Racial Disparities in Federal Prosecutions

8/3/2019 Racial Disparities in Federal Prosecutions

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B C J at New York University School o Law

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aBout tHe BRennan centeR foR Justice

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aBout tHe national institutefoR law anD equity

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T F J E. J I N A-H M C B C J. 2010. T C C A-N D-NC ( ://.). T BC J N Y U S L , C , . T , , C .P C .

V R F U.S. A F U.S. AR R D F C J S , PD R D F S: S V F U.S. A, L L, F S R, V. 19, N. 3: 192-201. 2007, V I J. U .

A . F S R U C P j, ://../j.


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aBout tHe autHoRs

James E. Johnson B D B C J. A

D P N Y, M. J U S

E C A, A U.S.

A S D N Y. M. J

N J A C P S G Cz A 2006. H

C : T L E

P S A 2009. I A 2009,

W,

NY. M. J H. R E. K, U.S. D C D

M. H J.D. H L S A.B.

H C.

Nicole Austin-Hillery D C W, D.C. B

C J. M. A-H C D.C. B C j . H

j . F M S

PLLC , M. A-H

G N. L C R L F L C

C R U L, NGO 2001

W C A R X. A H U S

L C M U, M. A-H 2006 - 2007 W P

I F H L S.

Melanca Clark C J P B C J

C O D N, j

j . M. C

- - ,

. M. C, J J. G F P I C

L S F NAACP L D E F,

P, W, R G J J A. G, J. U.S.

D C D N J. S J.D. H L S

B.A. B U.

Lynn Lu Kz F C B C J . M. L A A P L NYU S

L. S S A N C L E J (

W L C) B C A

A P L. A NYU S L ,

L H K V. Lz, U.S. C A F C.


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acknowleDgments

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j: P R B, B B, J MKz C, V F. C-

D, R H. D, J., D D, S A. G, H, B. J, D

J, G G J, R LB, K Lz, S S. M, L M

II, W S. MKz, J J R, D V, S J. Z.

T B C K L, D B

C C J P P O H R P

T F F, B C

2007.

T B C L L, Kz F B

C C A A P L NYU S L,

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B C , D U, D, J P, N A-H, D

C, D.C. O, M C, C, J P,

2010.

T B C j

O S I, T F F, W G F, T S

S E C F.


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taBle of contents

FOREWORD

by James E. Johnson

INRODUCION

by Nicole Austin-Hillery and Melanca Clark

RECOMMENDAIONS OF FORMER U.S. AORNEYS 1

I. P 2

II. G P E J 3

III. G R R E D F P 3A. P D-M 3

B. L E F 4

C. 5

D. M A 6

E. C 7

F. I L P 8

IV. S 9

FORMER U.S. AORNEYS REFLEC ON RACIAL DISPARIIESIN HE FEDERAL CRIMINAL JUSICE SYSEM 10

by Lynn Lu

I. P 10

II. C R D P D-M 11

III. G F P D 14

A. L C O F P 14

B. P L O F P D 15

IV. C 19

ENDNOES


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foRewoRD

P ; . U S D J (DOJ)

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J E. J

Chair, Board o DirectorsB C JM 2010


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intRoDuction

R j . AA -z, ,

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I 2005, B C J NYU S L N I L E 12 , US A, j - .

A . A . , - :

1. Prosecutorial Decision-Making:P - .

2. Law Enorcement and ask Forces:P .

3. raining:P

.

4. Management and Accountability:P E O U S A j U.S.A .

5. Community:P .

6. Inluencing Legislation and Policy:P j .


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G . H, D J (DOJ) 2007 F S R.W , A-AP .

W . I M 2009, Created Equal: Racial and EthnicDisparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System, N C C D , A A,

j .1 I 2007, A A- 13 , 39

.2 A J, W- S 2 V R A - j

- .3 S A -- -,

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N A-HDirector and Counsel, D.C. Oice

M CCounsel, Justice Program

B C JM 2010


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1

RecommenDations of foRmeRu.s. attoRneys

Te United States Attorney is the representative not o an ordinary party to a contro-

versy, but o a sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as

its obligation to govern at all; and whose interest, thereore, in a criminal prosecu-

tion is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done. As such, he is in

a peculiar and very denite sense the servant o the law, the twoold aim o which

is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suer. He may prosecute with earnestness

and vigorindeed, he should do so. But, while he may strike hard blows, he is not

at liberty to strike oul ones. It is as much his duty to rerain rom improper methodscalculated to produce a wrongul conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to

bring about a just one.

U.S. S C J G S,

Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935)

Federal prosecutors are respected members o a respected proession. Despite an occa-

sional misstep, the excellence o their work abundantly justies the presumption that

they have properly discharged their ofcial duties. Nevertheless, the possibility that

political or racial animosity may inect a decision to institute criminal proceedingscannot be ignored. For that reason, it has long been settled that the prosecutors

broad discretion to determine when criminal charges should be led is not com-

pletely unbridled.

U.S. S C J J P S, ,

United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 476

( )


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D. Management & Accountability

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9

v. r

Buck BuchananU.S. A, 1997-2001

N D M

Wayne A. Budd

A A G U S,

1992-1993

U.S. A, 1989-1992,

D M

Janice McKenzie ColeU.S. A, 1994-2001

E D N C

Veronica F. Coleman-Davis

U.S. A, 1993-2001

W D

Saul A. Green

U.S. A, 1994-2001

E D M

Brian A. Jackson

A D A G, 1998-1999

U.S. A, 2001

M D L

B. odd Jones

U.S. A, 1998-2001

D M

Gaynelle Grifn JonesU.S. A, 1993-1997

S D

Sherry S. Matteucci

U.S. A, 1993-2001

D M

Wayne S. McKenzie

D, P R J P,

V I JP P,

N B P A

B D A O, 1990-2005

Jose de Jesus Rivera

U.S. A, 1998-2001

D Az

Frederick W. Tieman

U.S. A, 1993-1997W D P

Quenton White

U.S. A, 2000-2001

M D

Sharon J. Zealey

U.S. A, 1997-2001

S D O


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foRmeR u.s. attoRneysReflect on Racial DispaRitiesin tHe feDeRal cRiminal Justice system

By Lynn Lu

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20

d

FOREWORD

1 E H, U.S. A G., R D J A A H M P(F. 18, 2009).

INRODUCION

1 A A 13% US 28% , 40% j 42% . Christopher Bartney & LinhVuong, Natl Council on Crime and Delinquency, Created Equal: Racial and Ethnic Disparitiesin the Criminal Justice System 2 (M. 2009) ( U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (2008);Paige M. Harrison & Allen J. Beck, U.S. Dept of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and JailInmates at Midyear 2005 (2006); racy L . Snell, U.S. Dept of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics,Capital Punishment 2006-Statistical ables (2007)).

2 See U.S. D. J, B J S, F J S R C, available at://j../.?=_=USSC_=SE=OU; see also,David B. Mustard, Racial and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. FederalCourts (2001) ( , j , , , z);Lauren ONeill Shermer & Brian D. Johnson, Criminal Prosecutions: Examining Prosecutorial Dis-

cretion and Charge R eductions in the US Federal District Courts (2009) ( U.S. FD C, , .. , A-A ); Cassia Spohn & Robert Fornago, U.S. Attorneys andSubstantial Assistance Departures: esting for Interprosecutor Disparity (2007) (

A A).

3 Farrakhan v. Gregoire, 590 F.3 989, 1012-13 (9 C. 2010).

4 SeeS V, See No Bias, Wash. Post, J. 23, 2005, W12.

5 J I A, H.R. 1412, S. 495, 111 C. (2009), available at://..//-/J/J.I.2.26.09...

6 E H, U.S. A G., R D J A A H M P(F. 18, 2009).

RECOMMENDAIONS OF FORMER U.S. AORNEYS

1 Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935).

2 E , , , , , . U.S. D J, U S A M, 9, CR M, C 27, P F P, 9-27.260, I D C-I C, available at ://.j.///__//9/27.#9-27.260 ( N. 17, 2006). F , [] , ( , U S , ), C. Id.

FORMER U.S. AORNEYS REFLEC ON RACIAL DISPARIIES IN HE FEDERAL CRIMINAL JUSICE SYSEM

1 U.S. Sentencing Commn, Fifteen Years of Guidelines Sentencing: An Assessment of How Well theFederal Criminal Justice System Is Achieving the Goals of Sentencing Reform 135 (2004). A USSC, [] . O . Id., 88.

2 Id., 90.

3 Linda Draga Maxfield & John H. Kramer, U.S. Sentencing Commn, Substantial Assistance: AnEmpirical Yardstick Gauging Equity in Current Federal Policy and Practice 14 . 9, 12 (1998).


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21

4 T , N I L E OS I, N 30, 2005, M, . T - , , N 2005 : B B,

J MKz C, V F. C-D, R H. D, J., D D, S A. G, H, B. J, D J, G G J, R LB, K Lz, S S. M,

W S. MKz, L M II, J J R, D V, S J. Z.

5

A . B . R N I L E. T L M II .

6 U.S. Sentencing Commn, Report to the Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy 63 . 3(2002).

7 Id., 93.

8 See id., 134 ( j , - [ ] ).

9 U.S. Dept of Justice, United States Attorneys Manual, itle 9, Criminal R esource Manual, Chap-ter 27, Principles of Federal Prosecution, 9-27.260, I D CI

C, available at://.j.///__//9/27.#9-27.260 ( N. 17, 2006).

10 M U.S. A G. J R U.S. A R: E R N P- P (J. 9, 1998), available at://.j.///. ( N.15, 2006).


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selecteD BRennan centeR puBlications

rr d:v hrhdr v

Ciara orres-Spelliscy

rr: r rrMelanca Clark with Maggie Barron

rLaura Abel

xv rv: v rdEmily Berman

jd r rrd

Monica Youn | orward by Burt Neuborne

d br r r d rr vr rr drz

Edited by Wendy Weiser

r vTe Right to Vote Project

rd r rv : brrr rrRebekah Diller, Judith Greene, and Michelle Jacobs

b r j: d r d Te Access to Justice Project

j: h rh drDavid Udell and Rebekah Diller

rr : v bd rvz dr

Michael Waldman(S)

rr h rh vErika Wood

v rr h d bAziz Z. Huq

hd d bd: rd r rrr

Frederick A.O. Schwarz, Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq(N P)

For more inormation, please visit www.brennancenter.org


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Racial Disparities in Federal Prosecutions

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