Racial Bias in the Media

8/18/2019 Racial Bias in the Media

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2RACIAL BIAS IN THE MEDIA

ABSTRA T

The media e!idently is a ma"or institution in society and it #lays a critical role$ %t rein&orces our

!alues and norms' it gi!es us concrete e(am#les o& what ha##ens to those who transgress these

norms' and most im#ortantly) it #er#etuates certain ways o& seeing the world and #eo#le within

the world$ The media is an integral #art o& society$ %t utili*es the same bul+ o& +nowledge that

can be +nown as ,common sense, which most o& us ac-uire in our #reo#erational stage o&

de!elo#ment$ .o one is born racist$ Howe!er) #eo#le are susce#tible to become racist)

de#ending u#on how he or she was raised$ .e!ertheless) un"usti&iable negati!e beha!iors and

attitudes towards a grou# and its members ha!e ignited heated debates determining whether or

not such beha!iors are &utile or bene&icial$ /ne o& the most contro!ersial debates concerning the

issue o& racism is media bias$ %n some cases) the media will &a!or one race more than another$

This #a#er0s #rimary &ocus is on the medium o& racial bias &rom the media$ All the salient #oints

o& why this swelling issue should be discussed will be &urther e(#lained in the #a#er$ By

recogni*ing and &amiliari*ing oursel!es with how the media in&luences our #erce#tions) society

can de!elo# a concrete resolution to lessen the substantial #ower the media has in our li!es$


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%.TR/9< T%/.

%n the Americans cannot wal+ into a store without an em#loyee loo+ing

o!er their shoulder$ Me(icans cannot ha!e a body co!ered in tattoos without someone thin+ing

that they are a&&iliated with a gang or smuggling drugs$ Arabs cannot wear a hi"ab or a ta-iya in

#ublic without someone re&erencing them as a terrorist$ %n 1uro#e) much li+e the 2rench) and

2rench>Muslims do not ha!e an e-uitable balance as their nati!e 2rench counter#arts$ .o one

deser!es to be shamed &or the color o& their s+in$ .onetheless) racism is &ound on e!ery continent

in "ust about e!ery country$ %m#licit racial bias has become a bu**word used to broadly &rame

bigotry and racism as something so entrenched that some #eo#le aren0t aware that they

subconsciously harbor racist &eelings$ Generally s#ea+ing) #eo#le ha!e a tendency to associate a

dar+ s+in com#le(ion with negati!e beha!ior$ %n both the white #eo#le in the media is at its a#e($ S#eci&ically) Blac+s) Me(icans

and Arabs in one way or another) are sub"ected to une-ual treatment &rom the media$ ountless

cases re!eal racism and bigotry ha!e le&t many #eo#le #etri&ied and somber as they see+ "ustice$

The ob"ecti!e o& this #a#er is to study how the society0s !iew o& non>nati!e Americans and non>

nati!e 2rench correlates with how the media #ortrays them as a whole$ Throughout this research)

studying race will gi!e a wide !iew on di&&erent cultures and how the di&&erent cultures interact

with one another) because although the media in&orms its audience on #ositi!e things occurring

in the world today) it also generates negati!e !iews on certain grou#s) s#eci&ically Blac+s)

Me(icans and Arabs$


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L%M%TAT%/.S

The study o& the media0s in&luence on racial !iews is highly rele!ant because o& current

e!ents regarding racial acti!ity across both nations$ 9es#ite its rele!ance) there are limitations

that can result in the #resence o& bias in this research$

Narrowed source subject matter: The research conducted will be #rimarily limited to

#sychological studies related to how the brain se-uesters a s#eci&ic s+in color with that o& how

the #erson will beha!e$ This research -uestion) &or A&rican>Americans or Blac+ 1uro#eans) is

being #osed as a res#onse to the +illings o& Tamir Rice) Sandra Bland) Tray!on Martin) 1ric

Garner) and many others$ 2or American>Muslims and 2rench>Muslims) the research -uestion is

#osed in res#onse to the =?:: attac+s and terrorist attac+s that ha!e de&aced the religion o& %slam$

2or Me(icans) the research -uestion is a res#onse to immigration to the


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Another limitation related to geogra#hical location is that the author) des#ite witnessing

racial discrimination here in the hand


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e(#erience with racial discrimination$ orres#ondingly) due to #ersonal e(#eriences and

obser!ations) along with notes the author inscribed #ro!ided the author with some insight that

assisted her in this research #a#er$

The author care&ully selected sources with high ho#es in #ro!iding the most neutral #a#er

as #ossible$ The author attem#ted to achie!e a balance between di&&ering #ers#ecti!es$

L%T1RATbased &aith$ 2ollowing the end o& the := th century) the %slamic world

was &ace>to>&ace with the Western World and its0 ideologies$ All in all) generally s#ea+ing)

Muslims in America were acce#ted with o#en arms$

2antina) analy*es #ossibilities that would most li+ely occur on the media) based o&&

history) about the tragic death o& three young Muslims at ha#el Hill based a##roach) too+ a historical a##roach to de&end her #osition$ Muslims)

Sunni and Shi0a) were belie!ed to be behind the /+lahoma ity bombings that too+ #lace in

:==6$ 2ollowing other attac+s) !iolence against Muslims s#i+ed$

%n“(he )ilenced *ictims of %&'': Part ',” by Goal Saedi) the treatment o& Muslims in

America is &urther analy*ed$ Saedi highlights the unbe+nownst &act that the Western Media has)

continues) and will ne!er sto# negati!ely #ortraying Arabs and Muslims in both the news and


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&ilms$ Hollywood maneu!ers on the hac+neyed idea o& stereoty#es as a shorthand way o&

de&ining characters in ways that are easy &or audiences to #in#oint and digest$ But a steady diet

o& negati!e stereoty#es as #ortrayed in the media can be !ery destructi!e to young #eo#le i& there

are also !ery &ew #ositi!e role models that they can identi&y with$ Arab stereoty#es ha!e s#read

across America$ %n &ilm) Hollywood has consistently stereoty#ed Arabs since the !ery beginning$

2ilmma+ers claim that they inherited and embellished 1uro#e s #re>e(isting Arab caricatures

rather than creating new ones$ %n :C=8) Thomas 1dison created a short &ilm in which ,Arab,

women in harem out&its dance to seduce a male audience$ The &ilm was called “+atima Dances”

and was the &irst &ilm to use the belly dancer stereoty#e$ An unnoticed e(am#le o& cartoonsde#icting Arabs in a negati!e manner is the e(ceedingly #o#ular 9isney animated &eature &ilm

Aladdin) which was release in .o!ember o& :==4$ %n its attem#ts to ma+e the &ilm more

a##ealing to the Western world) 9isney Americani*ed the names and a##earances o& the lead

characters$ The &ilmDs light>s+inned lead characters) Aladdin and Easmine) ha!e Anglici*ed

&eatures and Anglo>American accents while most o& the other characters) such as the merchants

on the street and the &ilms antagonist) Ea&ar) are dar+>s+inned) swarthy and !illainous) with thic+

Arabic accents and grotes-ue &acial &eatures$ %n the Western world) Arabs in tele!ision and

mo!ies are #ortrayed as bombers) belly dancers) or billionaires$

The #re!alence o& mass communication has grown greatly o!er the #ast &ew decades$

Subse-uently) Eohnson) in “ ways the -edia pholds /hite Privile0e and Demoni1es People of

2olor,” asserts its uncertainty as to why many Americans label Arabs or Muslims as the world0s

most #resent terrorists and murderers' when in &act white su#remacists ha!e +illed twice as many

#eo#le$ Eohnson enumerates how the media dis#lays white #eo#le0s accom#lishments and #eo#le

o& color0s alleged crimes$ %& a white man was to +idna# and ra#e a child) the media would say he


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is Fmentally disturbed and then would bring u# his childhood) #in#ointing &acts that he was in

Boy Scouts and that he was lass> resident and the news would show his graduation #hotos$

Howe!er) i& a blac+ man was to +idna# and ra#e a child) the media would label him as a

Fcriminal and tal+ about his troubled childhood in and out o& school growing u#) and the news

would de#ict him holding a toy gun when he was a youth$ They would show his mug shot &rom

si( years ago &or committing a small crime) a misdemeanor) in which he already ser!ed his time$

The media would not dare mention the &act that he too was in Boy Scouts and was well li+ed by

his community$

His#anic>Americans) li+e many other minority grou#s in the *oot suiters0 sentiment s#ar+ed a series o& attac+s on young

Me(ican American males in Los Angeles which culminated in what became +nown as the

e(ecrable FIoot Suit Riots$ A##ro(imately 6)JJJ ser!icemen and ci!ilians gathered in

downtown Los Angeles and attac+ed Me(ican>American *oot suiters and non>*oot suiters ali+e$

Hollywood o#erates on stereoty#es as a shorthand way o& de&ining characters in ways

that are easy &or audiences to identi&y and digest$ But a steady diet o& negati!e stereoty#es as

#ortrayed in the media can be !ery destructi!e to young #eo#le es#ecially i& there are insu&&icient

#ositi!e role models that they can identi&y with) according to i!il Rights Lawyer) Sebastian

Gibson$

2rance is not as u#>to>date with &reedom and e-uality &or all as the


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#rohibiting concealment o& the &ace in a #ublic area$ The ban o& &ace>co!ering includes mas+s)

helmets) balacla!as) ni-Kbs and conse-uently bur-as' i& the &ull>body co!ering co!er0s the &ace$

9ionne suggests that the social ga# between immigrant Muslims and nati!e 2rench #eo#le will

-uic+ly grow$ The +ey argument su##orting this #ro#osal is that &ace>co!erings #re!ent a clear

identi&ication o& an indi!idual) which is both a security ris+) and a social hindrance within a

society which relies on &acial recognition and e(#ression in communication) as li+e any other

language$ The +ey argument against the ban is that it encroaches on and !iolates indi!idual

&reedoms$ The law was challenged and ta+en to the 1uro#ean ourt o& Human Rights which

u#held the 2rench law on Euly :) 4J:5) acce#ting the argument o& the 2rench go!ernment that thelaw was based on ,a certain idea o& li!ing together$, 9alil Bouba+eur) is a rector o& the Great

Mos-ue o& aris and he testi&ied to the 2rench #arliament during the #re#aration o& the bill$ He

commented that the ni-Kb was not #rescribed in %slam) that in the 2rench and contem#orary

conte(t its s#read was associated with radicali*ation and criminal beha!ior) and that wearing it

was inconsistent with 2rance s all the more conce#t o& secularism /n the contrary) Mohammed

Moussaoui) the #resident o& the 2rench ouncil o& the Muslim 2aith) o##osed using a law that

abolished &ace>co!erings but &a!ored discouraging Muslim women &rom wearing the &ull !eil) or

bur-a$ /nce the law was o&&icial) it was widely #ublici*ed across e!ery tele!ision) e!ery radio)

and e!ery news#a#er in the country$ 2rance has the largest number o& Muslims in Western

1uro#e$ According to Saedi) about :J o& 2rance0s #o#ulation is Muslim) a##ro(imately 8

million de!out Muslims$ Adida et al. in “/hat -akes -uslims +eel +rench!” re#orted that

more than =J o& both Muslim and non>Muslim res#ondents in 2rance agree that Muslims are

e(#eriencing the most religious #re"udice$ .ot atholics$ .ot Eews$ .ot Hindus or Si+h0s @ but

Muslims$


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%n 2rance) blac+ #eo#le) otherwise +nown as Blac+>1uro#eans in tabloids are

o!erre#resented as criminals$ Many news#a#ers ha!e stated that unli+e Muslims in 2rance)

Blac+s do not increase as much negati!ity o& im#licit attitudes &rom the general #ublic as

Muslims$ .ot too long on one o& the most #o#ular social>networ+ing sites) 2aceboo+) blac+

"ustice minister hristiane Taubira) was com#ared to a mon+ey$ A similar insult that &ollowed

included the headline on the &ront #age o& a right>wing news#a#er com#osed by a candidate &rom

the &ar>right .ational 2ront #olitical #arty$ The headline was entitled F le!er as a mon+ey that

&eatured a #hoto o& Taubira alongside a mon+ey$ 2rom this attac+ on such a high>#ro&ile &igure

led to the utmost su##ort &or Taubira$ Many #eo#le) &oreigners es#ecially) belie!e that there areinnumerable racial re&erences embedded in the 2rench Language and the 2rench ulture @ -uite

ironic &or a realm that acti!ely ad!ocates the #rinci#le o& “50alit5.” %n oirier0s“"s +rance

racist! # use shocks nation” article) he &ocuses on the abuse recei!ed by members o& the 2rench

Re#ublic as well$ Howe!er) instead o& a grown man throwing racial slurs at Taubira) it was a :4>

year>old girl who called Taubira a guenon a tri&ling slim A&rican mon+ey that has long hind

limbs) tail and long hair around the &aceN) and told her to go eat bananas$ This incident is similar

to what was e(#erienced by ecile Oyenge) %taly0s &irst blac+ rime Minister who actually had

bananas thrown at her$

9%S related e!ents) es#ecially with the emergence o&

highly>e&&ecti!e modes o& deli!ering in&ormation to the general #ublic$ The most #o#ular modus

o#erandi would be tele!ision and the internet$ Through the media) the #ublic is e-ui##ed to

accumulate in&ormation that in&luences the #erce#tions ado#ted in regards to race$ A gate+ee#er


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is a role in which the media determines which sub"ects are newsworthy$ onse-uently) media

#lays an im#ortant role in sha#ing the #ublic0s #erce#tion into an a##ro#riate res#onse' howe!er)

this can !ary in how success&ul mass media and mass communication actually is$

Muslims & rabs in the !nited States o" merica: Be&ore answering the research -uestion i&

whether or not the media generates negati!e !iews o& s#eci&ic races) the author would li+e to

stress the im#ortance o& +nowing the di&&erence between a Muslim and an Arab$ ommonly

mista+en to be interchangeable) the two words) Muslims and Arabs) neither can nor will they

e!er be trans#osed$ A Muslim) is sim#ly a &ollower o& the religion o& %slam @ regardless o& the

&ollower0s race$ The de&inition o& Arab as gi!en by the /(&ord dictionary is as &ollowsP FA

member o& a Semitic #eo#le) originally &rom the Arabian #eninsula and neighbouring territories)

inhabiting much o& the Middle 1ast and .orth A&rica$ -uslim is religion>based) whereas #ra is

region>based$ -uslims are &rom di&&erent #arts o& the world whereas #ra s are ty#ically &rom

the Arab region$ -uslims s#ea+ di&&erent languages) whereas an #ra only s#ea+s Arabic

Ahmed) 4J::N$

.ow) according to the Merriam>Webster dictionary) a pho ia is an e(aggerated) usually

ine(#licable and illogical &ear o& a #articular ob"ect) class o& ob"ects) or situation$ A##roaching

two decades a s#eci&ic #hobia that has gri##ed Western societies) s#eci&ically the


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social and cultural relations) while rationali*ing the necessity to de#loy !iolence as a tool

to achie!e ,ci!ili*ational rehab, o& the target communities Muslim or otherwiseN$

%slamo#hobia reintroduces and rea&&irms a global racial structure through which resource

distribution dis#arities are maintained and e(tended$

%slamo#hobia e(isted in #remise be&ore the terrorist attac+s o& Se#tember ::) 4JJ:$ %n !iewing

the wides#read nature o& #ost>=?:: %slamo#hobia) it has been #osited that #erha#s #re>e(isting

%slamo#hobic sentiment was re>awa+ened a&ter the terrorist attac+s$ %n other words) it increased

in notoriety o!er the #ast decade %slamo#hobiaP Muslim Sentiment in the

WestN$ 2ollowing =?::) outraged #eo#le com#letely lashed out at innocent Arab>Americans)

about whom negati!e stereoty#es bris+ly blossomed$ .arrow>minded #eo#le insist that all

Muslims were res#onsible &or those attac+s$ To them) it was not "ust /sama Bin Laden and the

#lane hi"ac+ers' it was indeed all Muslims$ What many &ail to reali*e is that it was solely Bin

Laden who sought to "eo#ardi*e America0s so!ereignty$ As #re!iously stated) tele!ision

deleteriously renders Muslims also$ ritics o& the award>winning Showtime tele!ision series

Homeland decried it as ,TV0s most %slamo#hobic show) Vele*) 4J:6N$ %t was accused o&

embedding racial slurs or habiliments that would be considered o&&ensi!e to a &ollower o& Allah

and the religion o& %slam$ 9es#ite #rotests &rom Arab and Muslim writers and acti!ists)

Homeland mo!ed &rom one season to the ne(t$

Since =?::) research shows that the American

terrorist sus#ects and #er#etrators %slamo#hobiaP Muslim Sentiment in the

West) 4J:6N$ Many Muslims do not &eel res#ected by Western societies$ 2actors that in&luence the

le!el o& res#ect includeP di&&erences in culture) religion) language) and #olitics$ 9onald Trum# is

a candidate &or the resident o& the


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aggressi!e bombing o& the Mideast terrorist grou# commonly +nown as %S%S or %S%L) and has

su##orted sur!eillance o& Muslims in the


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citi*ens) newly arri!ed migrants &rom the south) or Latin Americans in their own countriesQwere thought

o& as lesser humans$

A recent #oll by the .ational His#anic Media oalition called) 6(he "mpact of -edia )tereotypes

on 7pinions and #ttitudes (owards 8atinos6 #ro!es that negati!e media #ortrayals in media contribute to

negati!e o#inions o& Latinos and immigrants by non>Latinos$ The ma"or &indingsP

.ews and entertainment media ha!e a strong in&luence on non>Latino #erce#tions about Latinos

and immigrants$ Media #ortrayals o& Latinos and immigrants can diminish or e(acerbate stereoty#ically

negati!e o#inions about them$ Those with more direct interaction with or +nowledge o& His#anics hold

more #ositi!e !iews o& the grou# and its members$ Those holding !ery negati!e !iews are o&ten those

with little direct e(#osure to His#anic Americans$ .egati!e #ortrayals o& Latinos and immigrants are

#er!asi!e in news and entertainment media$ onse-uently) non>Latinos commonly belie!e that many

media>#romoted negati!e stereoty#es about these grou#s are true$ eo#le e(#osed to negati!e

entertainment or news narrati!es about Latinos hold the most un&a!orable and hostile !iews about

Latinos$ onser!ati!e radio and 2o( .ews #rogram !iewers are less &amiliar with and less &a!orable

toward Latinos and immigrants on nearly e!ery measure included in the sur!ey$ The most commonly heldLatino stereoty#es run #arallel to those re&lected in the media$ artici#ants were as+ed to recall the +inds

o& roles they see Latinos #lay in tele!ision and &ilm$ The to# three roles non>Latinos see Latinos #lay areP

criminal or gang member) gardener or landsca#er) and maid or house+ee#er Racist Latino Stereoty#esN$

9iscrimination remains and there is an increase in hate crimes against Me(ican>Americans) as one o& the

#ercei!ed symbols o& that discrimination) the Me(ico Border 2ence) nears com#letion Gibson)

4JJ6N$ Gibson suggested that instead o& #ulling together in these di&&icult times) we may see a greater

#olari*ation o& attitudes) only increasing the need &or more ci!il rights lawyers to #rotect the ci!il rights

o& His#anics) Latinos and Me(ican>Americans$


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go!ernment should create a new law that would ma+e Fracial harassment a #unishable o&&ense

Ware) 4J:5N$ The debate has got so heated that Muslim immigrants ha!e created ,no>go *ones,

not "ust in 2rance but in 1uro#e as well where non>Muslims are not welcome Singer) 4J:6N$ The

e(istence o& Fno>go *ones in #redominantly Muslim areas across the 1uro#ean continent has

become e!en more o& a considerable to#ic o& con!ersation since the latest aris massacre on

.o!ember : i#es) 4J:6N$ riscilla Lalisse>Ees#ersen) editor and &ounder o& Prissy -a0 )

recounted on Fun #etit incident in her wor+#lace$ %n :===) in aris) a human resources director

con&ided in her that i& a #otential candidate sends in a curriculum !itae or V which is a

document that details all an indi!idual0s #ast education) e(#eriences) and com#etencies)including #ublic #resentations) academic writing and #ro&essional de!elo#mentN) with a name

li+e 2atima or Mohammed or Ali) that that #erson0s a##lication was to be trashed' com#letely

discarded as i& it was ne!er touched Lalisse>Ees#ersen) 4J: N$ Hearing a non>2rench name in

2rance #rom#ts others to not ta+e situations so lightly$ The threat o& %slamic terrorism is

intensi&ying as a direct result o& a recent u#ward trend in arrests &or religiously>ins#ired terrorism

re#orted by 1uro#ol) the 1uro#ean en&orcement arm Team) 4J:6N$ Many non>

Muslims are not o& the same o#inion$

Blac%s in $rance: Long>term e(#osure to media stereoty#es seems to in&luence e!aluations o&

A&rican>Americans and &oreigners) more research in!estigating this im#licit e&&ect is needed

arroll) 4J:6N$ 9i!ergent reactions to the hit 2rench>&ilm 8es "ntoucha les ) le&t many audiences

unsettled as they #ondered their con&licting !iews$ The mo!ie concerns a #araly*ed rich white

man who hires an e(>con as his all>#ur#ose li!e>in assistant @ who is blac+$ The two soon

become &riends and his assistant teaches him !aluable li&e lessons$ The 2rench audience) those

who had a &air com#le(ion o& course) lo!ed the &ilm$ American critics !iewed the blac+ guy as a


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4J:4N$ All throughout 2rance and across the 1uro#ean continent) media co!erage seems to call

out the racism in the Tray!on Martin case as a clear continuance o&


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are usually threatening to the dominant culture or the status -uo$ When blac+ #eo#le #rotest) the

media calls it a riot $ When white #eo#le #rotest) the media literally calls it a peacefu l #rotest$

Blac+ #eo#le and Me(icans are o!erre#resented as criminals$ Those two grou#s ha!e a

liberal>based ideology$ They #lace e-uality &or all o!er #ersonal &reedom or gain$ 2urthermore)

they are treated aggressi!ely by #olice o&&icers$ Thus) they ha!e miniscule &aith in the law

en&orcement and the "udicial system$ Blac+ #eo#le delineate thugs) whereas Me(icans re#resent

&actory wor+ers or banditos$ Much o& the Western world) associates the religion o& %slam with

terrorism or atrocious terrorist attac+s$ 9es#ite the widely renowned terrorist grou#) %S%S using

the religion o& %slam to "usti&y their actions asserting it was Allah0s will) is not at all what the

religion illustrates$ %slam means #eace) security and surrender$ et) Muslims are sub"ected to

une-ual treatment$ Again) the media determines which stories to write in the news#a#er) which

stories to hear about on the radio) and which stories to dis#lay on the tele!ision$ Although the

media does indeed in&orm its audience on #ositi!e things in the world) it also generates negati!e

!iews on &rom the general #ublic on certain grou#s) s#eci&ically Blac+s) Me(icans and Arabs$

References


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A. 2010! Dece"#er 17$. D%&erence Be'(een M)s*%" +n, Ar+#s. Re'r%e-e,Dece"#er 8! 2015! fr " /'' (((.,%&erence#e'(een.c " ,%&erence#e'(een ")s*%" +n, +r+#s

A/"e,! N.! Dr. 2011! M+ 23$. Is*+" %n A"er%c+ Bef re 9 11. Re'r%e-e, N -e"#er3! 2015! fr " /'' /%s' r s*+".c " c n'en's '/e " ,ern + e %s*+" %n

+"er%c+ e2 80 93 #ef re 911Berre# ! D. 2012! )ne 08$. :/ A"er%c+ns See R+c%s" :/ere T/e ;renc/ See N


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/'' (((.'/e+'*+n'%c.c " %n'ern+'% n+* +rc/%-e 2012 04 e)r e sees/%s' r f +"er%c+n r+c%s" %n 'r+ - n "+r'%n >%**%n 255362

Is*+" / #%+ n,ers'+n,%n An'% M)s*%" Sen'%"en' %n '/e :es'. n.,.$. Re'r%e-e,N -e"#er 19! 2015! fr " /'' (((. +**) .c " ** 157082 %s*+" / #%+)n,ers'+n,%n +n'% ")s*%" sen'%"en' (es'.+s

/ns n! M. . 2015! )* 22$. 8 :+ s '/e Me,%+ / *,s :/%'e


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/'' (((.)s+' ,+ .c " s' r ne(s *%'%cs 2015 01 15 %n,+* n nes")s*%" e)r e 21825173

Te+"! D. 2015! +n)+r 07$. Is*+" %n E)r e. Re'r%e-e, N -e"#er 3! 2015! fr "/'' (((.ec n "%s'.c " #* s r+ /%c,e'+%* 2015 01 ,+%* c/+r' 2

e*e ! D. . 2015! c' #er 25$. R+c%s' H "e*+n, /+c>e, # r+ '% +c'%-%s's.Re'r%e-e, N -e"#er 3! 2015! fr "/'' (((.,+%* > s.c " s' r 2015 10 25 1434477 R+c%s' H "e*+n,/+c>e, # r+ '% +c'%-%s'sP

:+,e! L. 2015! A r%* 17$. R+c%+* B%+s +n, H ( '/e Me,%+

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Racial Bias in the Media

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