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Radiationinduced bystander effects – What? Why? And How? Carmel Mothersill Colin Seymour McMaster University Dose-Response 2010
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Page 1: Radiation induced bystander effects –What? Why? And How?dose-response.org › wp-content › uploads › 2014 › 06 › ...The bystander effect Ionizing radiation, UVA, UVB, ELF‐EMF

Radiation‐induced bystander effects – What? Why? And How?

Carmel Mothersill 

Colin Seymour

McMaster University

Dose-Response 2010

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Outline• Bystander effects and genomic instability

• In vivo relevance and evidence

• The fish model 

• Mechanisms

• Multiple stressor issues

• Why do these effects happen?

Dose-Response 2010

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Take home messages

• Target theory, LNT and DNA centric ideas of low dose effects are dead

• Chronic (background) exposure to radiation is in no way related, even by elaborate “fudge factors” to acute exposure

• Environmental effects are not simple and multiple stressor exposure HAS to be part of the discussion

• Evolution is all about adaptation (or not?) to changed conditions

Dose-Response 2010

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1o and 2o

response

The bystander effectIonizing radiation, UVA, UVB, ELF‐EMF and heavy metals induce affected cell to signal to others. 

Responses to the signals include apoptosis, micronucleus formation, transformation, mutation, induction of stress and adaptive pathways. Serotonin (5HT) and Calcium ions known to be involved in signal production.

bystander factormolecules

response

response

GJICconnexins

ROS/Nitric oxide/cytokinesBiogenic amines,TGFb, p53

????

Amplification/Cascade effects?

Ca2+

Ca2+

Ca2+

response

Ca2+

5HT

Dose-Response 2010

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Dose (m

ICCMIrradiat

Bystander and direct dose survival curvesover six orders of magnitude 60 Co with calcium data

No Ca 2+ Ca 2+

Dose-Response 2010

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Hit

Hit?

The link between bystander effects and genomic instability – twin pillars of the new paradigm

Old view‐ clonal outcome

New view‐non‐clonal, population‐determined outcome

Progeny cells are non‐clonal and may give rise to a variety of mutations or die

Cells continue to be produced with non‐clonal changes

Progeny are all  i.e. identical and mutation is passed to all progeny  

Dose-Response 2010

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In vivo relevanceDose-Response 2010

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In vivo evidence

• Clastogenic factors in blood of irradiated people and experimental animals

• Abscopal effects in distant organs

• Bone marrow ablated mice receiving opposite sex marrow transplant show instability in the regenerating marrow

• Soluble factors from explanted tissues after in vivo exposure

Dose-Response 2010

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The fish model for studying bystander effectsDose-Response 2010

Page 10: Radiation induced bystander effects –What? Why? And How?dose-response.org › wp-content › uploads › 2014 › 06 › ...The bystander effect Ionizing radiation, UVA, UVB, ELF‐EMF

Dissect fresh tissue from animal

Chop tissue to provide explant pieces

Culture of explants

Measuring radiation induced bystander  response in vivo

Harvest culture medium containing stress signal molecules/metabolomics

Add to unirradiated clonogenic cell line anddetermine survivalor other stress endpoints

Examine explant outgrowth/immunocytochemistry

±Metals in water

Irradiate fish

Do  proteomics

Dose-Response 2010

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X‐rayed fish

INDUCTION OF THE BYSTANDER EFFECT IN A DIFFERENT FISH

Waterborne bystander effect Partner bystander effect

Dose-Response 2010

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Dose-Response 2010

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BYSTANDER EFFECT INDUCED IN VIVO IN RAINBOW TROUT, MEDAKA & ZEBRAFISH

0.5Gy X‐ray dose Non X‐rayed fish

Non X‐rayed fish0.5Gy X‐ray doseWater soluble bystander signals 

0.5Gy X‐ray dose Non X‐rayed fish

Rainbow trout (Mothersill et al 2006)

Zebrafish (Mothersill et al 2007)

Medaka (Mothersill et al 2009)

Dose-Response 2010

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76.0

66.2

43.0

36.0

31.0

21.5

17.5

4.5 5.1 5.4 5.6 6.0 7.0 8.5

Molecular size (kDa)

Isoelectric point (pH units)

Hemopexin‐like protein

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI)

Chromosome 1 SCAF protein

Annexin II

X‐RAY AND BYSTANDER EFFECT INDUCED CHANGES TO THE TROUT GILL PROTEOME

SCAF = SR‐like CTD‐associated factor (SR = Serine – argenine Rich, CTD = C Terminal Domain)Dose-Response 2010

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Complement component C3 

Warm temperature acclimation related 65 kDa protein (Wap65)Chromosome 5 SCAF protein

Creatine kinase

Lactate dehydrogenaseAnnexin A1

Annexin A4

ABC transporter

Medaka gill proteins affected

76.0

66.2

43.0

36.0

31.0

21.5

17.5

Molecular size (kDa)

4.5 5.1 5.4 5.6 6.0 7.0 8.5pI (pH units)

Dose-Response 2010

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Bystander effect proteomics 

• Protective response against reactive oxygen species

• Bystander effect proteomic changes are transcriptionally regulated (SCAF proteins)

• Virtually identical proteomic response in rainbow trout and medaka

• Evidence from trout and medaka suggests the bystander effect is immediately protective

• Additionally the induction of an adaptive response may be species specific and apply particularly in radiosensitive biological systems

Is the bystander effect…

… an immediate protective response (Smith et al 2007) or an adaptation to possible future radiation damage (Kadhim et al 2004)?

Dose-Response 2010

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Legacy effect of single acute 0.5Gy X‐ray exposure to eggsDose-Response 2010

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Transgenerational study(in progress)Dose-Response 2010

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Sample #1

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Rat

io o

f Flu

ores

cenc

e

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.35

Sample # 28

Time (s)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Rat

io o

f Flo

ures

cenc

e

0.98

0.99

1.00

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

Sample # 10

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Rat

io o

f Flo

ures

cenc

e

0.98

1.00

1.02

1.04

1.06

1.08

1.10

Sample # 11

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Rat

io o

f Flo

ures

cenc

e

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Transgenerational memory of irradiation calcium signal

sham Irradiated YSL  stage parents 

Sham Bystander to above parents 

Dose-Response 2010

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Some mechanistic questions

• Role of DNA repair

• Role of serotonin

• Role of p53

Dose-Response 2010

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DNA repair is important in vivo and in vitro

DNA repair deficient cell linesand transgenic medaka bothproduce highly toxic bystandersignals after low dose irradiation

Increased apoptosis in vivo

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

HPV-G SW48 GS3 1Br3 ATBr1 180Br CHO-K1 XRS 5 XR-1 Burkitts control Raji 9 Raji 10Cell Lin

0Gy0.5Gy5Gy

Reduced reproductive survival in vitro

Dose-Response 2010

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Serotonin important in vivo and in vitro

Serotonin bound by irradiated cellsIn vitro, leading to Calcium pulse.

Reserpine inhibits serotonin binding and prevents the bystander effect in vitro and in vivo

Dose-Response 2010

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Role of p53 in response to signal but not in generation of signal

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1

PE

Treatments

HCT ‐/‐ Reporters

Direct 0Gy

"Direct 0.1Gy"

"Direct 0.5Gy"

got ‐/‐ 0Gy

got ‐/‐ 0.1Gy

got ‐/‐ 0.5 Gy

got +/+ 0Gy

got +/+ 0.1Gy

got +/+ 0.5Gy

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1

PE

Treatments

HCT +/+ Reporters

Direct 0Gy

Direct 0.1Gy

Direct 0.5Gy

got ‐/‐ 0Gy

got ‐/‐ 0.1Gy

got ‐/‐ 0.5Gy

got +/+ 0Gy

got +/+ 0.1Gy

got +/+ 0.5Gy

Dose-Response 2010

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Multiple stressors

• Radiation seldom acts alone

• Isotopes are by definition a radioactive chemical

• Little information on synergistic effects

• Little low dose information

• Little in vivo information

Dose-Response 2010

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What the multiple stressor problem does to radiation protection 

• Multiple inducers of stress effects therefore dose and effect are not simply linked

• Response based approach needed• How to link biological effect with adverse outcome at the organism, population and ecosystem level

• Mechanistic uncertainty at low doses• Non‐targeted effect predominate at low doses

Dose-Response 2010

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Examples of complex senarios

• Radiation induces a cell to undergo apoptosis, removing it from the potentially carcinogenic pool. Substance 2 (eg Cd) interferes with the signaling cascade and the cell lives – survival assay suggests protective effect of interaction?

• Radiation induces an adaptive response in population A, a further stressor has little effect but pristine population B has no adaption and is devastated by the same stressor. 

Dose-Response 2010

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Fish irradiation in Norway: (lets get some low dose data!)

• Exposure of fish in aerated tanks to mGy doses over 5‐48 hours

Metals in the water

Dose-Response 2010

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Comparison of in vivo mGyradiation exposure±metalson production of bystander signals

Co60 Al+Cd

Dose-Response 2010

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Eff

ect

Dose

Zone of “linearity”

Natural background

Proposed dose response relationship for radiation in the context of non-targeted effects

Purple arrows indicate mechanistic break points wherenew, more appropriate, responsepathways emerge

tolerance

saturation

New “coping” mechanisms induced

saturation

Blue line representsold LNT model

Zone of uncertainty

Hormesis area

Dose-Response 2010

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Unifying Theory: transduction of bystander effect

Serotonin (nM range) binds -Activation of calcium channel

Ca2+

Activated system

Low dose stimulationof system

response In system

NOTES: “good” response at one level in system may be “bad” at another levelLinks stress even mental stress, physiological response and outcome

Dose-Response 2010

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So why do these effects happen?Dose-Response 2010

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WHY ARE THESE MECHANISMS SO WIDESPREAD AND PERSISTENT?

•In terms of evolution there is conservation of the mechanism and bystander pathway across species  and this suggests a very primitive origin in the vertebrates since teleost fish split from the main vertebrate line early in vertebrate evolution. 

Dose-Response 2010

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Population based response?

• Are non‐targeted effects a reflection of population level regulation to optimise population fitness (tissue or individual level)?

• Is the function of radiation‐induced bystander signaling to co‐ordinate  behaviour at higher hierarchical levels of organisation?

• Quorum sensing in bacteria is an example of this at the population level as are  hormones at the organism level

Dose-Response 2010

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SUMMARY

Non targeted effects existThey manifest at high frequency in many waysThey cause “stress‐like” symptomsWe know a lot about the mechanisms but little about the reasons why they are tolerated The underlying debate about purpose or chance is as old as Plato and Aristotle

Dose-Response 2010

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Acknowledgements• Thanks to Colin Seymour, husband and long time collaborator

• Richard Smith and all the Salbu Lab 

• NOTE EU IP  collaborators

• Funded by The Canada Research Chairs and NSERC IRC Chairs programmes

Dose-Response 2010

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Dose-Response 2010


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