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R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16c
Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice-regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation Polka
Causes of the Reformation? Church corruption
Avignon Papacy
Conciliarism (Great Schism)
Marsilius of Padua Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace]
• Attacked papal authority
• The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!
Development of personal devotions suspicion of clergy
Greed of secular leaders 1/3 of Europe church land
Papal need for money indulgences
Printing Press
Causes of The Reformation Cont.
• Population Growth
• Urbanization
• Growth of National Monarchies (Spain, France, England)
• Fragmented German and Swiss City-States
• Modern Devotion
• Study of Northern Humanism
The Spread of the Printing PressThe Spread of the Printing Press
The Holy Roman
Empire in the 16c
The Holy Roman
Empire in the 16c
The Holy Roman Empire
• Political Disunity• Electorate System• Charles V,
– Habsburg Dominance– Foreign Wars
• Principalities– Quest for power
• Informal Resentment of the Papal States• Economic incentive
Summary of Luther• Product of the Modern Devotion• Wants reform not Revolution• 95 Theses 1517• Diet of Worms 1520• Protector: Frederick the Wise• Married 1525: Partnership• Renunciation of the Peasants Revolt 1525• Key Spiritual Beliefs
– Purity of Scripture– Justification by Faith Alone– Consubstantiation
• Spread North to Scandanavia
The Peasant Revolt - 1525The Peasant Revolt - 1525
The Spread of LutheranismThe Spread of Lutheranism
Calvin’s World in the 16cCalvin’s World in the 16c
Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli
• Location
• Beliefs
• Impact
• Switzerland
• Infant Baptism/Symbolic Eucharist
• Literal interpretation of the Bible
• God is spiritually present in mass
• “Priesthood of all believers”
• Marburg Colloquy: Last chance for Reform Unity
• Zwingli assassinated: Civil war• Principalities split• New religion: Influences
Calvinism
John CalvinJohn CalvinJohn Calvin
• Location
• Beliefs
• Impact
• France/Geneva
• Pre-destination• Symbolic Transubstantiation • Increased women’s rights • Model Society after Scripture
• Reformed Geneva: Strict Moral Code
• Safe Haven for Protestants• Attractive new Religion-
Calvinism• Future Conflict with Lutherans
Following the history of the earliest church recounted in the New Testament book, The Acts of the Apostles , Calvin divided church organization into four levels:
• Pastors: These were five men who exercised authority over religious matters in Geneva;
• Teachers: This was a larger group whose job it was to teach doctrine to the population.
• Elders: The Elders were twelve men (after the twelve Apostles) who were chosen by the municipal council; their job was to oversee everything that everybody did in the city.
• Deacons: Modeled after the Seven in Acts 6-8, the deacons were appointed to care for the sick, the elderly, the widowed and the poor.
ProtestantChurches
inFrance
(Late 16c)
ProtestantChurches
inFrance
(Late 16c)
The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
The English Reformation
• Lutheran ideas smuggled into England, Influence Cramer and Cromwell
• Henry marries Catherine of Aragon: Papal Dispensation
• Lacks male heir, Henry becomes obsessed: Female Mary
• Wants to remarry Ann Boleyn
The Reformation Parliament
• Submission of the Clergy• Act of Succession• Act of Supremacy• Henry is conservative: Upholds Catholic
Doctrine (Six Articles)• Legacy: Years of Conflict
– Edward VI, Protestant (Dies after 6 years)– Mary, Catholic (Bloody Mary)– Elizabeth, Tolerant Protestant
ReformationEurope
(Late 16c)
ReformationEurope
(Late 16c)
Counter Reformation by the R.C.C.
• Initial Response
• Reforms
• Impact
• Ignore the Reformation and stay away from it
• Excommunicate, kill, burn people who didn’t believe in R.C.C.
• No spiritual reforms• Clergy returned to diocese• No longer sell benefices
• New church orders- Jesuits/ – Ignatius of Loyola– Spiritual Exercises
• R.C.C. loses some political power• Some Protestants turn back to
Catholics• Italy, Spain, West Ireland Catholic
Strongholds
Baroque Art: A Catholic Tool to Baroque Art: A Catholic Tool to Combat the ReformationCombat the Reformation
• Lasting Lasting Consequences of Consequences of the Age of Religious the Age of Religious Reform?Reform?