

Above: Europe in 1904

17

Domination and Resistance in Africa

Slide 18

Europe’s Advantage

Advances in transportation (steamships and railroad) and communications (telegraph and later the telephone)

Medical advances (especially a cure for malaria)

Slide 19

Europe’s Advantage

Superior military weaponry Bolt-action rifles quickly reload

Maxim Gun and Gatlin Gun (early machine guns)

Steamships with machine guns and cannons

Slide 20

Africa’s DisadvantagesVariety of cultures and languages made unification difficultLow level of technology readily available – most of the guns owned by Africans dated back to the slave trade (which ended two generations before)

Africa’s Disadvantages

Ethnic strife hurts attempts to work together and build up resources

DominationPeople of the Sudan resisted British rule and at the Battle of Omdurman. The British killed some 10,000 Sudanese with machine guns. (We’ll see this soon!)

In Nigeria, 500 British soldiers and African allies defeated 31,000 with machine guns

Domination

African religious leaders during the Maji Maji Rebellion in German West Africa claimed magic water would make bullets harmless – some 26,000 died as they attacked machine guns with spears

Zulus in South Africa put on formable resistance to Boers and later the British, but are outgunned and defeated in 1879

Successful ResistanceEthiopia: only country to successfully resist Europeans

Emperor Menelik II, played the Italians, French, and British against one another along with his Ethiopian rivals

Battle of Adowa, 1896: Ethiopians defeat Italians and maintain independence

“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

British Empire

Reached its height under Queen Victoria

Originally about economics PRIDE

RHODES COLOSSUSCecil Rhodes

built the trans-Africa railway

Conquered nation of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) was named

The cartoon is a play on the old Colossus of Rhodes, which was one of the “Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.”)

“We [the British] happen to be the best in the world, with the highest ideals of dependency and justice and liberty and peace, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for humanity.”

Perspective

“Our whole existence has been controlled by people with an alien attitude to life, people with different customs and beliefs. They have determined the form of government, the types of economic activity, and the schooling which our children have…A man who tries to control the life of another does not destroy the other any less because he does it, as he thinks, for the other’s benefit. It is the principle which is wrong, the principle of one man governing another without his consent.”

-Julius Nyerere of Tanzania

B. Forms of Imperialism

ColonyDirect control

• Completely ruled by Imperial power• No influence of local people or culture• Goal: assimilation

ProtectorateIndirect control

• Overseen by imperial power • Locals play small roles in local government

Forms of imperialismSphere of Influence

Indirect control• control of a specific need or resource (trading privileges)• Only imperializes a specific area or region, not a total country• Ex. China

Economic ImperialismIndirect control

• control by private business interests NOT government• Can eventually lead to colonization• Ex. Dole Fruit Company in Hawaii

Crumbling Ottoman Empire……looks tasty to

Europeans. Russia interested in the Black Sea (access to Med. and Atlantic)

Crimean War: 1853• Russia attacks

Turks and lose• GB & France help

the Turks• Didn’t want Russia

to get any bigger• GB/FR/OTT win,

Russia loses

Crumbling Ottoman Empire…

Oil discovered in Middle East

Egypt and Persia (Iran) implement social and political reforms to prevent European take-over

Egypt’s modernizationSuez Canal

Worked with French engineers

Borrowed $ from France who in turn borrowed $ from GB

1882: lost Suez Canal to GB; couldn’t pay off debts

Suez canal

Suez Canal From space

Imperialism in India

The jewel in the crown

India was the largest and most lucrative colony of the entire British Empire.

1600’s British East India Co. began trading in India; over time gaining more economic and POLITICAL control

CLIP IT!FOLLOW ALONG WITH THE VIDEO CLIP

TO FIND OUT WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT THE SITUATION IN INDIA COMPARED TO

OTHER COLONIES…How did the British East India Company (BEIC) deal with threats from outside?

How many Sepoys joined with the BEIC? 

How did the size and population of the BEIC’s territory compare to that of Great Britain?

What kind of people joined the BEIC? How did they try to fit in with the locals?

Hindus vs. MuslimsHindus outnumbered Muslim Indians 2:1History of poor treatment of Hindus by fallen Muslim Mughal Dynasty caused much distrust b/w two groupsMany Hindus favored GB over Mughal DynastyGB will use religious division of Indians to their advantage

III. A New Kind of LifeDon’t need to write!

A. New customs1) Eliminate caste system?2) “Traditions”

B. BEIC wants to melt into societyC. Indians start getting frustrated

1) Specialized labor losing jobs (like UK!!!)

2) Sepoys told to go overseas3) Gun cartridges covered in

animal fat?

Long-term outcomes of colonizationNationalism makes people demand greater role in gov’t1) Brahmo Samaj (Rammohun

Roy) wants to meld Western and Indian culture

Creation of: Indian National Congress-1885• Mix of all Indians, but no

widespread supportMuslim League-1906• Just Muslim Indians• Goal: push for independence

and protection of Muslim rights

IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

A. Imperialism in China Chinese had firm traditions stable & secure

• Looked down at outsiders

• strong agricultural economy

• Foreign traders brought new products – foods – led to population boom in 1700s

Strong mining and manufacturing • Many natural resources – salt, tin, silver, iron

ore• Produced silks, cottons, porcelain

3. Tea/Opium ConnectionChina was self sufficient did not need to trade WITH West but did want to trade TO West

British wanted to find a good (product) Chinese would want to buy to improve trade balance

OPIUM!

Used as pain reliever in Chinese medicine

Highly addictive

Over 12 million were hooked by 1830

Imperialism in China

“By what right do they (British Merchants) …use the poisonous drug (opium) to injure the Chinese people?...I have heard that the smoking of Opium is strictly forbidden by your country…Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries.”

Lin Zexu, quoted in China’s Response to the West

Imperialism in China

Imperialism in China Opium WarThe British refused to stop trading OPIUMChina begins naval battle with British to stop sale of OpiumChina easily DEFEATEDEffects:

EffectsHONG KONG given to G.B.Extraterritorial rights given to G.B. – exempt from laws at ports

Imperialism in China

C. Issues in China POPULATION had grown dramatically

Food supply lacking

Government CORRUPTION

Opium use INCREASING

WHAT’S A NATION TO DO?

Overthrow the government, of course!

TAIPING REBELLION &

BOXER REBELLION

Self Strengthening MovementEffects of Instability in China

Foreigners import resources for MILITARY

China loses trade balance

Increasing WESTERN INFLUENCE

Foreigners attack• Other countries capitalize on

China’s weaknesses

• Resulting treaties lead to “FOOTHOLDS”—spheres of influence

Assignment Using your textbook, identify the following events that affected China in the 1800s and 1900s.

What it IS Why it is IMPORTANT

Opium War

Taiping Rebellion

Self-Strengthening Movement

Open Door Policy

Boxer Rebellion

IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN

Japan modernizes

1600s - Japan begins isolation from other nations

Shoguns protect and control peasants

Time of peace and prosperity

Traded w/ Chinese and Dutch

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

Commodore Matthew Perry steams into Tokyo and demands relations

Japan opens 2 ports for US ships to take on supplies

US sets up embassy

VIDEO CLIP W/ QUESTIONS

Meiji Era Begins: 1867-1912

“Enlightened Rule” under Emperor Mutsuhito

Mutsuhito believes Japan must adopt Western ways to keep Westerners out

Massive modernization

Figure 3: Emperor Mutsuhito

Figure 1: Early Samurai

Figure 2: Last Samurai

Sino-Japanese war: 1894Japan attacked Chinese troops in Korea

Japanese destroyed Chinese navy

Drove China out of Korea

Russo-Japanese war: 1904

Japan launches surprise attack on Russians off the coast of Manchuria

Russians refuse to stay out of Korea

Japan annexes Korea: 19101907: Korean king gives up control

1909: Korean Imperial Army disbanded

Japan annexed Korea; keeps it until end of WWII

Long-term outcomes of Japanese Imperialism

Japan develops large Pacific empire, major competitor to the West

Japan becomes most industrialized country in Asia

Japan interested in China and will make several attempts to take it

In reflection, what did Japan do right and China do wrong when trying to modernize?

Assignment Using your textbook, identify the following events that affected Japan in the 1800s and 1900s.

What is IS Why it is IMPORTANT

Treaty of Kanagawa

Meiji Era begins

Sino-Japanese War

Russo-Japanese War

Annexation of Korea