RADAR SATELLITES AND RADAR SATELLITES AND MARITIME DOMAIN MARITIME DOMAIN
AWARENESSAWARENESSJ.K.E. J.K.E. TunaleyTunaley
London Research and Development Corporation,London Research and Development Corporation,114 Margaret Anne Drive,114 Margaret Anne Drive,Ottawa, Ontario K0A 1L0Ottawa, Ontario K0A 1L0
(613) 839(613) 839--79437943
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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
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BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
Ship Detection Performance using RadarShip Detection Performance using Radar––
RADARSATRADARSAT--22
––
Constellation of SmallConstellation of Small--SatsSatsTechnique for Radar and AIS Satellite Technique for Radar and AIS Satellite ConstellationsConstellations––
Trials/OperationsTrials/Operations
––
PerformancePerformance
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REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT
Persistent Surveillance of OceansPersistent Surveillance of Oceans––
All Weather, Day and NightAll Weather, Day and Night
––
Accurate Accurate GeolocationGeolocationDetection, Classification, Tracking, Detection, Classification, Tracking, Identification, IntentIdentification, IntentHigh Probability of DetectionHigh Probability of DetectionLow Probability of False AlarmLow Probability of False Alarm
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CONSTRAINTSCONSTRAINTSSatellite RadarSatellite Radar
SensorSensor
––
CostCost––
Area Coverage RateArea Coverage Rate
––
Resolution (25 m to 50 m, or better)Resolution (25 m to 50 m, or better)––
Performance (PD, PFA)Performance (PD, PFA)
––
Constellation of Satellites (less than 6)Constellation of Satellites (less than 6)AIS, Other Sensors on Board or AvailableAIS, Other Sensors on Board or Available––
Radar and AIS reports within 10 min of each otherRadar and AIS reports within 10 min of each other
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STUDY SENSORSSTUDY SENSORS
RADARSATRADARSAT--22––
MSSR, MSSR, ScanSARScanSAR
NarrowNarrow
Expanded Beam Expanded Beam WiSARWiSAR––
WiSARWiSAR
(MacDonald (MacDonald DettwilerDettwiler
and Associates)and Associates)
AIS and Other Sensors AIS and Other Sensors FusionFusion Assumed Assumed Focus on Multiple Detections of Each Focus on Multiple Detections of Each TargetTarget––
Detection, Tracking, AIS ValidationDetection, Tracking, AIS Validation
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STUDY METHODSTUDY METHOD
Express Results/Requirement in Terms of Express Results/Requirement in Terms of Detections of Ship in Transit Across AOIDetections of Ship in Transit Across AOIUse Use AGIAGI’’ss
Satellite Tracking Kit (STK 8.2)Satellite Tracking Kit (STK 8.2)
––
Industry StandardIndustry Standard––
Object Model for Iterations (new in 2007)Object Model for Iterations (new in 2007)
––
Setup Scenario using GUI; Hybrid ApproachSetup Scenario using GUI; Hybrid Approach––
Drive STK using Scripting (VBS)Drive STK using Scripting (VBS)
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TYPICAL STK SCENARIOTYPICAL STK SCENARIO
Create ShipCreate Ship––
Set Waypoints, Speeds, Sailing TimeSet Waypoints, Speeds, Sailing Time
Create Create Satellite(sSatellite(s))––
Define Sensor BeamDefine Sensor Beam
Create Constellation (if required)Create Constellation (if required)Choose ReportChoose ReportExecute STK many Times for Different Execute STK many Times for Different Sailing Epochs using ScriptSailing Epochs using Script
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MSSRMSSR
Considered by CanadaConsidered by Canada’’s s ““Polar EpsilonPolar Epsilon””
Polar Epsilon RequirementPolar Epsilon RequirementProbability of False AlarmProbability of False Alarm 2x102x10--99/Res. Cell/Res. CellProbability of Ship DetectionProbability of Ship Detection 0.90.9Minimum Detectable Ship in Minimum Detectable Ship in Sea State 5Sea State 5
25 m25 m
Principal AOIPrincipal AOI 1000 1000 nminmi
off off CoastCoast
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POSSIBLE MSSR BEAMPOSSIBLE MSSR BEAM
Swath Width (50% increase over SCNB)Swath Width (50% increase over SCNB) ~ 450 km~ 450 km
PolarizationPolarization HV,HHHV,HH
Resolution (Rule of Thumb: about same Resolution (Rule of Thumb: about same size as minimum ship length)size as minimum ship length)
~ 25 m~ 25 m
Near Incidence RangeNear Incidence Range 2020ºº--3434ºº
Far Incidence RangeFar Incidence Range 4646ºº--5555ºº
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SIMULATIONSIMULATION
FromFrom Liverpool/Hong KongLiverpool/Hong Kong
ToTo Halifax/VancouverHalifax/Vancouver
Sailing IntervalSailing Interval 1 hr1 hr
Total Simulation TimeTotal Simulation Time 32 days32 days
Speed Range (fixed and Speed Range (fixed and random)random)
15 15 ktskts
to 30 to 30 ktskts
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SHIP WAYPOINTSSHIP WAYPOINTS
Description Latitude LongitudeLiverpool 53ºº
24’ -3ºº
00’
North Anglesey 53ºº
30’ -4ºº
30’Irish Sea 53ºº
20’ -5ºº
00’
South Ireland 52ºº
00’ -6ºº
00’Southwest Ireland 51ºº
00’ -11ºº 00’
South Newfoundland 46ºº
00’ -53ºº 30’Halifax 44ºº
38’ -63ºº 35’
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SCNB LIVERPOOLSCNB LIVERPOOL--HALIFAXHALIFAX
Fraction of No Accesses
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Speed (kt)
Frac
tion
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SCNB HALIFAXSCNB HALIFAX--LIVERPOOLLIVERPOOL
Fraction of No Accesses
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Speed (kt)
Frac
tion
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MSSR ACCESSESMSSR ACCESSES Liverpool-Halifax at 20 kts
MSSR Access Frequencies
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number
Freq
uenc
y
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PROBABILITYPROBABILITY
Probability of Exactly n Accesses = Probability of Exactly n Accesses = ppnn
Probability of Detection on One Access = Probability of Detection on One Access = ppDD
Probability of No Detection on Multiple Probability of No Detection on Multiple Accesses:Accesses:
P0
=Σn
pn
(1-pD
)n
where pD
= 0.9
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MSSR & SCNB DETECTION PROBABILITIES MSSR & SCNB DETECTION PROBABILITIES (RANDOM SPEEDS 15 to 30 (RANDOM SPEEDS 15 to 30 ktskts))
Voyage and Beam Probability No Detection
Liverpool to Halifax –
SCNB 0.19Halifax to Liverpool –
SCNB 0.15Liverpool to Halifax –
MSSR 0.11Halifax to Liverpool –
MSSR 0.06Hong Kong to Vancouver –
SCNB 0.015Hong Kong to Vancouver –
MSSR 0.0003Atlantic 1000 nmi
AOI to Halifax –
SCNB 0.41Atlantic 1000 nmi
AOI to Halifax –
MSSR 0.25Pacific 1000 nmi
AOI to Vancouver –
MSSR 0.41
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WiSARWiSAR
PROTOTYPE ORBITPROTOTYPE ORBIT SWATH 350 KMSWATH 350 KM
Parameter ValueAltitude 600 kmType Sun-synchronous,
circular.Local Time of Ascending Node
06:00
Mean Motion 14.8934 revolutions/day
Repeat Cycle Unknown
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SWATHS FROM 3 SWATHS FROM 3 WiSARsWiSARs
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33--WiSAR PROBABILITIESWiSAR PROBABILITIES LIVERPOOLLIVERPOOL--HALIFAXHALIFAX
Probability of No Detection
1.00E-081.00E-071.00E-061.00E-051.00E-041.00E-031.00E-021.00E-011.00E+00
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Speed (kt)
Prob
abili
ty
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44--WiSARs, 1WiSARs, 1--PLANEPLANE SWATH 410 KMSWATH 410 KM
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44--WiSAR ACCESSESWiSAR ACCESSES LIVERPOOLLIVERPOOL--HALIFAXHALIFAX
Access Frequencies
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number
Freq
uenc
y
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44--WiSAR RESULTSWiSAR RESULTS
VoyageVoyage Probability of No Probability of No DetectionDetection
Liverpool to Halifax (Random Liverpool to Halifax (Random Speeds)Speeds)
<10<10--66
Atlantic 1000 Atlantic 1000 nminmi
AOIAOI <0.01<0.01
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MSSR CONCLUSIONSMSSR CONCLUSIONS
The MSSR swath width provides a much The MSSR swath width provides a much better detection performance than SCNBbetter detection performance than SCNBFor Atlantic and Pacific crossings MSSR For Atlantic and Pacific crossings MSSR provides a significant MDA capability (if provides a significant MDA capability (if combined with AIS)combined with AIS)For 1000 For 1000 nminmi
AOIsAOIs, the performance will , the performance will
be useful but does not satisfy a realistic be useful but does not satisfy a realistic requirementrequirement
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WiSARWiSAR
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS EXTENDED SWATH (410 KM)EXTENDED SWATH (410 KM)
A constellation of 3A constellation of 3--WiSARs in one plane WiSARs in one plane provides good but incomplete MDA for ocean provides good but incomplete MDA for ocean crossings and for 1000 crossings and for 1000 nminmi
Canadian Canadian AOIsAOIs
(but (but
certainly not for northcertainly not for north--south voyages)south voyages)A constellation of 3A constellation of 3--WiSARs in 3 planes has WiSARs in 3 planes has poor performancepoor performanceA constellation of 4A constellation of 4--WiSARs in one plane WiSARs in one plane satisfies the radar component of the Canadian satisfies the radar component of the Canadian requirements and probably most of the US requirements and probably most of the US requirement as wellrequirement as well
Tel: (613) 839-7943; Email: [email protected]
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AIS CONCLUSIONSAIS CONCLUSIONS
STK technique for determining imaging STK technique for determining imaging opportunities between RADARSATopportunities between RADARSAT--2 and 2 and ORBCOMM satellites is fast and ORBCOMM satellites is fast and inexpensive (STK Scenario + Script)inexpensive (STK Scenario + Script)STK technique is appropriate to STK technique is appropriate to performance estimation using N radar performance estimation using N radar satellites and M AIS satellites with various satellites and M AIS satellites with various constraintsconstraints