QUICK REVIEW OF WORLD WAR I

THE CAUSES

1. THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMa) The Triple Entente : Russia, France, Britain

(ENTENTE CORDIALE/ALLIES) *Italy, USA, British Colonies

b) The Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy* (Central Powers) (Turkey and Bulgaria)

2. Militarism

a) building up armed forces, getting ready for war.

b) Naval Rivalry between Britain and Germanyc) France and Germany in an Arms Race

3. Imperialism

a) France: wanted lost territory—Alsace/Lorraine), parts of Africa (Morocco).

b) Germany: wanted her own Empire, which conflicted with France and Russia—Africa and Balkans.

c) Austria-Hungary: wanted territory—Bosnia (Parts of the Ottoman Empire)

d) Russia: wanted the Dardanelles—a trade route from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

e) Britain: wanted to keep Gibraltar.

4. Nationalism

a) A-H: made up of a variety of ethnicities. Bosnians were SLAVIC/SERBIAN (affiliated with Russia—religion and ethnicity)

b) Germany: nationalism encouraged by Kaiser Wilhelm II (same ethnicity as A-H)

c) Britain and France: intense pride in their nation

Steps

1. Series of Moroccan Crises 2. A-H annexation of Bosnia3. Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

on June 28th, 1914 by Gavrilo Princip—a Serb nationalist (Black Hand)

Europe in 1914

WWI Images

To decide what to do, the ‘big three’ met.

THREE PERSPECTIVES ON THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCES

The Treaty of Versailles

George Clemenceau:

• Realist• Wants:

– dismember Germany– revenge– guaranteed safety– stripped of industry and armed forces

• People: supported him• What excerpts from Treaty did he support?

– War Guilt Clause– Alsace and Lorraine– Military restrictions– de-militarized Rhine valley– Forbid reunification of Austria and Germany

Woodrow Wilson• Idealist• Wants:

– just and lasting peace– creation of the League of Nations– Democracy

• People: – didn’t support him– Treaty of Versailles defeated by US Senate WHY?

• What excerpts from Treaty did he support?– League of Nations– Constitution of League– Alsace and Lorraine– Disarmament

Lloyd George

• Middle of the Road• Wants:

– revenge and reparations—but do not cripple Germany– feared refugees and communism– wanted a trading partner in Germany

• People: supported him• What excerpts from Treaty did he support?

– War Guilt Clause– Military restrictions– surrender merchant fleet– League of Nations mandates

SELF-DETERMINATION

• Former Yugoslavia• Former Soviet Union• Middle East—Palestine• Russia and Chechens• China and Tibet• Kurds in Iraq• WWII-German people in Austria and Poland

and Sudetenland

SOCIAL EFFECTS:

• WOMEN:– Roles changed—factory and office workers– Right to Vote– Social and Political Power were exercised i.e. Women’s

Christian Temperance Movement– Gained Social Freedom—changing clothes

• URBANIZATION:– Move to cities– Automobiles became important– With automobile leisure time became important, teenagers

ECONOMIC EFFECTS:

• Very expensive—industrialization• Allies owed money to the US• German and Russian economies in ruin

POLITICAL EFFECTS:

• Balance of Power and Alliance system destroyed

• Autocracies collapsed—where one ruler wields power—Kaiser Wilhelm/Germany; Tsar Nicholas II/Russia

• Russia became communist (we will learn about this in a few days)

FALLOUT FROM WWI:

• Rise of Nazism in Germany• Rise of Fascism in Italy• Failures of the League of Nations• The Second World War