Racism, Fever, and “Kardiac” Arrest: Media Portrayal of Cleveland Sports, 1978-1987

8/10/2019 Racism, Fever, and Kardiac Arrest: Media Portrayal of Cleveland Sports, 1978-1987

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Alex Kaufman

Racism, Fever, and KardiacArrest: Media Portrayal of Cleveland Sports, 1978-1987

Over the decades, Cleveland has become synonymous with heartbreak and

disappointment. It is a blue collar city that has become an afterthought amongst notable places

in America, a Polaroid of what once was. Cleveland has endured plenty of heartbreak,

deservedly earning the nicknameMistake on the Lake. Through it all, sports have captured

the citys hope andbelief, becoming a microcosm of the city itself. This much was clear

between 1978 and 1987, an era that begins with a city in decline and ends with more sports

heartbreak than imaginable. As arguably the most difficult era ever for the city, this decade

could have ended with Cleveland as a complete mess. Citizens stayed strong, doubling down on

their support of the Cleveland spirit and the Cleveland sports teams, even as the population and

economic status were in constant freefall. This mindset was understood locally, but, like

Cleveland as a whole, the mindset was overlooked nationally on many occasions. Clevelanders

have always turned to sports in times of struggle, never more so than this era. Just as the citizens

of Cleveland rallied around the local political failures of the era to overcome major political

issues in the city, these same people rallied around the local sports teams, regardless of

performance. This helped the Cleveland ethos hit a high point as the era came to a close, an era

that is ingrained in Clevelanders to this day.

To properly dive into the era of focus, the lead in of the 1960s and 1970s must be put into

both local and national perspective. Between the civil rights movement and overall economic

growth, the national perspective is already understood. Cleveland experienced this era

differently. Race was, of course, a hot-button issue, which culminated in the Hough riots, an

event that saw four deaths in the impoverished neighborhood that also happens to house League


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Park, the former home stadium of the Indians.i Tensions cooled alongside the mayoral election

of Carl Stokes in 1967, an event that marked the first time a major US city had elected an

African-American mayor. Sports-wise, the Cleveland Browns won the NFL Championship in

1964, a win that still stands as the last time a Big Three Cleveland sports team won a title.

These supposed high points for the city came tumbling down in 1969, when the

Cuyahoga River famously caught fire.ii This fire, along with the aftermath of said environmental

embarrassment, earned Cleveland a new nickname, Mistake on the Lake, which is still used

today.iii Of course, the river was not the only issue Cleveland dealt with as the 1960s ended and

the 1970s progressed. The revolutionary sheen of Mayor Carl Stokes wore off as his

replacements ran the city into the ground. A declining population, teamed with rising

unemployment rates, led to a city that became known for a racial divide and overall poverty

rather than the revolutionary and industrial power of decades prior. In sports, all of the teams

continued to lose, including the expansion Cleveland Cavaliers, who started play in the NBA in

1970.iv By the time this era begins, one of the proudest cities in America is in so much debt that

it is backed into a financial corner under a mayor who had to inherit and clean up a mess larger

than the burning Cuyahoga.

The mayor tasked with cleaning up this mess was Dennis Kucinich. Kucinich was

elected as the youngest mayor of Cleveland, in 1977, at just 31 years of age.v He was becoming

a minority in the inner city, as white flight led to a severe decrease in urban population.vi

Cleveland, once a city squarely in the population top 10, fell to 18th, according to the 1980

census.vii This decentralization and suburbanization of the greater Cleveland area was also due

to a near-20 percent drop in manufacturing employment.viii Production and employment in the

steel industry, one of the largest in Cleveland, fell by nearly 50 percent, with merges and


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most important events of the year were aired.xx ESPN launched during this era, giving sports

fans their constant fill of sports programming, including highlights. However, ESPN was not

nearly as powerful then, with just one channel and fewer major league contracts. There was an

attempt at a 24/7 national sports radio network during the era courtesy ofEnterprise Radio, but

this attempt ultimately proved unsuccessful, which should not come as a surprise when

considering that there was just one sports-only talk show on the air in Clevelandthen a large

marketat this time.xxixxii Sports talk was simply not a hyper-popular medium during this era.

Cleveland is a city where sports have been ingrained in citizens for generations. During

this era, the Browns, to the surprise of no one, were the most popular team.

xxiii

That said, each of

the three teams had some sort of local television contract along with strong radio broadcasting

ties, which included popular play-by-play talent. These men gained a following and became

local celebrities for their work, which allowed the more audacious of these broadcasters to have

leeway in terms of spreading non-sports opinions to their viewers and listeners.

When it came to basketball, Joe Tait was the radio voice of the Cavaliers from their

inception until 2011, save 1980-1982, though the circumstances for this temporary change had

little to do with Tait.xxiv He also did TV work for a lot of years, though the Cavaliers were on

local TV for just a fraction of their games.xxv When he was not the play-by-play voice of the

Cavs, Taits replacements were Paul Porter on radio and Bruce Drennan on television.xxvi The

Cavaliers played their games in the Richfield Coliseum, which was built as a midpoint between

Cleveland and Akron, with the hope that fans would come to games from both areas.xxvii This

was a pipe dream as there were plenty of seats available at every home game. It did not help that

the Cavs were terrible during this era, but the arena had trouble drawing fans regardless.xxviii


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The other basketball team in the city, the Cleveland State Vikings, had plenty of talented

teams under Coach Kevin Mackey, including a memorable Sweet 16 run behind All-American

Franklin Edwards.xxix However, Ohio State was the team to have games televised locally; in

fact, the Buckeyes televised more basketball games in Cleveland than the Cavaliers did!xxx

Though OSU had Cleveland native Clark Kellogg on their team at this time, it is still surprising

that the team was popular in the northern part of the state.xxxi Considering OSU is not located in

the greater Cleveland area, the local popularity of the schools mens basketball team was

evidence of the general popularity of sports in Cleveland, including sports that were not the NFL.

During the summers of the era, the Indians had plenty of viewers and listeners. That said,

with almost no fans showing up to home games played in cavernous Cleveland Municipal

Stadium, the multi-sport complex looked even emptier than it was.xxxii The 1978-1987 Indians

never drew more than 13,307 fans per game, excluding 1986. There were also three consecutive

seasons in which the team drew under 10,000 fans, cratering at 8,089 in 1985.xxxiii None of these

attendance totals were anywhere near a respectable number for a typical baseball stadium, let

alone the gigantic Municipal Stadium.

The Cleveland baseball franchises prodigal son broadcaster was former pitcher Herb

Score. Score was an immensely talented pitcher who was famously hit by a line drive, sustaining

an injury that, along with future injuries, prevented him from continuing on his track to

superstardom. Score used this opportunity to transition into the broadcasting booth, starting on

television in 1964.xxxiv He transitioned to radio in 1968 and later broadcast alongside Joe Tait

and Nev Chandler before retiring in 1997.xxxv During this era, Score was the voice of all Tribe

radio broadcasts. On the television side, Indians Hall of Fame pitcher Bob Feller was featured

on some broadcasts while former Cleveland Browns wide receiver Reggie Rucker was an analyst


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November 8, 1979. During a newscast on WEWS, the sports director expressed his thoughts on

an American hostage situation in Tehran by burning an Iranian flag live on air, admitting that it

wasnt sports, but [he was] going to do it anyway.xlvii Shanleys aggressive on-air display was

praised by viewers and picked up nationally, though it was deemed unprofessional by station

news director Garry Ritchie.xlviii Shanley agreed with his boss, but the audacious play-by-play

voice never issued an official apology for his actions.xlix

While Shanley had a large following in Cleveland, his career decisions better reflected

outside opinions and not the local perspective. This was shown most strongly in February 1985,

when the citys biggest broadcasting fish swam to Los Angeles because he was sick and tired of

the snow andnegativeness in Cleveland.l The personality that made Shanley the most popular

sportscaster in Cleveland did not translate to Los Angeles. He returned three years later, but had

been unseated as the voice of the Browns and, therefore, was no longer the broadcasting pulse of

Cleveland.

Nev Chandler took the place of Shanley, both for the Browns and on WEWS.li Unlike

his regularly outspoken predecessor, Chandler was not a polarizing figure. He lacked a notable

catch phrase and kept his politics separate from his broadcasting, but that did not mean he lacked

enthusiasm or quality.lii Chandlers talent was noticed by NFL Films, as his calls were used in

their productions, notablyPandemonium Palace. The movie, chronicling the 1986 Cleveland

Browns, took its title from Chandlers excited reaction to the teams double-overtime playoff

victory over the New York Jets.liii Unlike Shanley, Chandler also understood the ingrained

Cleveland spirit, only relinquishing his Browns radio duties when he got cancer, a disease that

took his life in 1994.liv Both Nev and Gib were popular Cleveland personalities due to their


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power doing play-by-play for the Cleveland Browns. While one left at the height of his

popularity, the other treated Cleveland ashis apex, embracing the local spirit.

For Clevelands three big league sports teams, local media popularity was based on

overall performance. The Cavaliers were downright awful, known nationally for their outwardly

racist owner and not for the teams play. The Indians plateaued in mediocrity, though there was

some hope toward the end of the era. Last, but certainly and obviously not least, the Cleveland

Browns were the most talented squad of the era, with multiple AFC Championship Game

appearances during the decade in focus and a handful of national coverage.

Of the three teams in Cleveland, the baseball team had little to no on-field or off-field

drama. The Indians were typically at or near the bottom of the standings at the end of every

season since the 1960s.lv Aforementioned attendance problems forced ownership to get creative,

with one of the famous events being Ten Cent Beer Night, a night that ended with a riot by

fans and a Tribe forfeiture. The Indians were hopeful as this era began, with former 20-game

winner Wayne Garland and future Hall of Famer Dennis Eckersley leading the rotation.

However, Eck was traded to Boston right before the 1978 season started, a decision that doomed

the franchise to yet another disappointing season. lvi

The 1980 Indians were known for their promising rookie of the year, Joe Charboneau.

Nicknamed Super Joe, Charboneau became a cult figure locally due to his unpredictable 1980

campaign, but also because of his sudden and extreme drop off; he was out of professional

baseball by the middle of the decade.lvii Another flash of greatness happened in an empty

Municipal Stadium on May 15, 1981, when Len Barker threw a perfect game.lviii As Barker

recalled years later, It was exciting, not only for me and my teammates, but for the whole city

of Cleveland, the sentiments of someone who understands the importance of sports in the city.lix


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Barker himself hinted strongly at Clevelands relationship with sports as he understood that the

city[was]always behind us.lx Though Barker dominated on that cold May evening, he spent

a significant portion of his career hampered by injuries and never evolved into the consistently

dominant rotation ace fans hoped for after his perfecto.lxi

Hope came for the Indians in 1986, alongside new ownershipthe Jacobs familyand

an improved campaign with improved attendance.lxii After their strong campaign, Steve Wulf

wrote a team preview for 1987 that became a cover story titled Indian Uprising, that caught

everyone off guard, including the local fan base.lxiiilxiv Indian Uprising became one of the

largest embarrassments of Wulfs journalism career as the 1987 Indians were more suited for the

cover of Futility magazine, losing 101 games.lxv This regular cycle of disappointments became

the inspiration forMajor League, a successful movie about a fictional 1980s Indians team that

caps off a Cinderella-style story by winning an American League pennant.lxvi

For the Cavs, it all started on April 12, 1980, when advertising magnate Ted Stepien

purchased the team.lxvii A known racist, Stepien fantasized about buying the team in 1979, when

he was quoted as saying If I owned the Cavaliers, half of the squad would be white because he

felt white people needed heroes.lxviii That said, Stepien believed in profitability first and

foremost, wholeheartedly believing his comments were not racist but rather indicative of what he

felt was a smart business plan.lxix Once he bought the franchise, Stepien put his plan into action,

which included polka music on game days and a plan to rename the team Ohio Cavaliers.lxx He

made the jobs of local basketball reporters much easier with his antics. Words such as clown

and buffoon were some of the nicer terms to describe him, with insanity used to describe his

tenure.lxxi Comments from Joe Tait led to his replacement on broadcasts, a decision immediately


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more fitting than in 1980, when the Browns rattled off four close wins, including three fourth-

quarter comebacks en route to a division title and playoff berth. The Browns had a chance to

win the AFC title game in the final minute by kicking a field goal, but instead chose to run a

passing play. This play, Red Right 88, ended with an interception by quarterback and 1980

NFL MVPBrian Sipe, tacking another heartbreaking moment onto the lengthy list of

Cleveland sports disappointments.lxxx Sipe and Rutigliano could not lead the Browns back to the

Promised Land, and neither made it to the middle of the 1980s with the franchise.lxxxi

As disappointing as Red Right 88 was for Cleveland in the early 1980s, nothing could

have prepared fans for the latter portion of the decade. Quarterbacking the Browns in the latter

portion of the 1980s was a northeast Ohio native named Bernie Kosar, a local boy who became a

local hero. Kosar was a talented quarterback surrounded by a talented team, leading the Browns

to five consecutive postseason berths. The best of these teams was the 1986 squad. After a

decent but unspectacular 1985 campaign, the players buckled down and stepped up during the

following year in recognition of free safety Don Rogers, who passed away in June.lxxxii Their

improvements led to the best record in the AFC and a berth in the conferences championship

game, against the Denver Broncos.lxxxiii The Browns were nursing a late lead when Broncos

quarterback John Elway had to drive 98 yards downfield with the wind in his face and just 5:11

left on the clock.lxxxiv The Broncos QB orchestrated an amazing possession that culminated in a

touchdown pass with just 34 seconds left, a comeback simply referred to as The Drive.lxxxv

The heartbreak that the Browns endured after the 1986 game led the team to work hard

and earn an AFC Championship Game rematch the following season. This time, the Browns had

to make a comeback, and they were poised to tie the game in the final minutes. Earnest Byner, a

former 1,000-yard rusher, received a handoff from Kosar on the 8 yard line and was stripped of


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the ball. The Broncos recovered and went onto a second consecutive Super Bowl. Byners

miscarry has become known as The Fumble, a proper description of the championship hope

that the team fumbled away.

As ingrained in citizens as sports can be, the teams themselves are businesses. The

Indians were hemorrhaging money before the Jacobs family took over, forcing the city to assist

in bankrolling the franchise to keep the team afloat.lxxxvi They also shared a stadium with the

Browns, who got a much larger cut of in-stadium ad revenue even though football plays just a

fraction of the games compared to baseball.lxxxvii Moreover, Municipal Stadium was showing its

age, with petrified wood and concrete chunks falling everywhere.

lxxxviii

A 1984 proposal for a

domed stadium was defeated by city government, a decision that angered both Browns owner

Art Modell and the Jacobs family.lxxxix As the 1980s continued, the city as a whole was on the

upswing economically and there was optimism abound. However, local government was

hesitant to spend a large amount of taxpayer money to renovate Municipal Stadium or to build

new venues, regardless of whether or not they would be shared by multiple franchises.xc This

was likely due to fear of the aforementioned default and mess of 1978. The importance of this

decision was not felt during the era, but the consequences came in the following decade. The

Cavaliers and Indians became beneficiaries of the Gateway Project, getting new locales for home

games in the mid-1990s paid for with tax money. The Browns did not get this lucky and Modell

took the franchise to Baltimore after his numerous failed attempts to get a new stadium in

Cleveland.

Aside from stadium drama, racism was a legitimate issue in the city. Though tensions

cooled after the Hough riots, the post-Carl Stokes saw the return of racism, this time with a

political slant to it.xci Notably, city councilman George Forbes had both uncovered and been


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accused of racism during this time period.xciixciiiNeedless to say, Ted Stepiens chaotic tenure

heading the Cavaliers had as many troubles for on-court play as it did for his numerous racist

comments.xciv He alienated fans and was lambasted on plenty of occasions by the Cleveland Call

& Post, the citys popular African-American newspaper. In the post-Civil Rights era, Stepiens

opinions added fuel to Clevelands burning river fire of racism.

Even though city politics were complicated during the era, Cleveland earned its coverage

nationally, both from the spread of local media and the nationalization of local storylines.

Cleveland teams did get national coverage, though this was not usually for their on-field

performance. Of course, only the Browns had seasons worth covering nationally; the Cavs and

Indians did not have play that warranted much national coverage. The New York Timesand Time

covered Cleveland sports franchises in times of extreme stories, such as Stepiens racism and

ownership futility and the death of Don Rogers. These were topics that reflected the Mistake on

the Lake nickname rather than getting related to the citys overall improvement after default,

which included the city ranking as the third-largest market in America for advertising.xcv Sports

Illustrated, with a narrower focus, had more coverage and opinions, but the 1987 Indians

preview was a big whiff that surprised everyone locally. Their purview did not include non-

sports stories, so they also overlooked later city improvements.

In non-print media, Cleveland sports got their share of coverage, which, in turn, took the

focus off of defaulting and put it onto the relationship with teams. Locals wrote songs dedicated

to teams, including Go, Joe Charboneau and Indian Fever about the Indians and Bernie,

Bernie about the popular Browns QB.xcvi The song about Super Joe was as short-lived as the

players career, but the other two found more success among fans. The writers of Bernie,

Bernie, three fans who called themselves The Bleacher Bums, did not know what to expect of


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the song, but it became one of most popular songs in Cleveland in 1987.xcvii In fact, The

Bleacher Bums had pre-sold 300,000 cassettes of the Louie, Louie cover, contingent on the

team getting revenge on the Broncos, with plenty more sales to come in the time between that

game and the Super Bowl.xcviii The Browns lost, and so did The Bleacher Bums, but the rise and

ultimate disappointment of Bernie, Bernie was typical Cleveland, heartbreaking yet

unsurprising.

The story of Indian Fever is different than Bernie, Bernie as it was not a typical fan-

made cover. The writer, Walter Woodward, owned a company called Perfect Pitch, Inc., an

award-winning advertising music agency with a strong national reputation.

xcix

Perfect Pitch,

Inc. was actually based in Cleveland and also wrote numerous marketing jingles and sports

team themes from the era. The Indians were given full rights to use Indian Fever in any way

they chose, which led to the songs regular usage.c It helped that Woodwards company was

based locally as there was inspiration in the drum part from John Adams, a fan who has attended

nearly every Indians game over the last few decades with a bass drum in tow.ci The local

perspective was also captured in the lyrics, which do not promise a win, but focus on being a

believer in the team.cii Woodward wanted to publish a song that would reflect the Cleveland

Indians and the Cleveland spirit, and he did so successfully.

For Clevelanders in the late-1970s and most of the 1980s, sports were a release from

politics, but also a predictor of political sentiments from the era. That said, these relationships

were overlooked by a national media that found it easier to refer to the city as Mistake on the

Lake. Local media focused on more detailed issues, including race; these issues evolved and

dampened as the years passed. Hope became all that people had, shown by the belief in sports

and overall recovery after loan default. At the time, national media continued to focus on the


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failures of the city instead of the improvements as they came. This included numerous stories on

Ted Stepien instead of talking about improving city-wide conditions. Once the era could

properly be reflected on, media understood more of the Cleveland spirit, evidenced by the 1989

movieMajor League. Being able to reflect on the era, the movie understood that perseverance

was ingrained in the Cleveland spirit. It also understood that the city embraced its failures, such

as the Burning River counterculture. Hope and perseverance are all that Clevelanders had

when this era began, something that made the rebound more meaningful. It also prepared local

sports fans for what was to come, both good and bad, in the 1990s and beyond.


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iHough, Cleveland Historical, http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/7.iiCleveland, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland.iiiIbid.ivCleveland Cavaliers, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers.vDennis Kucinich Biography,Bio.com, http://www.biography.com/people/dennis-kucinich-10916476#synopsis.viShrinking Cleveland, Cleveland Call & Post, January 25, 1976, 2B.viiCleveland, Ohio Population History, last modified May 23, 2014,https://www.biggestuscities.com/city/cleveland-ohio.viiiSean Posey, Ohios Cloudy Future: The Decline of the Big Eight and the Buckeye State, The Hampton

Institute, August 22, 2013, http://www.hamptoninstitution.org/bigeight.html#.VHM3xskxX0d.ixMike Roberts, Cleveland in the 1980s, Teaching Cleveland,http://www.teachingcleveland.org/images/pdf/1980s%20pdf%20version.pdf.xCleveland, Wikipedia.xiMark Munch Bishop, interview by Alex Kaufman, Granville, OH, November 19, 2014. xiiIbid.xiiiDefault, The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, last modified July 15, 1997,http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=D2.xivIbid.xvRoberts, 1980s, Teaching Cleveland.xviWill Blacks Permit Racism to Destroy Cleveland, Cleveland Call & Post, August 11, 1979, 8A.xviiDestroy Cleveland, Cleveland Call & Post, 8A.xviiiEast Cleveland has 86.5 Percent Black Population, Cleveland Call & Post, October 3, 1981, 12A.xix

Return of Stacey Keach helps CBS to third ratings victory, Broadcasting55 (1986): 180.xxIbid.xxiJock Around The Clock,Broadcasting49 (1980): 15.xxiiMark Munch Bishop, November 19, 2014.xxiiiIbid.xxivList of Cleveland Cavaliers broadcasters, Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cleveland_Cavaliers_broadcasters.xxvChannel 43 New Home of Cavaliers, Cleveland Call & Post, September 27, 1980, 15B.xxviCavaliers broadcasters, Wikipedia.xxviiMark Munch Bishop, November 19, 2014.xxviiiIbid.xxixChannel 43, Cleveland Call & Post, 15B.xxxIbid.xxxiIbid.xxxiiCleveland Indians Attendance Records (1902 - 2015) by Baseball Almanac,Baseball Almanac,http://www.baseball-almanac.com/teams/cleiatte.shtml.xxxiiiIbid.xxxivIndians All-Time Broadcasters, Cleveland Indians,http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/cle/history/broadcasters.jsp.xxxvIbid.xxxviIbid.xxxviiIbid.xxxviiiThe voices of Browns games past, The Plain Dealer, November 10, 2002, J6.


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xxxixNev Chandler, Sons of Nev, http://sonsofnev.wordpress.com/nev-chandler/.xlVoices, The Plain Dealer, J6.xliThe radio stars, Cleveland Browns, published December 8, 2006,http://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/article-1/The-radio-stars/59f79fbe-2c10-11df-8e39-01733cd36da8.xliiMark Munch Bishop, November 19, 2014.xliii

Radio stars, Cleveland Browns.xlivIbid.xlvTwo Cities, Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 25, 1980, 49.xlviIbid.xlviiDavid Campbell, Sportscaster Gib Shanley dies at 76, Cleveland.com, published April 6, 2008,http://blog.cleveland.com/sports/2008/04/sportscaster_gib_shanley_dies.html.xlviiiIbid.xlixIbid.lIbid.liNev Chandler, Sons of Nev.liiIbid.liiiIbid.livRadio stars, Cleveland Browns.lvCleveland Indians, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians.lviIndians, Wikipedia.lviiIbid.lviiiBB Moments: Barkers Perfecto,Major League Baseball, http://m.mlb.com/video/v3235117/bb-moments-51581-len-barkers-perfect-game.lixIbid.lxIbid.lxiIndians, Wikipedia.lxiiIbid.lxiiiMark Podolski, Believe it!Twenty-five years ago, SI made an unforgettably bad Indians prediction, TheNews-Herald, published April 16, 2012, http://www.news-herald.com/general-news/20120416/believe-it-twenty-five-years-ago-si-made-an-unforgettably-bad-indians-prediction.lxivMark Munch Bishop, November 19, 2014.lxvPodolski, Believe, The News-Herald.

lxviIndians, Wikipedia.lxviiCavaliers, Wikpiedia.lxviiiRonnie Clark, The Cavs Need More Whites, Cleveland Call & Post, August 4, 1979, 1A.lxixIbid.lxxCavaliers, Wikipedia.lxxiMark Munch Bishop, November 19, 2014.lxxiiIbid.lxxiiiThomas Rogers, N.B.A. to Take Role In Cavaliers Trades, The New York Times, June 30, 1981.lxxivIbid.lxxvIra Berkow, EVERYTHING CHANGES ON THE CAVALIERS BUT THE FACE OF FAILURE, The NewYork Times, December 6, 1982.lxxviTed Stepien, N.B.A. Owner, Is Dead at 82, The New York Times, September 15, 2007.lxxviiCavaliers, Wikipedia.lxxviii

Ibid.lxxixCleveland Browns, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns.lxxxIbid.lxxxiIbid.lxxxiiTom Callahan, Success Story of the Year, Time, January 5, 1987, 66.lxxxiiiBrowns, Wikipedia.lxxxivIbid.lxxxvIbid.lxxxviRoberts, 1980s, Teaching Cleveland.lxxxviiIbid.


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lxxxviiiIndians, Wikipedia.lxxxixRoberts, 1980s, Teaching Cleveland.xcIbid.xciHough, Cleveland Historical.xciiDestroy Cleveland, Cleveland Call & Post, 8A.xciii

The new racism is nothing new, Cleveland Call & Post, October 17, 1991, 11B.xcivMark Winegardner, Bittersweet Sixteen,ESPN, published September 14, 2014,http://espn.go.com/espn/story/_/id/11588331/sixteen-painful-moments-cleveland-sports-history.xcvWalter Woodward, interview by Alex Kaufman, Granville, OH, October 7, 2014.xcviSusan Petrone, Singing about the Indians,Its Pronounced Lajaway, published February 27, 2013,http://itspronouncedlajaway.com/2013/02/27/singing-about-the-indians/.xcviiAndy Netzel, 20 Years Ago, Kosar Tribute Song Was Huge in Cleveland, Ideastream,http://www.ideastream.org/news/feature/20_years_ago_kosar_tribute_song_was_huge_in_cleveland.xcviiiIbid.xcixWalter Woodward, October 7, 2014.cIbid.ciIbid.ciiIbid.

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Racism, Fever, and “Kardiac” Arrest: Media Portrayal of Cleveland Sports, 1978-1987

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