R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: Available_Energy-2.jpg in 2005 absorbed by land and ocean Solar...

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Available_Energy-2.jpg

in 2005

absorbed by land and ocean

Solar Energy

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/35/Available_Energy-2.jpg

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011

Solar Thermal

Solar panels heat up water

without involving

generating electricity.

Solar heating capacity was 145 GW-thermal in 2008.


Solar energy trapped by the solar

troughs heats the thermal oil.

Oil circulating in a closed loop heats

high volumes of water to generate

steam at high temperatures (up to

400oC).

Steam turbine generates electricity.

Solar Thermal Typical Solar Trough System for Power Generation (heat to work)

Steam Turbine

Steam Generator

ElectricGenerator

Condenser

Cooling Tower

Thermal oil is circulated in a closed loop

Solar Troughs

Source: http://www.solarpanelsplus.com/parabolic-trough-collectors/


Solar Thermal

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_trough

A parabolic trough is a solar thermal energy collector. It is constructed as a long parabolic mirror (usually coated silver

or polished aluminum) with a Dewar tube (vacuum flask) running its length at the focal

point. Sunlight is reflected by the mirror and concentrated on the Dewar tube.

The trough is usually aligned on a north-south axis, and rotated to track

the sun as it moves across the sky each day.


- 354 MW installed capacity - power 232,500 homes- have a total of 936,384 mirrors - cover more than 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) - lined up, the parabolic mirrors would extend over 370 km.- 3000 broken mirrors (mostly by wind) per year are replaced

Solar Thermal

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems

Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the largest solar energy generating facility in the world.

It consists of nine solar power plants (built between 1984 and 1990) in California's Mojave Desert,

where insolation is among the best available in the US.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Solarplant-050406-05.jpg


Technological status mature

Average growth 17-20% per year

Solar Thermal


Solar Thermal

Source: http://www.sunspot.org.uk/ed/

The solar cooker has a parabolic reflector to

concentrate more than a m2 of sunlight into an area about

17 cm in diameter.

The control arm allows the reflector to be set facing the sun and holds the pot at the focal point regardless of the

reflector tilt angle.

The stand holds the other two together and allows the

cooker to be rotated to follow the sun as it moves across

the sky.


Solar Thermal

Florida legislation specifically protects the 'right to dry' and

similar solar rights legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii.

Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of fuel or electricity.


Photovoltaic (PV) cell turn light directly into electricity.

Total of installed PV was more than 16 GW in 2008.

Solar irradiance

PV module

Charge controller

DC loads AC loads

Inverter

Battery

Stand Alone System

Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells

http://pursolsolar.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/solarstandalone2.gif



£5.5 million

CIS Tower, Manchester, England is 118 m skyscraper with a weatherproof cladding (replacing the mosaic tiles) around the tower made up of PV cells (alive & dummy cells).

It generates 21 kW electricity (enough to power 61 average 3-bed houses) and feeds part of it to the national grid.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CIS_Tower.jpg



The Pocking Solar Park is a 10 MWp photovoltaic solar power plant. - started in August 2005 - completed in March 2006

sheep are now grazing under and around the

57,912 photovoltaic modules

US$87 million


Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells World's 5 largest Photovoltaic Power Stations

1. Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park, Spain – 60MW Completed Sept 2008

2. Puertollano Photovoltaic Park, Spain – 47MW Completed 2008

3. Moura photovoltaic power station, Portugal – 46.4MW Completed Dec 2008

4. Waldpolenz Solar Park, Germany – 40MWCompleted Dec 2008

5. Arnedo Solar Plant, Spain – 30MWCompleted Oct 2008



Large Photovoltaic Power Stations in planning - Rancho Cielo Solar Farm, USA - 600MW

- Topaz Solar Farm, USA - 550MW - High Plains Ranch, USA - 250MW

- Mildura Solar concentrator power station, Australia -154MW



Photovoltaic Power for

Rural HomesIn Sri Lanka



Solar lanternAbout Rs 2500/=

7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hoursSolar Panel Warrantee: 10 yearsLantern Warrantee: 1 year



PV cells could complete with biological plants.

Photovoltaic 'tree' in Austria

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gleisdorf.Solarbaum.jpg


Inorganic Solar Cells

Bulk

2nd GenerationThin-film

Germanium Silicon

Mono-crystalline

Poly-crystalline

Ribbon

Silicon

AmorphousSilicon

NonocrystallineSilicon

3rd GenerationMaterials

CIS

CIGS

CdTe

GaAs

Light absorbing dyes




Bulk

Germanium Silicon

Mono-crystalline

Poly-crystalline

Ribbon

Silicon

AmorphousSilicon



CIS

CIGS

CdTe

GaAs



CdTe (cadmium telluride) is easier to

deposit and more suitable for large-scale production.

Cd is however toxic.




Bulk

Germanium Silicon

Mono-crystalline

Poly-crystalline

Ribbon

Silicon

AmorphousSilicon



CIS

CIGS

CdTe

GaAs



Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high energy process, and it takes over two years for a

conventional solar cell to generate as much energy as was used to make the silicon it contains.

Silicon is produced by reacting carbon (charcoal) and silica at a temperature around 1700 deg C.

And, 1.5 tonnes of CO2 is emitted for each tonne of silicon (about 98% pure) produced.





Bulk

Germanium Silicon

Mono-crystalline

Poly-crystalline

Ribbon

Silicon

AmorphousSilicon



CIS

CIGS

CdTe

GaAs



Germanium is an “un-substitutable” industrial mineral.

75% of germanium is used in optical fibre systems, infrared optics, solar electrical applications, and other speciality glass uses.

Germanium gives these glasses their desired optical properties.

Germanium use will likely increase with solar-electric power becomes widely available and as optic cables continue to replace traditional copper wire.


Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption:

Step 1: Virgin material supply limit

The reserve base for germanium in 1999 = 500 Mg

So the virgin material supply limit over the next 50 years

= 500 Mg / 50 years

= 10 Mg/yr

Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9



Step 2: Allocation of virgin material

Average U.S. population over the next 50 years

= 340 million

Equal allocation of germanium among the average U.S. population gives

(10 Mg/yr) / 340 million

= 29 mg / (person.yr)





Step 3: Regional “re-captureable” resource base

Worldwide germanium production from recycled material

≈ 25% of the total germanium consumed

Equal allocation of virgin germanium among the average U.S. population therefore becomes 1.25*29 mg / (person.yr)

= 36 mg / (person.yr)

The sustainable limiting rate of germanium consumption in U.S. is thus 36 mg / (person.yr)





Step 4: Current consumption rate vs. sustainable limiting rate

Germanium consumption in U.S. in 1999 = 28 Mg

Population in U.S. in 1999 = 275 million

So, germanium consumption rate in U.S. in 1999

= 28 Mg / 275 million = 102 mg / (person.yr)

which is about 2.8 times the sustainable limiting rate of germanium consumption in U.S.





Technological status 1G: mature

2G: market penetrating phase

3G: research phase

Average growth 40% per year

Major challenge - cost reduction and increased lifetime

- advanced manufacturing techniques

- working with limited resources

Total share of global energy mix

0.1% of electricity in 2007

1-2% of electricity in 2030 (potential)

Possible adverse effects

- harmful production materials

- disposal measures

- land use in some areas



Wind energy has a great potential and has rapidly developed over the past 25 years.

Wind Energy

Technological status mature

Average growth 17.1% per year

Total share of global energy mix

3.3% of electricity in 200729.1% of electricity in 2030 (potential)


Wind Energy

The project was commissioned in

March 1999.

The total project cost was around Rs. 280 million.

It consists 5 wind turbines of

600 kW each.

3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota


Wind Energy

Villagers are trained to do all the installation and

maintenance work themselves.

Turbine parts are made by local people,

from local materials.

Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya, Sri Lanka

- by Practical Action


Wind Energy The small wind system is approximately 12 m tall, produces 250 W at a rated wind speed of 8 m/s.

It costs approximately $550, and should last about 20 years.

It powers compact fluorescent light bulbs, a radio, and/or a television.

At peak wind times there is excess power that can be used to charge batteries.

Small-scale Wind power in Sri Lanka

- by Practical Action


Wind Energy

- spinning in the lightest of breezes!- low rotation speed!- magnetic levitation alternator- higher reliability - silent output - max power 2500 W

1.8m

2.7m


Direct CO2 emissions from burning

(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)

1017

575

362

790

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear

Upper rangeLower range

IAEA2000

Direct CO2 emissions from burning


1017

575

362

790

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400



IAEA2000


Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle


4 2148

236 280

1306

688

439

910

966

100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400



IAEA2000

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka (in million toe)

Petroleum

Biomass

Hydro

Biomass Energy


Biomass Energy

Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in kilotonne oil equivalent)

Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

Non-conventional3.91

Biomass4,626.13

Hydro828.18

Petroleum4,172.25


Biomass Energy

Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)

Non-conventional<0.1%

Biomass48%

Hydro8.6%

Petroleum43.3%



Biomass Energy

Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)

Renewable Energy56.7%

Petroleum43.3%



Biomass Energy

Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)

Biomass56.5%

Electricity9.7%

Petroleum33.8%


Who use the biomass?Who use the electricity?Who use the petroleum?


Biomass Energy

Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005(in percentage)

Agriculture<0.1%

Household, Commercialand Others

48.1%

Transport25.4%

Industry26.3%



Biomass Energy

Dendro power generation

Grow fast growing tree species, having high energy yield. Eg: Gliricidia Sepium tree

Harvest biomass from the forest using coppicing techniques (the tree as a whole is not cut down, but pruned systematically)

Transport biomass to the power plant

Fed into the furnace of the conventional steam turbine / electrical generator system

Or, fed into a gasifier to produce a combustible gas that could be burnt in a diesel engine coupled to an electrical generator.

Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3


Biomass Energy


Every MW of dendro power installed creates employment for 300 people in rural communities.

Unused land and agricultural smallholds are ideal locations for the establishment of biomass plantations and people can enhance their earnings by selling fuel wood to dendro plants.

Employment opportunities are also generated out of the need to establish and manage fuel wood plantations and for plant construction and maintenance work.



Biomass Energy


Biomass is a renewable energy source which is almost carbon neutral as the carbon emissions released during combustion are recaptured during re-growth.

However in practice not all biomass generation will be carbon neutral as transportation to the generation plant will generate carbon emissions.

The leaves of the Gliricidia Sepium tree can also be used as cattle feed or as a substitute for urea as a soil nutrient.



Biomass Energy

Gliricidia Sepium

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